Dan jarida kuma marubuci Ben Dangl ya shafe shekaru goma da suka gabata yana yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Amurka kuma ya lura da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna rushe gwamnatocin masu sassaucin ra'ayi tare da maye gurbinsu da sababbi. Yanzu 'yan shekaru cikin gwaji, Dangl ya rubuta sabon littafi game da kuzarin da ke tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da gwamnatocin da suka taimaka zaɓe. Ya lura cewa a al’amuran Ecuador da Bolivia, wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke da tasiri a yanzu sun zama masu sukar gwamnatocin da suka taimaka wajen kawo wa kan karagar mulki.

 

Jesse Freeston ne ya yi.

 

 

Bio

 

Benjamin Dangel ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a duk faɗin Latin Amurka don Guardian Unlimited, The Nation, da Rahoton NACLA akan Amurka. Shi ne marubucin Farashin Wuta: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Albarkatu da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a a Bolivia (AK Press) da Rawa tare da Dynamite: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Jihohi a Latin Amurka (AK Press). Shi ne editan TowardFreedom.com, hangen nesa mai ci gaba a kan abubuwan duniya da kuma wanda ya kafa UpsideDownWorld.org, gidan yanar gizon kan gwagwarmaya da siyasa a Latin Amurka. Dangl yana koyar da tarihi na Kudancin Amurka da haɗin gwiwar duniya a Kwalejin Burlington. Ana iya samun sa ta imel: Bendangl (at) gmail (dot) com

 

 

 

 

JESSE FREESTON, PRODUCER, TRNN: A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, jerin gwamnatocin hagu na hagu sun karbi mulki a Kudancin Amirka, a yawancin lokuta suna wakiltar karo na farko a tarihin zamani cewa 'yan kasuwa da sojoji sun rasa iko kai tsaye a kan gwamnatocin ƙasashensu. Dan jarida kuma marubuci Ben Dangl ya shafe shekaru goma da suka gabata yana ba da rahoto daga yankin. Ya yi magana da The Real News game da sabon littafinsa, Rawa tare da Dynamite.

 

BEN DANGL, DAN Jarida da Marubuci: Shugabanni sun samar da dandamali wanda ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a ƙasashe daban-daban suka yi tasiri sosai, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na gwagwarmayar samun ruwa, yaƙi don ikon gwamnati na tanadin iskar gas, yaƙi da sojojin Amurka a cikin yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kuma shugabanni a duk faɗin yankin sun janye waɗannan buƙatun daga ƙungiyoyi kuma suka hau wannan matakin cikin ofishin siyasa kuma suka yi nasara. Sannan littafina ya duba alakar zamantakewa da wadannan gwamnatoci.

 

FREESTON: Littafin ya ba da labarin tarihin Dangl a cikin irin waɗannan ƙasashe bakwai na Kudancin Amirka, amma ya ɗauki sunansa daga Bolivia.

 

DANGL: Dynamite a Bolivia kayan aiki ne da ɗayan ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi na tarihi ke amfani da shi, wato ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai. Masu hakar ma'adinai a Bolivia sun kasance masu muhimmanci a juyin juya halin 1952 wajen yin aiki don mayar da ma'adinan kasa kasa, suna aiki don ba da 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga yawancin jama'a, samun damar kiwon lafiya da ilimi ga 'yan asalin. Kuma lokacin da masu hakar ma'adinai suka isa La Paz don yin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatoci, don nuna adawa da shugabannin da ba su da farin jini, don neman gyara a fannin ma'adinai, suna amfani da dynamite - ba don lalata komai ba, amma a matsayin wani nau'in wuta don tsoratar da 'yan siyasa. . Kuma yana aiki. A cikin 2003, a lokacin Yaƙin Gas a kan shirin fitar da iskar gas ta Bolivia zuwa Amurka akan farashi mai rahusa, wani yanki mai mahimmanci a cikin wannan motsi sune masu hakar ma'adinai. Kuma a lokacin da suka isa La Paz a cikin Oktoba 2003, suna jefar da ƙarfinsu, a lokacin ne Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada ya bar ƙasar a cikin jirgin sama zuwa Amurka, yana tserewa rikici ya yi murabus.

 

FREESTON: Shugaban kasar na yanzu Evo Morales dan majalisa ne kuma jagoran 'yan adawa a lokacin yakin gas. A lokacin, ya goyi bayan matsakaicin matsayi na kara haraji kan kamfanonin kasashen waje. Amma harkar zamantakewa ta ingiza shi ya ba da shawarar ba da cikakken zama dan kasa, kuma bayan shekaru biyu an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa, a wani bangare na alkawarin mayar da masana'antar iskar gas kasa.

 

DANGL: Ya kuma taimaka wajen kiran taron kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don sake rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda ya ba da damar samar da ruwa, wutar lantarki, da ababen more rayuwa a matsayin ‘yancin dan Adam. Hakan kuma ya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin adawa da mayar da ruwa a cikin ƙasa da kuma fafutukar samar da ingantattun ayyuka. Morales, da kuma sauran shugabannin, sun kafa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen da aka yi nasara a tituna.

 

FREESTON: Bayan nasarar sake zaɓen ƙasa a shekara ta 2009, Morales ya fuskanci suka daga wasu rundunonin da suka tunkare shi akan mulki a 2005. Óscar Olivera, wani mashahurin shugaba a yakin ruwa na Cochabamba da kuma yakin gas wanda ya taimaka wajen kawo Morales. shahara, in ji gwamnati, ta nakalto, "ba a cire, watsi da su, har ma da lalata masu son samun muryar mai zaman kanta."

 

DANGL: - ya kasance wani hali a cikin gwamnatin Morales don - lokacin da ake fuskantar wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ko ƙungiyar masu fafutuka, suna cewa su abokan haƙƙi ne ko kuma Amurka ta ba da tallafi. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Akwai wani yunƙuri na hannun dama mai ƙarfi a Bolivia da ke da alaƙa da kwamitocin jama'a a yankin gabashin ƙasar— gwamnonin dama, 'yan siyasa, da jam'iyyun siyasa. Suna haifar da babbar barazana ga gwamnatin Morales. Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi da masu fafutuka a duk faɗin ƙasar waɗanda ke da tushe mai tushe na sukar gwamnati.

 

FREESTON: A lokacin yakin iskar gas, birnin El Alto ya kasance tsakiyar fagen fama. Hukumomin unguwanni sun toshe babbar hanyar shiga babban birnin La Paz. Sau da dama a shekarar 2003, jami'an tsaro sun bude wuta kan masu zanga-zangar, inda suka kashe mutane da dama. Rikicin ya haifar da faduwar Shugaba de Lozada, kuma a shekara ta 2005 El Alto ya kada kuri'a ga Morales. FEJUVE, ƙungiyar majalisun unguwanni 600 na El Alto, tun daga lokacin ta zama mai sukar gwamnati. Sanarwar tasu ta baya-bayan nan ta bukaci sabbin dokokin aiki, da cire duk wasu kamfanoni na kasashen waje, tare da yin barazanar cewa za su dauki matakin neman Morales ya yi murabus idan ba a samu ci gaba ba. A cewar Dangl, ba Morales ba ne kawai fitaccen shugaban Kudancin Amirka da ya fuskanci adawa daga wasu mutanen da suka kawo su kan karagar mulki tun farko.

 

DANGL: A Ecuador, alal misali, an zaɓi Rafael Correa a kan wani dandali don mayar da albarkatun mai na ƙasar, samar da ƙarin kariya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, al'adu, yankuna. Kuma CONAIE, ƙungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar Ecuador, ta zo kai tsaye da yawancin manufofin Correa. Don haka yayin da suka mara masa baya a zabensa a shekarar 2006 a matsayinsa na mafi kankantar miyagun ayyuka, ya fito ya danne ’yan asalin kasar a lokacin da suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatinsa. Kuma mafi yawan tashe-tashen hankula sun tashi a Ecuador tsakanin masana'antu masu hakowa da al'ummomin ƴan asalin, a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, mai, da iskar gas, waɗanda ke da matuƙar lalata muhalli a duk faɗin Amazon, a duk faɗin Ecuador. Al’ummomin ‘yan asalin kasar sun tashi tsaye wajen nuna adawa da wadannan manufofi domin su kare yankinsu daga wannan gurbatar yanayi da kuma fafutukar neman karin bayani kan yadda ake gudanar da wannan sana’a da kuma yadda ake cin gajiyar, ko daya daga cikinsu bai samu isashen ma’auni ba. Kuma CONAIE ya balle daga Correa a cikin 2008, suna bayyana kansu a cikin adawa da gwamnati.

 

FREESTON: Tun daga wannan lokacin, CONAIE da sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar Ecuador sun koma kan dabarun aiwatar da kai tsaye waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kawar da gwamnatocin baya guda uku, ayyukan da suka kai ga Correa ya karɓi mulki a farkon wuri. A lokacin da suka shirya zanga-zanga a wajen taron shugabannin kasashen Latin Amurka da Correa ya halarta a watan Yuli, an tuhumi shugabannin uku da laifin karya doka. Correa ya kira kungiyoyin wakilan kungiyoyin kasashen waje da kuma barazana ga zamani, inda ya kara da cewa a watan Yuli, a cewarsa, "A ce a'a ga man fetur da ma'adinai, a'a amfani da albarkatun mu da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, kamar maroƙi ne zaune a kan jaka mai cike da zinariya. ."

 

RAFAEL CORREA, SHUGABAN ECUADOR: Za mu iya barin wannan taro tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ga ƴan asalin ƙasar ba tare da yin biyayya ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke neman mayar da ƙasar baya ba.

 

MARLON SANTI, SHUGABAN KASAR CONAIE DA AKE ZARGI DA TA'ADDANCI: Jama'a sun gaji da cin mutuncin ku. Muna da tsarin doka a nan wanda duk jami'ai ya kamata su mutunta. Dole ne ku bi Kundin Tsarin Mulki. A maimakon haka, shugaban kasa da daukacin gwamnatinsa suna karya doka ta hanyar aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da ba su dace da tsarin dimokuradiyya ba wanda kungiyar 'yan asalin kasar ba za ta amince da su ba.

 

FREESTON: A ranar 30 ga Satumba, zurfin rarraba ya bayyana. A lokacin da ‘yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya suka yi garkuwa da Correa na tsawon sa’o’i 12, CONAIE ba ta yi wani yunkuri ba don kare shugaban da suka taimaka wajen zaben, duk da kwakkwaran alamun da ke nuna cewa ‘yan sandan na cikin wani juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba.

 

DANGL: Ayyukan gurguzu, da gwamnati ke jagoranta, ko ta yaya juyin juya hali da kuma yawan kuɗaɗen da suke ƙirƙira a cikin masana'antar hako, suna haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska tare da raba al'umma. Kuma hakan ya kasance daya daga cikin tushen rikice-rikice da tashin hankali a Bolivia, Venezuela, da Ecuador, inda kuke da tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da masana'antu masu hako, ma'adinai da mai musamman. Kuma idan waɗannan masana’antu suka yi rikici da al’umma, gwamnati ba ta da sha’awar tattaunawa da su ko yin aiki tare da su.

 

FREESTON: Dukansu Correa da Morales sun lura da zartar da kundin tsarin mulki na jam'i, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin al'ummomin ƴan asalin don tuntuɓar juna da ikon mallaka. A lokaci guda, duka biyu suna kiyaye manyan matakan shahara don haɓaka masana'antu masu haɓakawa da sake rarraba kudaden shiga. Dukansu kuma suna fuskantar adawa mai tsauri da ƙiyayya daga oligarchy na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje kamar Amurka, waɗanda ke ba da kuɗi da horo akai-akai ga masu adawa da kowane nau'i. Amma ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna haifar da muhawara na gaske waɗanda suka samo asali daga ainihin bambance-bambancen ra'ayi game da yadda ya kamata a yanke shawara kan albarkatun kasa, da damuwa cewa waɗannan gwamnatoci suna kai hari ga manzanni maimakon saƙon.

 

Ƙarshen Rubutu

 

RA'AYI: Da fatan za a lura cewa ana buga kwafi na Gidan Sadarwar Labarai na Gaskiya daga rikodin shirin. TRNN ba zai iya tabbatar da cikakken daidaiton su ba.

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