David Edwards na Lens Media yana da kyakyawan suka game da gazawar da Yawan Jikin Iraki Kididdigar mutuwar fararen hula a Iraki: An Buɗe Da Kyakkyawar Niyya: Akan Ƙididdigar Jikin Iraki, Sashe na 1 da kuma part 2.
Edwards ya yi nuni da gaskiyar da aka sani gabaɗaya cewa tsarin IBC - kawai lissafin mutuwar da aka ruwaito ta hanyar kafofin Yamma biyu ko fiye - mai yiwuwa ya haifar da ƙima da ƙima na mutuwar fararen hula. Duk da haka, Edwards ya ci gaba ta hanyar nuna cewa akwai tsarin tushen nuna son kai a cikin cewa kamfanonin dillancin labarai na Yamma sun fi bayar da rahoton mutuwar da "masu tayar da kayar baya" suka haifar fiye da wadanda suka haifar da sojojin "Coalition" [aka, Amurka]. Edwards ya ba da rahoto game da nazarin bayanan IBC na tsawon watanni shida daga Janairu zuwa Yuni, 2005. Sun gano cewa, cikin al'amura 58 da suka shafi aƙalla mutuwar 10, ɗaya ne kawai aka danganta ga matakin Amurka/Haɗin kai. Bugu da kari, a cikin wannan lokacin, jimillar mutuwar fararen hula 15 ne aka danganta da "harin hare-haren 'kawancen hadin gwiwa', da harbin bindiga mai saukar ungulu da kuma harba tankokin yaki," sakamakon da ba zai yuwu ba ga duk wanda ya bi labarin ci gaba da hare-haren da sojojin Amurka da kawayenta suka kai kan. da ake zargin "magagar masu tayar da kayar baya."
Mai matukar tayar da hankali shi ne yanayin martanin da wanda ya kafa IBC John Sloboda ya bayar game da aiko masa da tambaya game da wannan ra'ayi. Ya nuna cewa IBC ba shi da wani ra'ayi a cikin cewa ya rubuta duk irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka ruwaito a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Yamma, yayin da ya yi watsi da batun Edwards cewa kafofin watsa labaru na Yammacin Turai na iya da kansu a cikin abin da ta ruwaito. Ya bayyana daidai da cewa "Koyaushe mun yarda a bainar jama'a cewa dole ne lambobinmu su nuna ainihin adadi." Daga nan ya ci gaba da faɗin “tambayar ta nawa ne wanda ke motsa mu, kamar yadda yake yi da sauran mutane da yawa.” Duk da haka, bai bayar da wata shaida ta kokawa da wannan batu ba ko kuma sanin muhimmancinsa wajen kimanta abin da lambobin IBC ke gaya mana game da girman mutuwar Iraqi.
IBC yayi, hakika, "ya yarda" iyakokin aikin su. Amma, kamar yawancin masu binciken ilimi suna jefawa a cikin tsarin "iyaka na binciken," ana yin wannan amincewa ta hanyar da za a ba shi dan kadan. Misali, a cikin rahoton su na Yuli, 2005 Taskar Rasuwar Farar Hula 2003-2005, a shafi na 24 na 28, a cikin tattaunawa game da dalilin da ya sa suke amfani da kididdigar "mafi girman" [sun ambaci adadin mace-mace daga "mafi ƙarancin" zuwa "mafi girma," amma "mafi girman" shine mutuwar da aka ruwaito, ba mai yiwuwa ba. Mutuwar], sun ce "har ma da adadi mai yawa na mu mai yiwuwa ba zai iya wakiltar adadin adadin ba, ganin cewa ba kowane mace-mace da aka rubuta a hukumance ko aka bayar da rahoton ba." Lallai wannan harshe bai ba da wata alama cewa iyakarsu na iya, a zahiri, ta raina ainihin adadinsu.
Hakazalika, akan gidan yanar gizon IBC, suna da sashe mai suna Iyakoki da iyakokin bincike, wanda ya kunshi martani ga tambayoyin da aka yi game da aikinsu. Abinda kawai ya dace da batun son rai na tsari shine tambayar: "Shin ƙidayarku ba zai zama tarin farfaganda kawai ba?" Amsa su:
"Mun yarda cewa yawancin bangarorin wannan rikici za su yi amfani da su wajen yin amfani da alkaluman wadanda suka mutu don biyan bukatun siyasa. Babu wani abu (kuma mai yiwuwa ba zai taɓa zama irin wannan abu ba) a matsayin 'cikakkiyar adadi', wanda kowane bangare zai iya yarda da shi a matsayin gaskiyar tarihi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe za mu buga a m kuma a m ga kowane lamari da aka ruwaito. Wasu majiyoyi na iya son yin rahoto fiye da kima. Wasu na iya so su yi ƙasa da rahoton su. Hanyarmu ba ta karkata zuwa ga 'farfaganda' daga kowane jigo a cikin rikici. Za mu yi la'akari da cikakken adadin mutuwar da aka ruwaito a majiyoyin mu. Waɗannan majiyoyin, waɗanda galibin Yammacin Turai ne (ciki har da manyan hukumomin manema labaru irin su Reuters da Associated Press) da wuya su murkushe kididdigar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda za su iya yin gyara ga ƙira. Mun dogara da haɗe-haɗe, da gyaran kai, ƙwararrun ƴan jaridu na duniya don isar da maxima da ƙarami ga ƙidayar mu. "
Wannan magana tana nuna a sarari cewa adadi na gaskiya yana tsakanin “mafi ƙarancin” da “mafi girman” su, kamar yadda waɗannan kalmomi za su nuna. Babu wani wuri a cikin wannan ɓangaren Ƙayyadaddun da suka yarda da matsalar tsattsauran ra'ayi saboda nuna son kai.
Duk da ƙarfi da asali na sukar Edwards, na yi imanin cewa baya ba da isasshen kulawa ga wani tushen son zuciya wanda IBC ta rage shi. Wannan shi ne irin wahalar da ake samu wajen bayar da rahotanni daga kasar Iraki da kuma rashin halartar 'yan jaridun kasashen yamma daga galibin kasar. Rahoton Iraki yana da haɗari tun farkon yakin, tare da manema labarai da yawa sojojin Amurka suka kashe a lokacin mamayewa. By fall of 2003, kamar yadda Reuters Rahotanni sun ce, 'yan jaridu kuma suna fuskantar kasada daga dakarun 'yan tawaye da kuma, a wasu lokuta, mutanen Iraki da ba su gamsu da su ba.
Lamarin ya yi muni sosai bayan tawayen Afrilu, 2004 a yawancin ƙasar. Yawancin Iraki sun zama haramun ga 'yan jaridu na yammacin Turai. Tun daga wancan lokaci lamarin ya kara tabarbarewa, inda aka kashe ‘yan jarida da dama tare da yin garkuwa da da dama. Har zuwa yau, An kashe 'yan jarida 79 da mataimakan yada labarai da kuma wasu biyu har yanzu ba a gani ba; An yi garkuwa da ma'aikatan yada labarai 37, biyar daga cikinsu an kashe su. [Jill Carroll, a halin yanzu sace dan jarida ga Kirista Science Monitor, tunatarwa ce ta yanzu.] Tabbas, a cikin yanayi na tawaye, mafi aminci wuraren da 'yan jaridu na Yamma ke isa ga su zama waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka/Haɗin gwiwar, inda ake samun mace-mace, bi da bi, ta kasance sakamakon hare-haren 'yan tawaye. Wuraren da 'yan tawayen ke iko da su, wadanda ake iya fuskantar hare-haren Amurka da na gwamnatin Iraki, misali mafi yawan lardin Anbar, ba su da iyaka ga wadannan 'yan jarida. Don haka, haqiqanin rahotannin na nuni da cewa, ‘yan jarida za su shaide kaso mafi tsoka na mace-mace sakamakon ‘yan tada kayar baya da kuma karancin adadin mace-macen da ake samu a sanadiyyar sojojin gwamnatin Amurka da na Iraqi.
Baya ga hadarin, 'yan jarida na yammacin Turai sun bar Iraki a yayin da labarin ya zama bazuwa. Kashe-kashen na yau da kullun na wasu kaɗan a nan, wasu ƙalilan a can sun zama masu faɗuwa, waɗanda ba su cancanci ɗaukar hoto na gaba ba. Sai dai abin da ake zato na “juyawa” kamar zaɓe, wasu majiyoyin kafofin watsa labaru na Yamma sun ga cewa ya cancanci tsadar kuɗin da ake kashewa na ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙasar, kawai don ba da rahoto kan taron manema labarai na soja waɗanda suka haifar da labarun baya-bayan da jama'ar Yamma ba su yi ba. so karanta. Wadannan tarurrukan manema labarai, ba shakka, suna ba da haske game da "mummunan ta'addanci" da kuma rage yawan mace-mace a kai a kai saboda matakin Amurka.
Tabbas, wasu kafofin Yamma suna iya ba da rahoton labarun da 'yan jaridun Iraqi suka yi hayar, kamar yadda IBC ya nuna a cikin rahoton su na Yuli, 2005:
"Rahotanni na yanzu suna ƙara yin aiki ta hanyar ma'aikatan Iraqi da ke aiki a kafofin watsa labaru na yammacin duniya, tare da sunayen Iraqi suna fitowa akai-akai a matsayin mawallafa ko marubuta. 'Yan jarida na Yamma a ko da yaushe sun dogara ga mataimakan Iraki (dirabai, masu fassara, da sauransu). A zahirin gaskiya, sabili da haka, bayanan IBC yana ƙara dogaro da jarumtaka da sadaukarwar ma'aikatan kafofin watsa labaru na Iraki da ke ci gaba da yin kasadar rayuwa da gaɓoɓi don sanar da duniya halin da ake ciki a ƙasarsu."
An ba da, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wannan rahoton, cewa kafofin watsa labaru goma sun ba da fiye da rabin rahotanni na IBC da hukumomi uku [Associated Press, Agence Faransa Presse, Da kuma ReutersAn ba da sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rahotanni, babu wani dalili da za a yi imani da cewa ko da wani kaso mai tsoka na mutuwar fararen hula da ke da alaƙa da fararen hula an taɓa yin rahoton a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, ƙasa da haka, suna da rahotanni masu zaman kansu guda biyu da suka wajaba a rubuta a cikin IBC database. Shin waɗannan ƙananan hukumomin da gaske suna da isassun masu ba da rahoto na Iraqi kan masu riƙe da su don yin rahoto a ƙasar? Shin da gaske ne waɗannan 'yan jaridu za su iya ba da labarin mace-mace a sassan Iraki da ke hannun 'yan tawaye? Ta yaya zai kasance cewa 'yan jarida biyu daga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban za su kasance a wurin da aka ba da su inda ake mutuwa? Nawa ne daga cikin dubunnan hare-haren bama-bamai na Amurka da kowane dan jarida, Yamma ko Iraqi ya bincika? Kawai don bayyana waɗannan tambayoyin shine don jaddada ɓarnawar yanayin rahoton da ke faruwa kuma ta haka ne iyakancewar bayanan IBC.
Idan IBC ta yi imanin cewa yawancin mutuwar Iraqi ne kafofin yada labarai na Yamma suka ruwaito kuma, don haka, an rubuta su a cikin bayanan su, IBC ya kamata ya ba da hujja ga hakan. IBC baya bayar da irin wannan hujja. Hakanan ba sa tunatar da masu karatu waɗannan iyakoki masu yuwuwa ta kowace hanya da za ta jawo hankalin su da rage ikon wasu don yin amfani da lambobin IBC da gangan ba.
Samar da "masu ra'ayin mazan jiya," ƙididdiga na ƙasa waɗanda aka sani ba daidai ba na iya zama dabarar bincike mai amfani a wasu lokuta. Irin waɗannan alkalumman suna taimakawa wajen tunatar da masu karatu cewa akwai wani al'amari - a cikin wannan yanayin, mutuwar fararen hula na Iraqi da rikici ya haifar - kuma don haka ya mayar da hankali a kansa. A farkon yakin da mamaya, alkaluman IBC sun taka irin wannan rawar. Sun kasance a matsayin hasken ruwa da ke mai da hankali kan gaskiyar cewa yaƙin da mamaya, duk da duk wata fa'ida da za su iya mallaka ko ba za ta iya ba, suna da tsadar gaske dangane da rayukan da aka rasa waɗanda ke buƙatar haɗawa cikin duk wani lissafin ɗabi'a na haƙƙoƙi da kuskuren. yaki.
Ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun rasa ƙimar su, duk da haka, lokacin da suke aiki don ɓoyewa, suna janye hankali daga ainihin girman abin da ya faru. Don haka, yayin da fadan ya tsananta kuma yayin da aka samu wasu kiyasin mutuwar fararen hula na Iraqi, an ƙara yin amfani da kididdigar ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa na IBC don rufe ainihin girman wahalar, maimakon a matsayin kira don mafi kyawun ƙididdiga. Irin wannan rashin amfani da alkaluman IBC ba za a iya kauce masa ba ne kawai, ko kuma a rage shi, idan IBC ta yi amfani da kowace damar da za ta yi la’akari da cewa alkaluman su ba komai ba ne illa alkaluman da ke kasa, kusan tabbas sun yi kasa da alkaluman mace-mace na gaskiya. Lallai, rahoton Satumba, 2005 ta Cibiyar Sadarwar Ayyukan Dan Adam, Fassara da amfani da bayanan mace-mace a cikin gaggawar ɗan adam: Maɗaukaki ga waɗanda ba masu ilimin cututtuka ba, ya lissafa bincike guda bakwai waɗanda daga ciki za a iya samun kiyasin mutuwar fararen hula na tashin hankali a Iraki. Tun da kowane binciken ya ƙunshi lokaci daban-daban da tsawon lokaci, an daidaita sakamakon a matsayin "mutuwar tashin hankali a kowace rana." Daga cikin binciken bakwai, IBC yana da ƙima mafi ƙasƙanci, a mutuwar 17 a kowace rana, sannan kuma mutuwar 22 a kowace rana wanda Ma'aikatar Heath ta Iraqi ta kiyasta. Nazarin guda biyu suna samar da kiyasin mutuwar 50 da 56 masu tashin hankali a kowace rana. The Lancet Binciken ya haifar da kiyasin mutuwar mutane 101 masu tashin hankali a kowace rana, yayin da wasu bincike guda biyu ke haifar da ƙididdiga mafi girma na mutuwar 133 da 152 a kowace rana. Don haka, kamar yadda bincikenmu ya ba da shawara, ƙididdiga ta IBC sun yi nisa a ƙasa waɗanda aka samo daga mafi yawan kafofin kuma ba za a iya ɗauka a matsayin wani abu ba face mafi ƙarancin dutse. [Na gode wa Les Roberts don kiran hankalina ga wannan rahoto.]
Abin baƙin cikin shine, maimakon jaddada girman girman ƙimar su na rashin ƙima, IBC ya bayyana da gangan ya yanke hankali ga raunin da ke cikin ƙididdigansu. Don haka, a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2005, da BBC An nakalto IBC's John Sloboda kamar yadda yake cewa "Kowa zai iya yarda cewa akwai kyawawan dalilai da ya sa ƙidayar mu ba za ta taɓa zama cikakke ba, amma babu rudani kamar yadda kuke tunani. Tunda aka ayyana kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula, muna da kwarin gwiwa kan alkaluman.”
Maimakon kiran da ya cancanci kulawa ga iyakokin sa, salon rahoton IBC yana nuna madaidaicin ra'ayi. Don haka, shafi na hudu na su Rahoton "An kashe fararen hula 24,865 a cikin shekaru biyu na farko, kusan duka ta hanyar tashin hankali. Kashi 82% na wadanda aka kashe maza ne manya, kashi 9% kuma mata ne manya.” Babu amfani a nan na waɗannan jimlolin kamar "kafofin watsa labaru na Yamma sun ruwaito sun kashe" wanda zai tunatar da mai karatu cewa waɗannan lambobin ba daidai ba ne, amma ƙididdigewa ne, mai yuwuwar rashin ƙima, na ainihin lambobi. Kuma ta yaya za a iya fassara jumla kamar "An kashe fararen hula 24,865" - maimakon "kusan 25,000" - sai dai a matsayin madaidaicin lamba, kuma yana nuna daidaito, da daidaiton karya, cewa bayanan ba su da garanti.
Wannan nau'in daidaiton karya yana da matukar tayar da hankali tun lokacin da mutane da yawa suka yi amfani da alkalumman IBC a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda aka tattauna a farkon sukar Edwards 'IBC, don magance kulawar da ake ba da ilimin cututtukan dabbobi Les Roberts da abokan aiki' Oktoba 2004 Lancet binciken da aka kiyasta kusan 100,000 "mutuwar mace-mace" daga kowane dalili [duba sharhi na: 'Yan Iraki 100,000 Sun Mutu: Shin Ya Kamata Mu Gaskanta? kazalika da kyau kwarai wikipedia tattaunawa]. Ƙididdigar IBC kuma ya bayyana shine tushen, kamar yadda Edwards ya nuna, don Da'awar Shugaba Bush na baya-bayan nan cewa “ Sama da 30,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon kutsawar farko da kuma ta’addancin da ake yi wa Iraqin.
Robert Fisk ya dauki 'yan jaridu na Yamma da kyau don aiwatar da "aikin jarida dakin hotel.” Fisk ba ya zargi 'yan jarida don yin abin da ake bukata don kasancewa da rai. [Labaran baya-bayan nan cewa ABC News' Bob Woodruff da mai daukar hoto Doug Vogt sun ji rauni sosai yana ba da tunatarwa mai ƙarfi cewa ko da shahararrun ginshiƙan cibiyar sadarwa suna cikin haɗari idan a zahiri suna ƙoƙarin yin kowane rahoto. fiye da, kamar yadda akasari ke faruwa, taron manema labarai na yankin Green Zone da kokarin farfagandar da suka shafi gwamnatocin Amurka da Iraki.
Idan 'yan jaridu na Yamma, waɗanda ke fafatawa da ƙarancin kulawar jama'a, ba su da kyau su nuna daidai girman jahilcinsu game da abin da ke faruwa a cikin manyan ɓangarorin Iraki, IBC ba shi da wani uzuri da ba zai yarda ba, a bayyane kuma a bayyane, sakamakon iyaka ga mutuwar farar hula. tally. Don kada a yi shela da babbar murya cewa ƙididdigar IBC ita ce, ta yanayinta, mai yiwuwa mummunan ƙididdige adadin adadin mutuwar gaskiya, shine shiga cikin al'adar yaudara da kuma musun halin kaka a rayuwar farar hula da wahala wanda ya addabi wannan zargi na taimakon agaji. daga farko. Idan IBC bai fahimci wannan batu ba, to, kokarin da suke yi na inganta gaskiya a yanzu ya koma kishiyarta kuma ya kamata a daina.
Stephen Soldz masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, mai binciken lafiyar jama'a, kuma memba ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Tashin hankali na Makarantar Graduate School of Psychoanalysis. Shi memba ne na Roslindale Neighbors for Peace and Justice kuma wanda ya kafa Masu nazarin tunani don Aminci da Adalci. Yana kula da Rahoton Mamaya da Juriya na Iraki shafin yanar gizo da kuma Psyche, Kimiyya, da Al'umma blog.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi