Alan Freeman: Gwamnatocin Latin Amurka masu ci gaba na ƙarni na 21, waɗanda ake kira gwamnatocin ruwan tekun ruwan hoda, sun sami babban rauni a baya-bayan nan kuma an maye gurbinsu da gwamnatocin ra'ayin mazan jiya, na hannun dama a Brazil, Argentina da, a bayyane, Ecuador. Me mutane na hannun dama ke cewa game da wadannan koma baya ga Hagu?
Steve Ellner ne adam wata: Masu zagin al'amarin Pink Tide suna nuna ko a sarari cewa zai zama tarihi ba da daɗewa ba ba tare da wani tasiri mai dorewa ba. Ra'ayin yana da nasaba da labarin "dinosaur" da kuma "ƙarshen tarihi" na Francis Fukuyama, tare da ma'auni na Right cewa tsarin gurguzu da manufofin da ke tattare da shi za su ƙare a cikin kwandon shara na tarihi. Wadannan marubuta da masu fafutuka na siyasa, duk da haka, sun yi watsi da cewa a zahiri ba a gwada tsarin gurguzu ba saboda babu wani daga cikin kasashen Pink Tide da ya zama gurguzu. Kashi 80 cikin 100 na tattalin arzikin Venezuela, alal misali, mallakar kamfanoni ne.
Wasu manazarta iri ɗaya suna amfani da misalin pendulum. Ma’anarta ita ce, siyasar yankin tana da tsarin zagayawa wanda babu wani abu da ya canza a cikin lokaci, duk da cewa gwamnatocin suna musanya tsakanin shugabannin hagu da dama. Misalin pendulum, duk da haka, ya ci karo da ka'idar "yankiyar yanki bayan hegemonic" a cikin Latin Amurka wanda ke kallon ruwan ruwan ruwan hoda a matsayin fara wani sabon lokaci wanda ke kawar da mulkin Amurka bisa neoliberalism. Waɗannan marubutan sun ƙara, duk da haka, cewa ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda bai haifar da ƙayyadadden tsari guda ɗaya ba. Kodayake an tsara ka'idar a kololuwar ruwan ruwan ruwan hoda, masu kare ta sun ci gaba da yin gardama kan ci gaba da dacewarta a yankin.
AF: Don haka ba duka manazarta ba ne suka yi bankwana da lamarin ruwan ruwan ruwan hoda. Menene yiwuwar cewa zai yi tasiri mai dorewa?
SE: Akwai alamu da yawa dangane da ayyukan da suka gabata cewa al'amarin Pink Tide zai dawwama cikin lokaci. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ƙasashen Pink Tide sun sami ƙarin iko kuma akwai babban matakin haɗin kai da haɗin kai a tsakanin su fiye da yanayin ci gaba da raƙuman demokraɗiyya a Latin Amurka a baya. Misali shi ne bullar gwamnatocin ci gaba a kusa da karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Guatemala, Argentina da sauran wurare. Jerin kasashen ruwan ruwan hoda ya fi tsayi: Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras da Paraguay. Kuma tare da zaben Andrés Manuel López Obrador, ana iya ƙara Mexico cikin jerin.
Bugu da kari, shugabannin Pink Tide gaba daya sun rike iko na dogon lokaci.
Gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun taimaka wajen samar da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin yanki da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Kudancin Amirka (UNASUR), Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), da Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR don fararen Mutanen Espanya), duk waɗannan sun inganta Latin Amurka. hadin kai da hadin kai. Shugabanin Pink Tide sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa al'ummomin da ke fuskantar rikicin siyasa, musamman Venezuela a 2002-2003 da 2017-2018, Bolivia a 2006 da 2009, da Ecuador a 2010. Wannan ma'anar haɗin kai yana da ban mamaki musamman saboda ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. Ya sami matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar Hagu wanda gwamnatin Lula ke wakilta a Brazil da kuma na hagu wanda Hugo Chavez ke wakilta, wadanda a tarihi ba su da dangantaka ta sada zumunci.
Har ila yau, dole ne a yi la'akari da makomar motsi na Pink Tide a cikin mahallin tarihi na koma baya na tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa na gargajiya a yawancin Latin Amurka da kuma gazawar masu neman kafa siyasa don cike gibin da aka samu. A lokacin Pink Tide, jam'iyyu masu goyon bayan kafawa waɗanda suka kasance manyan jigo a cikin tsarin siyasar ƙasarsu tsawon shekaru da dama sun zama inuwar tsoffin kawukansu. Wannan shi ne yanayin da jam'iyyar Radical Civil Union a Argentina, Partido Colorado a Uruguay, Social Christian COPEI jam'iyyar a Venezuela, National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) jam'iyyar a Bolivia, Chile ta Christian Democratic Party, da Conservative da Liberal jam'iyyun a Colombia. .
A sa'i daya kuma, kimar amincewar shugabannin Anti-Pink Tide ta yi kasa sosai, inda ta yi kasa da kashi 20 cikin dari a shari'ar Juan Manuel Santos a Colombia, Enrique Peña Nieto na Mexico, da Pedro Pablo Kuczynski a Peru. Wannan ba ma maganar batun Michel Temer na Brazil ne wanda kimarsa ta bambanta tsakanin kashi 3 zuwa 4 cikin dari. Rashin mutuncin manyan abokan gaba na ƙungiyoyin Pink Tide yana haɓaka yuwuwar murmurewa daga ƙarshe.
AF: To, yaya game da tasowar gwamnatocin 'yan ra'ayi a duk fadin yankin, da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya, dangane da wannan batu? Shin hakan ba zai yi barazana ga makomar ruwan ruwan hoda ba, aƙalla a cikin gajeren lokaci?
SE: Ee, amma a wasu bangarorin, abubuwan duniya suna ba da damar rayuwa ga ƙungiyoyin Pink Tide. Gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun karfafa alaka da manyan kasashen duniya biyu wato China da Rasha, yayin da tasirin Amurka da ke adawa da gwamnatocin kasashen Latin Amurka masu ci gaba ya ragu. Dangantakar tattalin arzikin Amurka da kasashen Latin Amurka ta ragu kamar yadda martabar Amurka ta durkushe a karkashin Shugaba Trump. Gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun sami kusanci da Rasha da China kuma sun fi yin tsamin dangantaka da Amurka fiye da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu gaskiya. Tabbas haka lamarin yake a kasashen Argentina da Brazil kuma zai fi haka a batun zaben Brazil Jair Bolsonaro da aka zaba kwanan nan. Babban goyon bayan da Lula ya yi wa kungiyar BRICS (ciki har da manyan kasashe masu tasowa na Brazil, Rasha, Sin, Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu) ya bambanta da yanayin sanyin Temer game da wannan kungiyar da kuma kalaman kiyayyar Bolsonaro game da kasar Sin.
Masu sukar hagu na gwamnatocin Pink Tide
AF: Me za ku iya cewa game da masu sukar gwamnatocin Pink Tide wadanda ke hannun hagu? Da alama ana samun ɗimbin yawa daga cikinsu, ko kuma sun ƙara yin magana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ko watakila duka biyun.
SE: Malaman al'amarin ruwan hoda na ruwan hoda da ke sukar ta ta bangaren hagu, sukan mayar da tattaunawarsu ne kan ci gaban da al'ummar kasar ke yi, ko ma kara dogaro da fitar da kayayyaki na farko, kamar man fetur a yanayin Venezuela da waken soya a halin da ake ciki a kasar Argentina. Ana kiran samfurin da suke suka da "neo-extractivism." Hujjarsu ta asali ita ce, gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun kasa canza matsayin al'ummarsu a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya da matsayin dogaro da al'ummarsu. Tabbas, sukar da suka yi wa gwamnatocin Pink Tide na kasa aiwatar da ingantattun dabaru don karya dogaro ga kayan masarufi ta hanyar zaburar da samar da gida da rarrabuwar kawuna. Abin baƙin cikin shine, tsarin jari-hujja na duniya wanda ya dogara da kasashe da yawa - wato masu mulkin mallaka a matakin kasa da kasa - ya tabbatar da cewa ya kasance mai tsayin daka da duk abin da ya faru fiye da lokacin kafin shekarun duniya wanda aka kafa a cikin 1980s. Gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun kasa karya wannan tsarin.
Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙaddamar da bincikensu akan tsarin tattalin arziƙin da ke da alaƙa da tattalin arziƙin duniya, masu sukar neoextractivism suna rage wasu mahimman abubuwan. Ga da yawa daga cikinsu, tsattsauran ra'ayi shine batun tashi don nazarin duk abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Ƙaddamar da tsarin tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin duk wani zargi na ruwan ruwan ruwan hoda yana da manyan kasawa guda biyu. Idan ka karanta abin da mafi yawan waɗannan marubutan ke faɗi, sun kasa haɗa alaƙa tsakanin mugayen ayyuka na abokan gaba masu ƙarfi da suka haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da siyasa da kuma manufofi da tsarin da suke suka. Decontextualization yana kaiwa ga yanke hukunci. Shawarar, alal misali, don haɓaka dabarun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin shigo da kayayyaki masu arha, sabanin shigo da kayayyaki masu amfani da muradun kasuwancin ƙasa, dole ne a fahimce su a cikin yanayin tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na yunƙurin tada zaune tsaye. Tashin hankali ya juya musamman tashin hankali a farkon mulkin Pink Tide a Venezuela da Bolivia. Tabbas, da Chavez ya kasance wauta don ya samar da manyan 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin hambarar da shi a lokuta da yawa tare da tallafi da ƙima don haɓaka samarwa.
Saitin yanayi iri ɗaya ya bayyana shawarar da Chavez ya yanke na ba da fifiko ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa a kan rarrabuwar kawuna na tattalin arziƙi, wanda shine shawara na dogon lokaci. Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa sun ba da rarrabuwa kai tsaye ta hanyar tabbatar da goyon bayan manyan sassan 15 waɗanda suka mamaye tituna a sakamakon juyin mulkin da aka yi a Afrilu 11, 2002. Idan Chávez ya ba da fifikon rarrabuwar tattalin arziki a kan manufofin zamantakewa, sakamakon da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin 2002 na iya kasancewa ya kasance. daban.
A wuri na biyu, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu sukar Pink Tide suna kafa bincike akan hangen nesa na gaba, amma sun kasa ba da nauyi mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban manufofin da aka aiwatar. Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarfin ƙarfafawa a tsakanin sassa masu farin jini, manufofin ƙasashen waje masu kishin ƙasa, karɓar jihohi na masana'antu a sassa masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki da dimokiradiyya mai shiga tsakani su ne muhimman abubuwan.
AF: Ba dole ba ne ka zama Marxist don gane mahimmancin tattalin arziki. Ashe ba da fifiko kan abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki ba abu ne mai ƙarfi a cikin nazarin waɗannan marubuta ba?
SE: A'a, ba idan an mai da hankali kan gazawar ƙasashen Pink Tide don ficewa daga kangin tattalin arzikin duniya yana nufin yin watsi da mahimmancin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da al'adu. Wasu manyan Marxists sun yi hasashen canji a ma'ana mai faɗi. Antonio Gramsci da György Lukács, alal misali, sun kare ra'ayoyin girma da kuma jimla ta yadda sauye-sauyen tsari tsari ne na cikakke wanda ke faruwa na wani lokaci, yana bayyana kansa musamman a fagen al'adu. Da yake rubuce-rubuce iri ɗaya, ɗan tarihi EP Thompson ya rubuta game da canji a matsayin tarin abubuwan da suka haɗa da tsawon ƙarni, wani lokaci ma cike da koma bayan siyasa. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna ba da kansu ga ingantaccen kimantawa na gwamnatocin Pink Tide bisa hangen nesa na dogon lokaci.
Ingantattun bangarorin gwamnatocin Pink Tide
AF: Don haka kun gane cewa gwamnatocin Pink Tide suna da nakasu sosai amma a lokaci guda kuna nuna abubuwa masu kyau. Menene su?
SE: Tabbas akwai riba da rashin amfani. A ra'ayi na, masu sukar da ke gefen hagu sun kasance daidai zuwa wani matsayi a cikin tattaunawar da suka yi game da fursunoni, amma sun rage ko kuma sun yi watsi da riba. Mahimmin ma'anar farawa a cikin kimanta ci gaban gwamnatocin Pink Tide da kuma tasirinsu na dogon lokaci shine shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Masu sukar Neo-extractivism gabaɗaya sun yi watsi da mahimmancin canji na shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na Pink Tide, duk da cewa sun fahimci fifikon su, da dabarun da suka shafi jiha gabaɗaya, suna wakiltar hutu tare da abubuwan da suka gabata na neoliberal.
Wadannan marubutan sun nuna cewa kudaden shiga daga fitar da kayayyaki na farko na samar da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Nasarar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa ta haka suna haɓaka haƙƙin cirewa, ko don haka hujja ta tafi. Wato, shirye-shiryen zamantakewa suna jan hankali daga abubuwan da ke haifar da illar tattalin arziki da muhalli.
Waɗannan masu sukar ruwan ruwan ruwan hoda na hagu sun kasa daidaita sukar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa tare da sanin ƙimarsu mai nisa. Musamman, shirye-shiryen suna ƙarfafa fahimtar inganci, ƙarfafawa da shiga tsakanin waɗanda ba su da gata, musamman ɓangarorin jama'a da aka ware. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, a cikin yanayin Venezuela, an sami wuce gona da iri na kayayyaki da ayyuka masu yawa kyauta ko kuma kari da ba a ba su ba bisa tushen yawan aiki, ilimi ko wasu dalilai masu ma'ana. Don haka burin jama'a na gwamnati yana da abubuwan da ya dace da su.
Wani yanki tare da ƙarin abubuwan da masu sukar Nicolás Maduro suka yi watsi da shi shine samfurin sa hannu na dimokiradiyya, wanda aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Venezuela, Bolivia da Ecuador. An gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da tunowa a matakin kasa - tsarin da ba mu da shi a Amurka - a duk kasashen uku. Bugu da kari, gangami a matsayin dabara ya zama muhimmi musamman a yanayin da gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga barazanar sauyin mulki ta hanyar yin kira ga mabiya da su fito kan tituna, maimakon yunkurin kulla hulda da jiga-jigan siyasa daga sama. Abin takaici, gwamnatin Dilma Rousseff ta gaza yin amfani da wannan dabarar a lokacin da aka tsige ta.
Marubuta a bangarorin biyu na bangaran siyasa sun soki yadda karfin iko a hannun hukumar zartaswa ta kasa, lamarin da ake kira "zaman shugaban kasa." Bugu da kari, a kasashe kamar Venezuela jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki tana karkashin jagorancin 'yan majalisa, ministoci, gwamnoni da makamantansu. Don haka ba ta da wani matsayi na cin gashin kai a jihar wanda hakan zai baiwa jam’iyyar damar yin bincike a kan yadda ake amfani da karfin gwamnati, musamman kan cin hanci da rashawa.
NA: Shin akwai wasu al'amura tare da bangarorin masu kyau da mara kyau?
SE: Masu sukar lamirin neo-extractivism sun raina girman yadda ƙasashen Pink Tide suka gyara tsarin tattalin arzikin da suka gabata wanda ya samo asali daga tsarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Gwamnatocin Pink Tide, zuwa digiri daban-daban, sun wuce matakan daidaita nau'ikan Keynesian ta hanyar ƙarfafa shigar da jihar kai tsaye a cikin dabarun tattalin arziki. Ikon jihar na sassan dabarun ya kasance tutar hagu a Latin Amurka na dogon lokaci. Bangarorin masu zaman kansu da 'yan adawar siyasa sun yi matukar adawa da wadannan matakan (Exxon da ConocoPhillips sun fice daga Venezuela kuma suka kai karar al'ummar kasar a kotun kasa da kasa). Misalai sun haɗa da matakan da suka baiwa jihar damar sarrafa sha'awar kamfanin mai na Argentina YPF da masana'antar mai ta Venezuela, tare da kwace masana'antar siminti, wutar lantarki da masana'antar karafa da sauran kamfanoni masu yawa a wannan ƙasa; Gwamnatin Ecuador ta kwace wasu kamfanoni 195 na kungiyar Isaias saboda cin hanci da rashawa; da matakan baiwa jihar babbar rawar yanke shawara a bangaren samar da iskar gas da sauran masana'antu masu hakowa a Bolivia.
Bayan haka, wasu kamfanoni na jihohi irin su PDVSA sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda rashin kulawa da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin mai na Mexico na Pemex ba tare da la'akari da muhimmancin tarihin masana'antu ba a 1938, waɗannan mahimman hanyoyin sun tsaya a kan kansu ba tare da la'akari da gazawar Pink Tide ba don cimma matakan da suka dace.
NA: Akwai manufofin ba tare da gazawa ba?
SE: Burin kishin ƙasa na manufofin ƙasashen waje na ƙasashen Pink Tide. Duk da tausayawarsu ta hagu, masu sukar neo-extractivism sukan yi watsi da waɗannan nasarorin. Gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun dage kan shigar da kasar Cuba a cikin al'ummomin kasashen duniya, sun taurare matsayin kasashensu don goyon bayan da'awar tsibiran Falkland na Argentina, kuma sun goyi bayan ayyukan da suka karfafa hadin kai da hadin kan kasashen Latin Amurka. A matsayin wani bangare na sake fasalin manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya, gwamnatocin Pink Tide sun kulla alaka ta kud da kud da Iran tare da daukar wani matsayi mai fa'ida na goyon bayan Falasdinu.
Matsayin masu fafutuka na shugabannin Pink Tide, musamman na Chávez, Lula da Kirchner, don goyon bayan haɗin kai da haɗin kai na Latin Amurka kuma ba shi da wata fa'ida, aƙalla ta fuskar hagu. Manufar su ita ce kafa nau'in Tarayyar Turai don Latin Amurka. Chavez shi ne na farko da ya yi nuni a taron koli na Amurka a birnin Quebec a watan Afrilun 2001 - inda shi kadai ne shugaban Latin Amurka da ya yi adawa da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Amurka (FTAA) - cewa Latin Amurka na bukatar samun hadin kai da farko bayan haka. wanda zai iya yin shawarwari tare da Amurka daga matsayi na daidaito maimakon rauni. Don haka shugabannin Pink Tide sun ki amincewa da "Pan Americanism" - wanda ke nufin haɗin kai ga Amurka da Kanada - amma a tarihi ya kasance zagi ga mulkin Amurka a duniya.
Mummunan tattalin arzikin Venezuela
NA: Idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayin tattalin arziki, shin ba za a iya fahimtar cewa mutane da yawa za su kasance masu adawa da Maduro ba?
SE: Watakila haka. Amma kuna buƙatar sanya abin da ke faruwa a cikin mahallin. Madogarar ma'ana mai ma'ana ita ce kallon tashin hankali da gaba da suka samo asali daga kungiyoyin adawa. Tabbas, adawa da shugabannin Pink Tide ya fi tsanani fiye da lokutan al'ada. A lokuta da dama, shugabannin adawa suna wakiltar “yan adawa marasa aminci” ta yadda ta hanyar yin shakku akan sahihancin dimokuradiyya na Hagu sun ki amincewa da halaccin gwamnati, wani lokaci da niyyar cimma canjin mulki ko ta halin kaka. Bugu da ƙari, karkatar da hannun jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya haifar da ƙarancin kuɗi da rashin aikin yi. A game da kasar Ecuador, radicalization na 'yan adawa ya sami goyon baya daga bangaren kudi na bourgeoisie, wanda manufofin Rafael Correa ya shafi bukatunsu musamman.
Mafi girman shari'ar da Venezuela kusan daga 'yan adawar Chavista sun kasance ba za su iya yin ta ba, a zahiri "Cibiyar Kwastomomi" zata zama mafi daidaituwa a cikin Afrilu 2002 da Rikicin tituna da ke gudana a 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014 da 2017; rashin amincewa da sakamakon zabe a 2004, 2005, 2013, 2017 da 2018; “Yakin tattalin arziki” wanda ya kunshi yajin aikin gama-gari a shekarar 2002-2003, karkatar da hannun jari da kuma shawarar da wasu kamfanoni na Amurka daban-daban suka yanke na rufe ayyuka a cikin kasar; Yakin diflomasiyya kan gwamnatin Venezuelan da Washington ta yi, dakatarwa daga OAS da MERCOSUR tsauraran takunkumin tattalin arziki da gwamnatin Trump ta sanya da kuma barazanar shiga tsakani na soja; da kuma tofin Allah tsine daga kafafen yada labarai na gida da na waje da kuma shugabannin coci.
Kalubalen da ke tattare da haka ya tilastawa gwamnatocin ci gaba da yin rangwame da aiwatar da wasu tsare-tsare wadanda a cikin dogon lokaci sukan gurgunta tattalin arziki da siyasa tare da cimma manufofin da aka sa gaba. Musamman ma, gwamnatoci sun mayar da martani ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru masu inganci da tsare-tsare masu ra'ayin jama'a don samun galaba ko kawar da membobin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, don biyan buƙatu na ɗan gajeren lokaci na membobin fitattun sassan da kuma jan hankalin ƴan adawa. Wadannan tsare-tsare na manufofi a yawancin kasashen Pink Tide, yayin da suke samun nasara a siyasance a cikin gajeren lokaci, wani lokaci suna komawa baya ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa da kuma durkushewar tattalin arziki.
NA: Shin, ba akwai sarari ga waɗanda ke kare matsayi daban-daban, har ma da sabani, a cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai?
SE: Muhawarar da ke hannun hagu kan abubuwan da suka shafi Pink Tide da minuses suna tasiri motsin haɗin kai wanda ke adawa da takunkumin kuɗi da shiga tsakani na ƙasashen waje, musamman a yanayin Venezuela. Don haka, alal misali, matsayin "annoba a kan gidajenku biyu", wanda kusan ya musanta cewa gwamnati ta fi 'yan adawar dama, ta kawar da tasirin aikin haɗin kai don goyon bayan Venezuela. A takaice dai harin da sojoji suka kai wa wata kasar waje, da wuya a hada jama'a a kusa da gwamnatin da ake ganin ayyukanta ba su da kyau. A wannan ma'anar, halin da ake ciki na Venezuela ya bambanta da na Gabas ta Tsakiya - inda shigar sojojin Amurka, ta hanyar takalma a ƙasa, shi kansa wani dalili mai karfi ga 'yan Amurka ko na kowace ƙasa don yin zanga-zangar, ba tare da la'akari da su ba. ra'ayin Taliban, Saddam Hussein ko Bashar al-Assad. To amma ko a wa] annan al'amurra, rashin wani mutum mai suna Ho Chi Minh, wanda kyakkyawan hotonsa ya karfafa azamar da yawa daga cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da yaki, ya bayyana a wani bangare na raunin gwagwarmayar antiwar a yau idan aka kwatanta da shekarun 1960. Jarabawar takamaiman fasalulluka na gwamnatocin Pink Tide don haka yana da tasirin da ya wuce aji. Abubuwan da gwamnatocin Pink Tide dole ne a sanya su cikin ma'auni.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
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Babban aikin Hugo Chavez ya samu gagarumar nasara wajen inganta rayuwar miliyoyin mutane. Tunanin tsohuwar layi da kuma ci gaba da adawa ba abin mamaki ba ne, yana dogara ne a cikin sassauƙan kalmomi akan kwadayi, son kai, da abin da muka saba kira son kai. "Ina son nawa lokacin da nake so kuma ba da jimawa ba" yana mulkin yawancin masu fada aji da kuma tattalin arziki. Wannan shi ne abin da Chavez ke mu'amala da shi, da kowace kasa har zuwa wannan, musamman kasa kamar Amurka.
Amma dangane da bala'i na yanayi, tsarin makamai masu yawa, talauci da wahala, yaki, da dai sauransu, dole ne mu fuskanci "babban aiki" a duk inda muke da kuma duk abin da 'yan adawa suke. Ba za mu iya jira ajin fitattu don yin wannan aikin ba, kuma dole ne mu fahimci mafi kyawun wurare kamar Venezuela kuma wannan hirar da Steve Ellner ya yi yana da mahimmanci kuma muna buƙatar ƙari da yawa waɗanda za su iya yin iri ɗaya.