A cikin wannan jerin kasidu, Helen Yaffe ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu game da tsarin tattalin arzikin gama gari na Venezuela.
Yaffe shine marubucin Che Guevara: Tattalin Arziki na juyin juya hali, kuma Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a ya gayyace shi ya ziyarci Venezuela. Dukkan labaran uku daga shafinta na sirri ne, www.palgrave.typepad.com/yaffe/.
Labaran sun hada da:
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Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a a Venezuela
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Gidaje don mutane a Venezuela
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Ƙungiyar al'umma a cikin shingen Caracas
Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a a Venezuela
Gayyatar zuwa Venezuela ta fito ne daga Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a. Mataimakiyar Ma'aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin haifar da samarwa da aiyuka a tsakanin al'ummomi don raka kungiyarsu ta siyasa ta hanyar majalisu da kwamitoci. Bayan karanta littafina, Che Guevara: Tattalin Arziki na juyin juya hali (an buga a Cuba kamar yadda Che Guevara: tattalin arziki en revolución) sun kasance masu sha'awar tattaunawa ko abubuwan da ke cikin Tsarin Kudi na Kasafin Kudi na Che's na iya zama kayan aiki masu amfani a Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a (Sistema Económico Comunal - SEC) da sauran sassa ko rassa a cikin tattalin arzikin Venezuelan.
A cikin kwanaki biyar kacal mun riga mun shiga cikin tarurrukan karawa juna sani, tattaunawa, da ziyarce-ziyarcen Kamfanonin Samar da Jama'a (Empresas de Producción Social - EPS) wanda tare da Rukunin Samar da Iyali, ya zama Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a.
Da safe bayan isowa, mun yi tafiya zuwa wani yanki mai tsaunuka na Jihar Aragua don mu haɗu da mahalarta sama da 70 a taron bita na mako biyu kan ka’idar siyasar Latin Amurka, mai suna Marxist José Mariategui na Peruvian. Yawancin mahalarta (har yanzu) akwai 'yan Venezuelan, masu wakiltar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban, ƙungiyoyi, EPS, da cibiyoyi na ikon mutane (sannun poder). An raba mahalarta zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin kai waɗanda ke raba alhakin gudanar da taron, don haka ƙarfafawa da horar da su a cikin ƙalubalen ƙungiya da siyasa da ke cikin wannan nau'in aikin. Da zarar an kammala taron, mahalarta taron za su shirya irin wadannan tarurrukan karawa juna sani a mazabunsu, a wani bangare na habaka ilimi da fasahar da ake bukata domin karfafawa al’umma.
A ranar Lahadi 22 ga Satumba, na ba da gabatarwa game da tsarin Che na kafa siyasa a rikidewa zuwa gurguzu. Ya ƙunshi hangen nesansa game da matsayin ilimi: ilimi a matsayin al'ada, ilimin siyasa da ilimi don samarwa; da kuma halinsa game da matsayi na siyasa da kayan aiki na ma'aikatan fasaha kuma ya bayyana yadda sabon tsarin albashi da aka kirkiro a Cuban juyin juya hali ya yi aiki don karya haɗin gwiwa tsakanin aiki da albashi, yana lalata aikin doka mai daraja a cikin sauye-sauye zuwa gurguzu, da kuma danganta ci gaban mutum ga ci gaban kasa.
Masu sauraro sun shiga tare da gabatarwa kuma sun ba da ka'idodin ka'idoji da masu amfani ga nasu gaskiyar a Venezuela a yau, suna tattaunawa game da sabani da suka fito da kuma yadda zai yiwu a dauki irin wannan manufofi a Venezuela - musamman ma wadanda ke inganta horar da fasaha da ilimi don samarwa. gaba ɗaya. An ci gaba da gabatar da jawabai na tsawon sa’o’i hudu, inda aka ci gaba da tattaunawa na yau da kullum har zuwa washegari.
A ranar Laraba 25 ga Satumba na raka Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a, Ana Maldonado zuwa EPS guda biyu a Guarenas, mintuna 45 a wajen Caracas. Akwai nau'i biyu na EPS, ɗaya shine DIRECT zamantakewa dukiya - wanda ke nufin cewa al'ummar da aka kafa su a cikinta, da kuma kulawa, hanyoyin samarwa. Daya kuma ita ce kadarorin jama’a na kai tsaye, inda gwamnati (ma’aikatar) ke da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, amma ma’aikata ne ke sarrafa ta. Wadannan sun kasance mafi girma kuma mafi girman raka'a na samarwa amma manufar ita ce yayin da ƙarfin ma'aikata da ƙaddamarwa ya karu, za a canza su a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar al'umma, zama kamfanoni na dukiyar zamantakewa ta DIRECT.
A cikin nau'i biyu na EPS, furodusoshi suna zabar wakilai zuwa mukaman gudanarwa daga tsakanin su a kan tsarin jujjuyawar shekaru biyu, ta yadda duk ma'aikata su sami damar haɓaka gudanarwa, ƙungiya da lissafin kuɗi, da ƙwarewa ko ƙwarewar hannu. A cewar waɗanda na sadu da su, waɗannan ma'aikatan gudanarwa suna ci gaba da shiga cikin tsari mai inganci lokacin da aka kammala ayyukansu na gudanarwa ko kuma lokacin da wata buƙata ta musamman.
Kamfanonin da muka ziyarta sun kasance masu aikin kafinta da ƙarfe, dukkansu suna samar da Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Venezuela (Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela) wanda ya riga ya gina rukunin gidaje kusan 500,000 tun daga 2011 kuma yana da burin gina sabbin gidaje miliyan 2.6 nan da 2019. Dukansu EPS suna cikin babban ɗakin ajiya wanda babu kowa a cikin shekaru 30 kafin a gyara shi don waɗannan ayyukan. Kusan ma'aikata 60 a cikin waɗannan kamfanoni biyu mazauna gida ne waɗanda ba su da aikin yi kafin su shiga EPS. A cikin kamfanonin biyu ma'aikatan sun sami horo na watanni uku a wurin lokacin da suka fara. Sun ga amfanin aikinsu yayin da aka gina sabbin gidaje a yankunansu da kuma jihohin da ke kewaye.
Akwai kafintoci 32, rabinsu mata ne, har da nakasassu. A wata tattaunawa da suka yi bayan rangadin taron, “vocera” nasu, akwai mai magana da yawun mata, ta bayyanawa mataimakiyar ministar cewa harkar samar da su na fuskantar barazana saboda kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ya samar da takamaiman kusoshi da suke bukata don samar da su ya ki samar da kari. . Wannan ya haifar da tattaunawa game da matsalolin dogara ga bukatun sirri wanda ke adawa da juyin juya halin Bolivarian a siyasance. Nan take mataimakiyar ministar tare da tawagarta suka fara hada kai da ma’aikatan domin samun mafita.
Akwai ma'aikata 24 a cikin aikin ƙarfe, yawancinsu samari ne, amma tare da ƙaramin adadin mata. Suna samar da kofofin ƙarfe don gina gidaje a ƙarƙashin aikin gidaje. A fili sun yi alfahari da aikin da suka yi da kuma cewa sun biya bashin farko da aka bayar ta hanyar wata cibiyar ba da tallafi ta gwamnati kuma sun samar da 'mafi girma' - rarar da za ta ba su damar siyan ƙarin injuna.
Bayan karanta game da EPS da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a yana da matuƙar amfani don fara ziyartar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu albarka da yin magana da ma'aikatansu game da abin da wannan sabon ƙirar ke nufi gare su a yau a Venezuela.
Gidaje don mutane a Venezuela
A ranar Alhamis 26 ga Satumba, iyalai 2,397 na Venezuela sun sami maɓallan sabbin gidaje da aka gina a ƙarƙashin Babban Ofishin Jakadancin. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2011, shirin yana da niyyar gina sabbin gidaje miliyan 2.6 nan da shekarar 2019 kuma yana kan hanyar zuwa cibiyoyi 500,000. Ministocin gwamnati, mataimakan ministoci da gwamnonin jihohi ne suka mika wa sabbin masu gidajen makullan a jihohi 17 daga cikin 23 na kasar ta Venezuela. Ayyukan irin wannan suna faruwa a duk faɗin ƙasar a duk ranar Alhamis.
Na yi tafiya a kan tsaunuka da sama da gajimare zuwa Consejo Communal de Cumboto a Municipio Costa de Ora, Jihar Aragua don koyon yadda ake tsara ayyukan gidaje a wurin da kuma yin bikin "entrega de casas" (gabatar da gidaje) ga membobin wannan. al'umma. Wanda ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu albarka, bikin na entrega ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Ana Maldonado, mataimakin ministan tattalin arzikin jama'a da Janar Ramos Viñas, shugaban Cibiyar Gidaje a jihar. Duk da ruwan sama da aka yi ba kakkautawa al'umma sun taru domin bikin kuma an yi shagalin biki. Banda shi ne runduna mafi yawan matasa ma'aikata wadanda suka ci gaba da aikin gina karin gidaje 51 na majalisar tarayya. Aikinsu yana farawa ne da share ƙasa da aza harsashi. Yawancinsu matasa ne na gida da ba su da aiki ko ilimi. A karkashin wannan tsari na "'yan gurguzu na aiki brigades" sun sami horo kan dabarun gine-gine kuma da yawa daga cikinsu za su ci gajiyar aikin ginin. Al’ummar da kanta, ta hanyar Majalisar Jama’a ce ke tantance wadanda za su karbi gidajen ta hanyar dimokuradiyya, kuma a wannan yanayin galibin wadanda suka ci gajiyar gidajen tsofaffi ne da kuma iyaye mata masu aure. Yawan jama'ar yankin ya kai 900-1,000 kuma baya ga gidaje 65 da aka riga aka gina ko ake ginawa suna lissafin cewa za a buƙaci ƙarin gidaje 100. A wasu lokuta wannan aikin na iya haɗawa da tarwatsa gidajen katako masu tsauri don maye gurbinsu da sabbin gine-gine waɗanda ke da dakuna 2 zuwa 3, ɗakin zama, kicin da dakunan wanka 1 zuwa 2.
Mataimakin Ministan da Janar Janar din ya ziyarci da dama daga cikin sabbin kadarorin kuma ya yi magana da wadanda suka amfana da wakilan al’umma da sauran al’ummar da suka taru. Hankalin jama'a na alfahari da gina nasu gidajen ya kasance abin burgewa, ba tare da dogara ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ma cibiyoyin gwamnati ba don aiwatar da aikin a gare su. Wadanda suka ci gajiyar tallafin, ciki har da mata dattijai, sun ba da gudummawar aikin ginin ta kowace hanya. Al’ummar yankin sun taru, galibinsu mata ne tare da ‘ya’yansu, a karkashin wani majami’a da ke tsakiyar titi inda aka shimfida na’urar sauti da tebura a kai, ba kawai makullai 14 da za a mika yayin bikin ba. Hakanan samfuran samfuran da aka yi daga shukar Cacao ta ƙungiyar jama'a 8, gami da cakulan, naushi, sabulu da shayi na ganye. Maza da matan da abin ya shafa sun sami ilimi a fannin ilimin halittu na Cacao a ƙarƙashin juyin juya halin Musulunci kuma sun yi matukar alfahari da samar da kwayoyin halitta da iri-iri.
Bayan gabatar da jawabi ga al'umma game da manufofin siyasa da manufofin aikin gidaje, Mataimakin Ministan da Janar Janar sun mika makullan gidaje 14 da aka kammala. Jama’a sun yi ta murna da jinjina yayin da mata da mazan unguwarsu suka karbi makullan sabbin gidajensu. Mataimakin Ministan da Janar din sun yi sanarwa guda biyu wadanda suka samu tafawa da murna. Na farko, cewa Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a za ta ba da ƙananan ƙididdiga don taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan da aka samo asali na Cacao da kuma cewa za a gayyaci masu samar da al'umma don shiga cikin baje kolin na kasa a watan Disamba. Na biyu, cewa duk sabbin gidajen da aka kaddamar da yammacin ranar za a samar musu da fararen kaya, ko kayan kicin, a cikin wata.
Miƙa maɓallai ga wannan ƙaramar al'umma wani biki ne mai daɗi da daɗi. Zai yi tasiri sosai a rayuwarsu. A halin yanzu, irin wannan bikin yana faruwa a kowace Alhamis a tsawon da faɗin wannan babbar ƙasa. Kwarewar saduwa da al'umma da masu amfana a cikin haɗin gwiwar jama'a de Cumbotes yana ba mu wasu ra'ayi game da tasirin wannan zai yi a duk faɗin ƙasar, ga mutanen Venezuelan.
Ƙungiyar al'umma a cikin shingen Caracas
Hanyar tana da tsayi tare da lankwasa masu kaifi, amma aƙalla an yi ta da siminti ba hanyar laka da ta wanzu kafin gwamnatin Venezuelan ta ba da kayan aikin barri ( unguwar) na Antimano. Mun haura zuwa saman dutsen don saduwa da ƙungiyar jama'a (majalisar tarayya) ta Las Torres. An kafa consejo a shekara ta 2000 tare da wasu mutane 350, amma yawan jama'a ya ninka zuwa 715, ciki har da yara. Ra'ayi ne mai ban sha'awa, kallon ƙasa a kan gidaje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka daidaita a kan tsaunin tsaunuka da ke kewaye da bala'in birane na Caracas a cikin kwarin da ke ƙasa.
Las Torres ita ce majalisa ɗaya daga cikin goma waɗanda suka haɗu zuwa "Comuna" da ake kira Las 17 Voces de Ezequiel Zamora. Jimillar yawan jama'ar Comuna 5,860 ne kuma suna yin taro kowace Laraba a majalisun da ɗaruruwan mazauna yankin ke halarta.
Las Torres kadai yana da "voceros" da "voceras" 50 (masu magana da maza da mata) kuma kasa da makonni biyu da suka wuce ya gudanar da zabensa na shekara biyu zuwa kwamitoci 17 ko yankunan wakilci.
1) Gudanarwa da Kudi (Mambobin kwamiti 4)
2) kula da zamantakewa (mambobin kwamitin 5)
3) lafiya (wannan da duk sauran suna da wakilci daya)
4) mazauni da gidaje
5) tattalin arzikin al'umma
6) kayan abinci
7) al'ada
8) masu nakasa
9) wasanni
10) sufuri
11) tsofaffi
12) yara da samari
13) ilimi
14) makamashi da gas
15) tsaron ƙasa
16) matasa
17) uwaye
Baya ga gina sabuwar hanyar, tun a shekarar 2008 Las Torres ya samu kayan aiki da taimakon fasaha don gina gidaje da sauran abubuwan jin dadin jama'a kamar filin wasa, makaranta (wanda za a gina) kuma a halin yanzu suna inganta asibitin kiwon lafiya wanda shine da likitocin Cuban ke gudanarwa. An ba da kuɗin gina ƙarin wuraren zamantakewa tare da "exedente" (ragi) da aka samu daga sabis na sufuri na consejo, "Ruta Communal" (hanyar jama'a), wanda aka kafa tare da taimako daga gwamnati kuma yanzu yana da ƙananan motoci 17 don jigilar kaya. 'yan gida sama da kasa a kan farashi kasa da wanda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke karba. Wannan sabis ɗin yana ɗaukar ma'aikata 30 na gida.
Kafin aikin sake ginawa, Las Torres yana da “ranchos” guda 109, gidaje masu kyau da aka yi daga katakon katako, da yawa daga cikinsu kamfanin Coca Cola ne suka bayar. Tun daga 2008, al'ummar da kanta sun gina sabbin gidaje 108 daga karce kuma an share ƙasa don ƙarin ƙarin gidaje da yawa da za a gina. Tsarin yana farawa da wakilai da aka aiko daga cibiyar kula da filaye ta ƙasa, waɗanda ke tantance aminci da yanayin wurin da aka tsara ginin. An tarwatsa Ranchos (an sake yin fa'ida) kuma an gina manyan gine-ginen siminti a wurinsu. An ayyana “ranchos” 17 a cikin wurare masu haɗari don haka an mayar da sabbin gidajen zuwa filaye daban-daban. Wani mutum a Las Torres ya mika katafaren filin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba ga al'umma don gina 7 daga cikin wadannan gidaje. Gidajen suna da dakuna uku, daki, kicin, da bandaki. Hakanan an samar da ingantaccen sabis na ruwan sha mai ɗaukar hoto kuma tsarin samar da wutar lantarki yana kan matakin tsarawa.
Kayayyakin gine-ginen al’umma ne ke samar da su a nasu aikin karfe da sauran rukunin gine-ginen da ke samar da tubalan gidaje da sauran abubuwa, da kuma gina gidajen. Aikin ƙarfe na ɗaukar ma'aikata 3 na gida kuma sauran aikin gine-ginen na ɗaukar ma'aikata 36, amma wannan adadin zai haura zuwa 70 tare da sabbin ayyukan da ake gudanarwa kuma an haɗa ƙarin mazauna. A mako mai zuwa za a fara aikin gina wani rukunin da ke samar da al'umma, taron bita na kera kayayyakin gida, kamar su wanki da sabulu. Wannan zai ɗauki ƙarin ma'aikata 15 na gida.
A bayyane yake daga ganawa da mazaunan consejo comunal de Las Torres, cewa kungiyoyin da aka kafa a farkon zamanin Chavez's shugaban kasa na farko a matsayin siyasa furci na People's Power suna ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗaka tare da ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. wanda hakan ke kara musu karfin siyasa.
Source: Helen Yafi
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