Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Vilwar (2003) ʻo ka Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ka wahi waiwai nui loa ma ka honua. Aia ka DRC i nā miliona o nā daimana, keleawe, cobalt, zinc, manganese, a me ka uranium. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka uranium i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pōkā atomika i hāʻule e ka US ma Hiroshima a me Nagasaki i kūkulu ʻia me ka uranium Congolese.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka DRC no kāna coltan. ʻO Coltan kahi mea i hana ʻia me ka columbium a me ka tantalum, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā kelepona paʻalima, nā aniani ʻike pō, nā fiber optics, a me nā microcapacitors, wehewehe ʻo Vilwar.
I ka wā o ke kaua kīwila i ka DRC i kona kiʻekiʻe ma ka hopena o 2000, aia kahi 'holo gula no coltan' i ʻike ʻole ʻia, kākau ʻo Vilwar. Ua piʻi aʻe ke kumu kūʻai o coltan ma mua o kekahi mau mahina. Ua wehewehe ʻo Vilwar ma Ianuali 2000, ua uku kekahi mea kālepa honua ma waena o US $30 a me US$40 no ka paona (lb) o ka coltan i hana ʻole ʻia; akā i ka lā Dekemaba 2000 ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai i US $380/lb. Hōʻike ʻo Vilwar i kēia piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai i alakaʻi ʻia e ka piʻi koke ʻana o ka noi no ka pauka tantalum, ma muli o ke koi kiʻekiʻe no nā pākaukau rechargeable, kahi hanauna hou o nā kelepona paʻalima a me ka wikiwiki o ka mea kūʻai aku ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Sony Playstation. 2.
Ua hōʻike ʻia e loaʻa ana nā koa Rwandan a me ko lākou mau hoa pili ma kahi o US $20 miliona i kēlā me kēia mahina mai ke kālepa ʻana i ka coltan. Wahi a Global Witness, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kumukūʻai o ka coltan Congolese ma Rwanda a me Uganda. A laila lele ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻenehana ma o Belgium a me Dubai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mokulele mokulele ʻo Belgium mua, ʻo Sabena, e lawe i ka coltan i kona wahi e hele ai. ʻO Martinair, kahi mokulele i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Amsterdam, ua pani hope iā Sabena.
ʻIke ʻia ka DRC no kāna mau daimana. Ua hōʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 1930 mai ka DRC i hāʻawi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā daimana ʻoihana honua. Ua wehewehe ʻo Global Witness e ʻeli ʻia nā daimana DRC ma kahi pae pāʻoihana e nā hui mining mokuʻāina ʻo MIBA a me Sengamines.
Ma lalo o ke aupuni Mobutu, ua paʻa ʻo De Beers i kahi ʻaelike kūʻai kūʻai kūʻokoʻa ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki me MIBA e kūʻai i nā huahana kūhelu āpau a ka mokuʻāina. Ua hoʻomau kēia a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ʻo Mobutu a ua hoʻopau ʻo Laurent Kabila i ka monopoly De Beers ma 1997, e like me ka Global Witness. ʻAʻole naʻe i nalowale nā mea a pau no De Beers. Loaʻa i ka hui daimana he 20% kuleana ma ka hui kālepa daimana ʻo Sibeka, me ka 80% ʻē aʻe o nā ʻāpana i mālama ʻia e ka hui Belgian, ʻo Umicore. ʻO Sibeka, ʻo ia hoʻi, nona ka 20% o MIBA. ʻO ka hope kekahi o nā mea hana nui loa o ka honua i nā daimana ʻoihana, me ka puka o 9 miliona carats i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e like me ka Global Witness.
He gula ko DRC; a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana gula mai ka ʻākau hikina o ka ʻāina. I ka wā i noho aliʻi ai ʻo Mobutu, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻoihana eli gula o ka mokuʻāina, ʻo Offices of the Gold Mines of Kilo-Moto (Okimo), i nā ʻae gula-mining ma ia wahi, wehewehe ʻo Prosansky (2007). ʻO kēia ʻae ʻana kekahi o nā waihona gula nui loa i ʻike ʻole ʻia
ma ʻApelika, hoʻohui ʻo Prosansky. ʻO ia ke kumu i kūʻai aku ai ʻo Ashanti Goldfields i kahi kuleana ma kahi ʻaelike hoʻolimalima mining me Okimo ma 1998. Ua hui ʻo Ashanti Goldfields me AngloGold, a ke hana nei i kēia manawa ma DRC ma o kahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo AngloGold Ashanti Kilo (AGK). ʻO AGK kahi ʻoihana hui ma waena o AngloGold Ashanti a me Okimo, a nona ka 13.8% ʻaʻole hāʻawi kālā, kuhikuhi ʻo Prosansky.
Ma muli o ke kaua kīwila, ua hoʻomaka ʻo AngloGold Ashanti i kāna ʻimi ʻana i ke gula ma ka ʻĀpana ʻĀkau Ituri o ka DRC i ka makahiki 2003. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ke kaua, aia nō ke kaua ʻana ma kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina. ʻoi aku ma kahi o Ituri. No laila, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ʻo AngloGold Ashanti e hana ma ka ʻāina, ua hakakā ka Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI) no ka mana ma ia wahi, kākau ʻo Prosansky.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hele nā ala o kēia mau hui waiwai ʻelua. Wahi a Human Rights Watch, pono e hoʻokumu ʻo AGK i kahi pilina me ka FNI, ʻoiai ua mālama ka FNI i ka mana de facto ma luna o nā mines ma Ituri. Hōʻike ʻo Prosansky i ka makahiki 2003, ua hui nā ʻelele AGK me ke alakaʻi FNI Floribert Njabu, nāna i hōʻike i kāna kākoʻo no AGK e hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ia wahi.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo AngloGold Ashanti ʻaʻole ia i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina me ka FNI, a ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā hālāwai me ka FNI. Wahi a Prosansky, ua ʻae ʻo Steve Lenahan o AngloGold Ashanti ua loaʻa i ka hui 'nā pilina me ka FNI,' ʻoiai ma ke ʻano like ka hui ʻana o ka hui me ke aupuni Congolese.
Mai kēia mau 'contacts' me ka FNI, ua uku ka hui i $1100 ma nā ʻauhau hoʻokele ukana i ka FNI, mai Pepeluali a ʻOkakopa 2004. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ʻo AngloGold Ashanti i ka FNI me ka halihali ʻāina. A ma Ianuali 2005, ua uku ka hui i ka FNI $8 000 e kākoʻo i ka huakaʻi FNI i Kinshasa, kākau ʻo Prosansky.
Mai ka makahiki 2003 a hiki i ka makahiki 2007, ua pepehi ka FNI i nā kānaka kīwila a ua hoʻohana i ka hana hoʻoikaika i kāna hoʻāʻo e hoʻomalu i ke kālepa eli gula ma Ituri. Ua hana ʻo AngloGold Ashanti ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka FNI, a i kēlā me kēia manawa e uku i ke kālā FNI, hoʻohana pinepine ka FNI i nā kaʻa ʻehā a ʻehā o ka hui e huakaʻi a puni ia wahi, a ʻo ke alakaʻi FNI, ʻo Floribert Njabu, noho i loko o kahi hale ma ka hui. ka ʻae ʻana i kiaʻi ʻia e nā mea hakakā FNI, ʻo kekahi o lākou he mau koa keiki, kākau ʻo Prosansky.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka wā i hoʻopuka ai ʻo AngloGold Ashanti i $2.629 biliona o ke kālā gula i ka makahiki 2005, ʻoiai ʻo ka DRC 2005 GDP he ʻehiku biliona kālā. Ma o nā 'hana' me nā hui hoʻokaumaha e like me ka FNI i kūkulu ai ʻo AngloGold Ashanti i kona inoa ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana gula poʻokela ma ʻApelika.
Panina
ʻO ka ʻaelike kaʻana like ʻana o ka mana ma waena o nā pūʻali kipi a me ke aupuni ua pāpā i ka pepehi kanaka kīwila a hoʻokumu i kahi kaʻina hana no ka maluhia o ka ʻāina, akā ʻaʻole ia i hoʻōki i ka ʻaihue a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pūʻulu kipi ua lanakila a hoʻopau ʻia, aia ʻo Bemba i loko o ka hale paʻahao, a ua hoʻomalu ʻia ke aupuni e ka World Bank, kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nei i ka hao a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai. Wahi a Global Witness, ua wehe hou ka World Bank i kāna keʻena ma Kinshasa i Dekemaba 2001, ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kōkua kālā i ka DRC ma 1993.
Ua hāʻawi ka World Bank i ke aupuni DRC i kahi haʻawina o US $ 164 miliona a me kahi hōʻaiʻē o US $ 50 miliona, hōʻike ʻo Global Witness. Hiki mai ke kālā o ka World Bank me nā 'ōlelo aʻoaʻo loea' no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā code mining DRC hou, nā lāʻau ulu a me nā code hoʻopukapuka; a me ka hooponopono aie, ka nana ana i na lilo, ka hooponopono ana i na hana aupuni a me ka 'hakakā i ka palaho'.
Eia kekahi, i ka makahiki 2002, ua ʻae ka Panakō i kahi hōʻaiʻē hoʻihoʻi waiwai ʻo US $450 miliona no ka DRC e kākoʻo i nā 'hoʻoponopono hoʻokele waiwai' ma ia ʻāina. Eia kekahi, i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua ʻae ka Bank i kahi US $ 454 miliona Emergency Multi-Sector Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (EMRRP). Ua wehewehe ʻo Global Witness ʻo ka EMRRP he ʻāpana o kahi papahana ʻoi aku ka nui o US $ 1.74 biliona, i hoʻolālā ʻia me ke kōkua Bank a 'kākoʻo ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā mea hāʻawi.'
Ma 2003, makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā mai ka World Bank, ua kākau ke aupuni DRC i kahi Code Mining hou i hui pū me ka World Bank, kākau ʻo Prosansky (2007). Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ke Code e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka privatization a ʻaʻole hāʻawi i kahi ala kūpono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. No ke aha e noʻonoʻo ai ka World Bank i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻoponopono pili kanaka inā ʻo kāna mau papahana ma DRC ka hoʻomau o ke kaua ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe?
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o Global Witness, ʻoiai nā hōʻike a ka UN Experts panel a me nā hui pono kanaka, ʻaʻohe hana paʻa honua e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana waiwai ma DRC. Ke mālama nei ka World Bank i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i kēia wā ma hope o ke kaua kīwila. ʻO ia a hiki i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o kekahi alakaʻi kipi e kū kūʻē i ke aupuni o kēia manawa a me ka World Bank a hoʻihoʻi iā Kongo i kekahi kaua kīwila.
I kēia manawa ua hopu ʻia ʻo Jean-Pierre Bemba a no laila palekana i waho o ke kiʻi, hiki iā mākou ke maopopo ʻaʻole paha ʻo ia ke alakaʻi kipi nāna e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻāina i ke kaua kīwila. ʻOi aku koʻu manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu i hopu ʻia ai ʻo ia ma Mei o kēia makahiki.
Ua mālama paha ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe iā Bemba, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻomaka e hana i ke kaiapuni i hoʻokumu i nā Bembas o kēia ao.
E hoʻomaopopo ':
Amnesty International Report (2003). Lepupalika Demokarata o Congo: 'ʻO ko mākou mau kaikunāne e kōkua ana e pepehi iā mākou'- Hoʻohana waiwai a me nā pono kīwila kanaka ma ka hikina. Paena pūnaewele Amnesty International. Kiʻi ʻia ma ka lā 21 o Iune, 2008, mai: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR62/010/2003/en/dom-AFR620102003en.pdf
Ganesan, A. & Vines, A. (2004). ʻEnekini o ke kaua: Nā kumuwaiwai, ka manaʻoʻiʻo, a me ke kūlana predatory. Paena pūnaewele Human Rights Watch. Kiʻi ʻia ma ka lā 21 o Iune, 2008, mai: http://www.hrw.org/wr2k4/14.htm
Hōʻike hōʻike honua. (2004). ʻO ka moʻolelo kahiko like: He haʻawina hope e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ma Democratic Republic of Congo. Paena Pūnaewele Kūlohelohe. Kiʻi ʻia ma ka lā 21 o Iune, 2008, mai: http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2004/07congonatres.pdf
Papaioannou, A. (2006). ʻO ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i ka Democratic Republic of Congo: He hihia noiʻi e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana i nā hana hōʻino pono kanaka. Ma O. De Schutter (Ed.), Transnational Corporations a me nā pono kanaka, (pp. 263 - 286). Portland: Hart Publishing.
Prosansky, B. (2007). ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i ke gula ma kahi ʻāpana hakakā: ʻO ka pōʻaiapili, nā hopena, a me nā haʻawina o nā hana a AngloAshanti ma ka Democratic Republic of the Congo. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 5, 236 – 274.
ʻO Vilwar, E. (2003). Ke kaua honua nalowale. Nūpepa Nānā Hui (13). Kiʻi ʻia ma ka lā 21 o Iune, 2008, mai: http://archive.corporatewatch.org.uk/newsletter/issue13/newsletter13.pdf