[An fitar da sassan da ke gaba a TomDispatch daga Eduardo Galeano Ƙwallon ƙafa a Rana da Inuwa (Littattafan Ƙasa, Buɗaɗɗen Watsa Labarai ebooks).]
Filin wasa
Shin kun taɓa shiga filin wasa mara komai? Gwada shi. Ku tsaya a tsakiyar filin ku saurara. Babu abin da ya gaza fanko kamar filin wasa mara komai. Babu abin da ya rage bebe kamar tsayawar ƴan kallo.
A filin wasa na Wembley, ana ta kururuwa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1966, wadda Ingila ta lashe, kuma idan ka saurara sosai za ka ji nishi daga 1953 lokacin da Ingila ta fada hannun 'yan Hungary. Filin wasa na Centenario na Montevideo yana nishi tare da son rai don ɗaukaka kwanakin ƙwallon ƙafa na Uruguay. Har yanzu Maracanã yana kuka kan rashin nasarar da Brazil ta sha a gasar cin kofin duniya a 1950. A Bombonera a cikin Buenos Aires, ganguna suna karuwa daga rabin karni da suka wuce. Daga zurfafan filin wasa na Azteca, kuna iya jin waƙoƙin shagulgula na tsohuwar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mexico. Siminti terraces na Camp Nou a Barcelona suna magana da Catalan, da tsayawar San Mamés a Bilbao magana a Basque. A Milan, fatalwar Giuseppe Meazza ya zira kwallayen da suka girgiza filin wasan da ke dauke da sunansa. Wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 1974, wanda Jamus ta lashe, ana buga shi dare da rana a filin wasa na Olympics na Munich. Filin wasa na Sarki Fahd da ke kasar Saudiyya yana da akwatunan marmara da na zinariya da kuma tatunan kafet, amma ba shi da wani abin tunawa ko wani abu da za a ce.
Harin Ingilishi
A wajen wani gidan hauka, a wani fili da babu kowa a cikin Buenos Aires, yara maza da yawa masu farin jini suna ta harbi.
"Su wa ne?" Ya tambayi yaro.
"Mahaukatan mutane," in ji mahaifinsa. "Crazy English."
Dan jarida Juan José de Soiza Reilly ya tuna da wannan tun lokacin yaro. Da farko, ƙwallon ƙafa ya zama kamar wasan mahaukaci a cikin Kogin Plate. Amma yayin da daular ta fadada, ƙwallon ƙafa ya zama fitarwa kamar yadda aka saba fitarwa a Burtaniya kamar zanen Manchester, layin dogo, lamuni daga Barings, ko koyaswar ciniki cikin 'yanci. Ya iso kan ƙafar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa waɗanda jirgin ruwa na Buenos Aires da Montevideo suka buga, yayin da jiragen ruwa na Mai Martaba suka sauke barguna, takalmi, da fulawa, suka ɗauki ulu, faya, da alkama don yin ƙarin barguna, takalmi, da gari a kan jirgin. wani bangare na duniya. Jama'ar Ingilishi - jami'an diflomasiyya, da manajoji na layin dogo da kamfanonin iskar gas - sun kafa ƙungiyoyin gida na farko. Turancin Montevideo da Buenos Aires sun shirya gasa ta farko ta Uruguay a cikin 1889, ƙarƙashin babban hoton Sarauniya Victoria, idanunta sun runtse cikin abin rufe fuska. Wani hoton sarauniyar teku ya kalli wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil na farko a shekara ta 1895, wanda aka buga tsakanin al'ummomin Biritaniya na Kamfanin Gas da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta São Paulo.
Tsofaffin hotuna sun nuna waɗannan majagaba a cikin sautin sepia. Su mayaƙa ne da aka horar da su don yaƙi. Rigunan auduga da ulu sun rufe dukkan jikinsu don kada su bata wa matan da suka halarci taron bacin rai, wadanda suka fito da kayan kwalliyar siliki da kade-kade da lace. Nama daya tilo da 'yan wasan suka fallasa su ne manyan fuskokinsu da ke lekowa daga bayan gashin-baki masu kakin zuma da ke kasa da hula ko huluna. An yi takalmi da ƙafafu da manyan takalman Mansfield.
Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba don yaduwar cutar. Ba da jimawa ba, ƴan ƙasar da aka haifa a cikin al'ummar yankin suka fara buga wannan mahaukaciyar wasan Ingilishi. Daga Landan suka shigo da riguna, takalma, safa mai kauri, da wando da suka kai tun daga kirji har kasa gwiwa. Kwallaye sun daina baiwa jami’an kwastam mamaki, wadanda tun da farko ba su san yadda ake tantance nau’in ba. Har ila yau, jiragen ruwa sun kawo littattafan doka zuwa wadannan lungunan kudancin Amurka, kuma tare da su sun zo da kalmomin da suka rage shekaru masu zuwa: filin, ci, burin, mai tsaron gida, baya, rabi, gaba, kwallon kafa, bugun fanareti, waje. “Alkalin wasa ya cancanci hukunci” amma dan wasan da ya fusata zai iya karbar uzuri daga wanda ya yi laifin “muddin uzurin nasa ya kasance da gaske kuma an bayyana shi cikin Turancin da ya dace,” bisa ga littafin dokar kwallon kafa ta farko da ta yada a cikin Kogin Plate.
A halin yanzu, ana shigar da wasu kalmomin Ingilishi cikin maganganun ƙasashen Latin Amurka a cikin Caribbean: tulu, mai kama, innings. Bayan sun faɗi ƙarƙashin tasirin Amurka, waɗannan ƙasashe sun koyi buga ƙwallon da jemage na katako zagaye. Sojojin ruwa sun yi kafada da jemagu kusa da bindigunsu lokacin da suka sanya wa yankin oda ta hanyar jini da kuma ta hanyar wuta. Baseball ya zama ga mutanen Caribbean abin da ƙwallon ƙafa yake a gare mu.
Yakin Choreographed
A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙi na al'ada, maza 11 a cikin guntun wando sune takobin unguwa, birni, ko al'umma. Waɗannan mayaƙan da ba su da makami ko makamai suna korar aljanu na taron kuma suna tabbatar da bangaskiyarsu: a kowace arangama tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu, tsohuwar ƙiyayya da tsohuwar ƙauna da ta wuce daga uba zuwa ɗa suka shiga faɗa.
Filin wasan yana da hasumiyai da tutoci kamar katafaren gini, da kuma wani wuri mai zurfi da fadi a kewayen filin. A tsakiya, farin layi ya raba yankunan da ake jayayya. A kowane ƙarshen suna tsayawa burin da za a jefa bam da ƙwallo masu tashi. Yankin kai tsaye a gaban manufofin ana kiransa "yankin haɗari."
A tsakiyar da'irar, kyaftin din suna musayar fursunonin tare da girgiza hannu kamar yadda al'ada ta buƙaci. Alkalin wasa ya busa busa sannan aka kunna kwallon, wata iska mai tsawa ta tashi. Kwallon tana ta komowa, wani dan wasa ya kama ta ya dauke ta ya hau har sai da aka yi masa bulala ya fadi yana mirgina. Wanda aka kashe ba ya tashi. A cikin girman koren faffadan, ɗan wasan yana kwance yana sujada. Daga girman tsawa, muryoyin tsawa. Taron abokan gaba suna fitar da ruri na abokantaka:
"Kayi magana!"
"Devi more!"
"Tuez-le!"
"Mach ihn nieder!"
"Bari ya mutu!"
“Ku kashe, ku kashe, ku kashe!”
Hawaye ba sa kwarara daga rigar hannu
Ƙwallon ƙafa, misali na yaƙi, a wasu lokuta yakan juya zuwa yakin gaske. Sa'an nan "mutuwar kwatsam" ba ita ce kawai suna don hanya mai ban mamaki na yanke shawarar wasan da aka ɗaure ba. A kwanakin nan, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwallon ƙafa ya mamaye wurin da aka keɓe don zafin addini, kishin ƙasa, da sha'awar siyasa. Kamar yadda sau da yawa yakan faru tare da addini, kishin kasa, da siyasa, ƙwallon ƙafa na iya kawo tashin hankali, kuma ana aikata manyan abubuwan ban tsoro da sunansa.
Wasu sun yi imanin cewa aljanin kumfa na ƙwallon yana da maza a baki, kuma a zahiri wannan hoton yana ba da cikakken hoto na mai son raini. Amma ko da wanda ya fi jin haushin masu suka zai yarda cewa a mafi yawan lokuta tashin hankali ba ya samo asali daga ƙwallon ƙafa, kamar yadda hawaye ke kwarara daga rigar hannu.
A shekara ta 1969 yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Honduras da El Salvador, ƙanana da matalautan Amurka ta tsakiya waɗanda sama da ƙarni ɗaya suke tara dalilan rashin yarda da juna. Kowannensu ya kasance yana aiki azaman bayanin sihiri don matsalolin ɗayan. Honduras ba su da aiki? Domin 'yan Salvador sun zo suna daukar aikinsu. Salvadorans suna jin yunwa? Domin 'yan kasar Honduras suna zaluntar su. Duka kasashen biyu sun yi amanna cewa makwabciyarsu makiyi ne, kuma sojojin kama-karya na kowannensu sun yi duk mai yiwuwa don ci gaba da yin kuskure.
Ana kiran wannan yaƙin Yaƙin Ƙwallon ƙafa domin tartsatsin da ya tayar da hatsaniya ya faru a filayen wasa na Tegucigalpa da San Salvador. Matsalar ta fara ne a lokacin wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1970. An yi taho-mu-gama, wasu ƴan raunuka, da dama sun mutu. Bayan mako guda, kasashen biyu sun katse huldarsu. Honduras ta kori manoman Salvadoran dubu ɗari waɗanda a koyaushe suke aiki a cikin shuka da girbin ƙasar; Tankunan Salvadoran sun keta iyaka.
Yakin dai ya dauki mako guda ana kashe mutane dubu hudu. Gwamnatocin biyu, mulkin kama-karya da aka kirkira a wata masana'antar Amurka da ake kira School of the Americas, sun rura wutar kiyayyar juna. A cikin Tegucigalpa taken shine "Honduran, kar ku zauna, ku kama sanda ku kashe Salvadoran." A San Salvador: "Koyawa waɗancan barasa darasi." Sarakunan kasa da na yaki ba su rasa ko digon jini ba, yayin da wasu mutane biyu marasa takalmi suka rama irin wannan musibu ta hanyar kashe junan su da watsi da su.
Karshen Wasan
Kwallon tana juyawa, duniya tana juyawa. Mutane suna zargin cewa rana wata ƙwallon wuta ce da ke aiki dukan yini kuma tana kwana tana jujjuya sararin sama yayin da wata ke tafiyarsa, ko da yake kimiyya tana ɗan shakku. Babu shakka, babu shakka, cewa duniya tana juya ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa: sama da mutane biliyan biyu ne suka kalli wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 94, taro mafi girma da aka taɓa taru a tarihin wannan duniyar. Sha'awar da aka fi sha'awar ita ce: yawancin masu sha'awar ƙwallon suna wasa da ita a filayen da kiwo, wasu da yawa kuma suna da kujerun akwatin a gaban TV suna cizon farce yayin da wasu maza 22 cikin gajeren wando suka bi ta kwallon kafa suna bugun ta don tabbatar da nasu. soyayya.
A karshen gasar cin kofin '94' kowane yaro da aka haifa a Brazil ana kiransa Romário, kuma an sayar da turf na filin wasa a Los Angeles kamar pizza, akan dala ashirin. Kadan na hauka ya cancanci kyakkyawan dalili? Kasuwanci na farko da na banza? Jakar dabarar da masu ita suka sarrafa? Ina ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi imani cewa ƙwallon ƙafa na iya zama duka, amma kuma yana da yawa: liyafa don idanu da ke kallonta da kuma farin ciki ga jikin da ke buga shi. Wani ɗan jarida ya taɓa tambayar ƴan tauhidin Jamus Dorotee Sölle, “Ta yaya za ku bayyana farin ciki ga yaro?”
"Ba zan yi bayani ba," ta amsa. "Zan jefa masa kwallo in bar shi ya buga."
Ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru yana yin duk abin da zai haifar da wannan ƙarfin farin ciki, amma yana rayuwa duk da duk abubuwan da ke faruwa. Kuma watakila shi ya sa ƙwallon ƙafa ba ya daina zama abin mamaki. Kamar yadda abokina Ángel Ruocco ya ce, wannan shine mafi kyawun abin game da shi - ƙarfin taurinsa don mamaki. Yayin da masu fasahar ke tsara shi zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta dalla-dalla, gwargwadon ƙarfin sarrafa shi, ƙwallon ƙafa yana ci gaba da zama fasahar abubuwan da ba a zata ba. Lokacin da ba ku yi tsammani ba, abin da ba zai yiwu ba ya faru, dwarf yana koya wa kato darasi, kuma mai gudu, baƙar fata mai launin fata ya sa dan wasan da aka sassaka a Girka ya zama abin ban dariya.
Wuta mai ban mamaki: tarihin hukuma yayi watsi da ƙwallon ƙafa. Nassosin tarihin zamani sun kasa ambatonsa, har ma da wucewa, a cikin ƙasashen da ƙwallon ƙafa ya kasance kuma ya ci gaba da zama alama ta farko ta ainihin gamayya. Ina wasa don haka ni: salon wasa wata hanya ce ta zama wacce ke bayyana sifofi na musamman na kowace al'umma tare da tabbatar da hakkinta na bambanta. Faɗa mini yadda kuke wasa kuma zan gaya muku wanene ku. Shekaru da yawa ana buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta salo daban-daban, kalamai na musamman na ɗabi'ar kowane mutum, kuma kiyaye wannan bambancin ya zama kamar na zama dole a yau fiye da kowane lokaci. Wadannan ranaku ne na wajabcin daidaito, a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa da kowane abu. Duniya ba ta taɓa kasancewa da rashin daidaituwa a cikin damar da take bayarwa da kuma daidaita al'adar da take aiwatarwa ba. A wannan duniya ta karshen karni, duk wanda bai mutu da yunwa ba, ya mutu da gajiya.
Shekaru da yawa ina jin ƙalubale da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da gaskiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma na yi ƙoƙarin rubuta wani abu wanda ya cancanci wannan babban taron arna mai iya magana da irin waɗannan harsuna daban-daban da kuma buɗe irin wannan sha'awar duniya. Ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, zan yi da hannuna abin da ba zan taɓa iya cim ma da ƙafata ba: klutz da ba za a iya fanshewa ba, wulakancin filayen wasa, ba ni da wani zaɓi face in tambayi kalmomi abin da ƙwallon da nake so ya hana ni.
Daga wannan ƙalubale, da kuma buƙatar kaffara, an haifi wannan littafi. Girmama ƙwallon ƙafa, murnar fitulunta, da la'antar inuwarta. Ban sani ba ko ta zama yadda ƙwallon ƙafa za ta so, amma na san ta girma a cikina kuma ta kai shafi na ƙarshe, kuma yanzu da aka haife ta naka ne. Kuma ina jin bacin rai wanda ba za a iya gyara shi ba duk muna jin bayan yin soyayya da kuma ƙarshen wasan.
Eduardo Galeano ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun marubutan Latin Amurka. Shi ne marubucin tarihin Amurka mai juzu'i uku, Ƙwaƙwalwar Wuta, kuma mafi kwanan nan, tarihin ɗan adam, Mirrors, har da Yaran Kwanaki: Kalanda na Tarihin Dan Adam. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi kyautuka na duniya da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Lannan ta farko don 'yancin al'adu, lambar yabo ta Casa de las Américas, da kuma ɗan ƙasa na farko na yankin da ƙasashen Mercosur suka yi. An ɗauko waɗannan bayanan daga Ƙwallon ƙafa a Rana da Inuwa, littafinsa na 1997, wanda Mark Fried ya fassara, kuma an sabunta shi don haɗa wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya har zuwa 2010.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana TomDispatch.com, wani gidan yanar gizo na Cibiyar Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba mai gudana na hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Aikin Daular Amurka, Marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu, kamar na novel, Kwanakin Karshen Bugawa. Sabon littafinsa shine Hanyar Yakin Amurka: Yadda Yakin Bush Ya Zama Na Obama (Littattafan Haymarket).
An cire daga Ƙwallon ƙafa a Rana da Inuwa. Haƙƙin mallaka © 1997 na Eduardo Galeano da Mark Fried, fassarar. An buga shi cikin takarda ta Littattafan Nation, 2013. An buga a ciki leisure by Open Road Media, 2014; samuwa a duk inda aka sayar da ebooks. Ta hanyar izinin Susan Bergholz Literary Services, New York City da Lamy, New Mexico. An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi