“Lokacin da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka zo Afirka, muna da ƙasar, suna da Littafi Mai Tsarki. Muka rufe ido muyi addu'a. Sa’ad da muka buɗe su, mun sami Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma suna da ƙasar.” (wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Desmond Tutu (1))
Siffar da aka saba yi wa Afirka shi ne nahiya da al’ummarta suka koma baya, ba za su iya wuce irin kishiyoyin kabilanci ba, da mulkin kama-karya masu kishin yaki. Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun ba safai suke tambayar "Wace rawa kasashe masu arziki suka taka wajen samun wadancan shugabanni a kan mulki da kuma ajiye su a can?" Binciken da aka yi na kusan kowace kasa ta Afirka ya nuna mafi munin al'amurran da suka shafi tsarin kasa da kasa, ko dai tana samar da makamai ne don taimaka wa masu mulkin kama karya, ko kuma yanayin tattalin arziki, wanda asusun IMF ya sanyawa hannu, wanda ke da wahala ga shugabanni masu kyakkyawar manufa su rage talauci. Ya ba da misalai masu kyau na yadda yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa ke aiki tare don ba da damar ƙasashe masu arziki su cim ma burinsu.(2) A lokaci guda kuma wannan yana haifar da mummunan sakamako ga mutane a ƙasashen Afirka, tare da tashin hankali, fyaɗe, matsanancin talauci da kuma talauci. Yaɗuwar cututtuka duk suna ciyar da juna.(3) A duk faɗin Afirka, manyan 'yan wasa su ne Amurka, Burtaniya da Faransa, tare da China sannu a hankali suna ƙara tasirinta.
Nahiyar Mafi Arziki A Duniya
An san muhimmancin albarkatun kasa na Afirka shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce. Kasashe masu arziki sun bi su tun daga lokacin. Akwai ma'adanai masu daraja da yawa waɗanda mutane masu ƙarfi suka shirya don yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe. Mutanen da ke yankunan yaƙi sukan koma ga kalmar, yaƙi ALLAH, ma'ana Zinariya, Mai da Lu'u-lu'u. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun sha faruwa a Angola, Kongo, Ghana da Saliyo saboda ana samun riba mai yawa daga sarrafa cinikin lu'u-lu'u.(4) Ana amfani da Cobalt da Niobium don kera kayan aiki waɗanda dole ne su yi aiki cikin matsanancin yanayi don haka ana amfani da su. ana amfani da su a sararin samaniya, makamai, makaman nukiliya, jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, matatun sinadarai, tanda da tankunan mai. Ana amfani da Coltan a cikin wayoyin hannu, kwamfutoci da wasannin bidiyo don haka yana da matukar buƙata daga hukumomi daga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Afirka ta tsakiya tana da kashi 80% na albarkatun Coltan na duniya da kashi 60% na cobalt na duniya.(5) An kiyasta cewa albarkatun kasa guda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC), sun kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 24, amma kadan daga cikin wannan. ana amfani da dukiya don amfanin talakawa. Ga kamfanoni na ketare, masu mulkin kama-karya da masu fada-a-ji, zai iya zama riba a yi amfani da wadannan albarkatun a lokacin zaman lafiya da yaki. Gwamnatin da ta dace tana tsammanin za a biya ta yadda ya kamata. A cikin wuraren yaƙi, gwamnatoci masu cin hanci da rashawa waɗanda ke taimaka wa manyan kamfanoni na iya tserewa, a zahiri, da kisan kai. Kasashe masu arziki suna goyon bayan gwamnatocin danniya domin kamfanoninsu su ci gaba da hako wadannan albarkatu.
Amfani da Mulkin Mallaka
A cikin tarihi mun sami shaidar cewa fararen fata sun ɗauki baƙar fata a matsayin ƙasa. Ana iya samun misalan waɗannan halayen a cikin jawabai na shahararrun mutane. Field Marshall Montgomery ya taɓa faɗin albarkacin Afirka “Baƙin Afirka cikakken ɗan iska ne, wanda ba zai iya haɓaka waɗannan albarkatun da kansa ba.” (6) ’yan siyasar Amurka, Birtaniya da Turai sun yi amfani da wannan hali don ba da hujjar mummuna muni ga mutane da yawa a Afirka, alhali kuwa sace dukiyarsu.
Har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an raba Afirka zuwa kasashen turawa, galibin Birtaniya da Faransa. Mutane da yawa a Biritaniya an wanke kwakwalwarsu da yarda cewa mulkin mallaka ya kasance yawanci game da kasashe masu arziki 'daukar wayewa ga 'yan asalin. Shaidar ta saba wa wannan sosai. Ya kasance mafi yawa game da ƙasashe masu arziki suna wawashe albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin kansu. An kawo yawancin amfanin gona da kayan amfanin gona da yawa zuwa Biritaniya daga yankunanta a kan farashin da ba a kai ba.
Sakamakon tsarin mulkin mallaka, wasu ƙasashe sun sami tsarin layin dogo, amma wannan shine farkon jigilar albarkatun zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na bakin teku, da tura sojoji cikin sauri. Wasu daga cikin jama'ar sun sami ilimi, wasu ƙasashe kuma sun sami aikin gwamnati, amma wannan wasu tsiraru ne kawai waɗanda suka gudanar da tsarin yadda ya kamata a madadin sarakunan Burtaniya. Gwamnan Birtaniya a Sudan ya taɓa cewa "Mun iya iyakance ilimi ga 'ya'yan sarakuna da ma'aikatan gudanarwa na asali." (8) Bayanai na Tanzaniya sun nuna cewa lokacin da Tanzaniya ta sami 'yancin kai a 1961, mutum ɗaya ne kawai a cikin shida ya iya karantawa. 9) Injiniya 2 ne kawai kasar da likitoci 12. Bayan shekaru talatin na ci gaba bayan samun 'yancin kai, kusan kowa ya iya karatu kuma kasar ta horar da dubban likitoci, injiniyoyi da malamai. Yawancin sauran kasashen Afirka ma Turawan mulkin mallaka ba su ci gaba ba.(10)
Neo-colonialism: The Myth of Independence
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya bayyana a fili cewa kasashen Turai ba su da ikon ci gaba da iko da yankunansu. Biritaniya da Faransa ba su bar daulolinsu cikin sauki ba. An yi tashe-tashen hankula a lokacin da mutane ke fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu. Ana tunawa da Winston Churchill saboda kasancewarsa jagoran yaki mai nasara amma kuma ya kasance 'mai taurin kai'. A ƙarshe an ba da 'yan mulkin mallaka, amma sau da yawa bisa sharuddan da Biritaniya, Faransa da sauran turawan mulkin mallaka suka yarda da su. Kalmar 'yancin kai babban misali ne na farfagandar gwamnati. Wani rahoto na 2 ya bayyana cewa mu (gwamnatin Biritaniya) dole ne mu “musanya na yau da kullun zuwa daula na yau da kullun”. Mulkin mallaka bai ƙare da gaske ba. Sai kawai ya ci gaba da wani nau'i na daban, wanda ake kira neo-colonialism. Kasashe masu arziki sun yi ƙoƙari su tabbatar da cewa sabbin gwamnatocin ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka za su ci gaba da ba wa kamfanonin Turai damar sarrafa ma'adinai da sauran albarkatun. Sanarwar Ofishin Harkokin Waje ta ce "Birtaniya dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa kawayenta sun karbe duk wani babban nauyin da ta bari."(1947)
Tsarin siyasa a waɗannan ƙasashe sun canza, amma a wasu lokuta tsarin tattalin arziki bai yi ba. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, wasu ƙasashe sun ci gaba da aikin mulkin mallaka na samar da tsirarun amfanin gona ko ma'adanai, kuma har yau ana ci gaba da hakan. A Kenya akwai, kuma har yanzu akwai, adadi mai yawa na ma'adanai da kadarori masu fa'ida. A shekarun 1950 sarakunan Birtaniya a Kenya sun yi wa dubban daruruwan 'yan Kenya kisan gilla, azabtarwa da kuma kulle su da suka yi adawa da yadda ake cin moriyarsu. A ƙarshe Kenya ta sami ’yancin kai a 1963 amma kafin wannan lokacin, an sake raba ƙasar ta hanyar da ta haifar da ƙaramin rukunin masu mallakar filaye da ɗimbin jama’a ba tare da filaye ba. Ba sa wakiltar talakawansu kuma sun bi manufofin da suka amfanar da kansu da kuma manyan kasashen waje.
Wasu shugabannin Afirka sun fahimci cewa waɗannan tsare-tsare sun yi yawa ga masu mulkin mallaka. Sun so su yi amfani da albarkatun kasarsu don amfanin al'ummarsu. A lokacin da suka yi kokarin sake tattaunawa kan kwangilolin man fetur, uranium ko sauran ma’adanai, sai suka ga wasu sabbin shugabanni da kasashe masu arziki ke goyon bayan hambarar da su. Wannan tsarin na kasashe masu arziki da ke kokarin ci gaba da cin gajiyar yankin ta hanyar amfani da shugabanni masu cin hanci da rashawa shi ne ummul haba'isin matsalolin da dama a nahiyar Afirka. Daga cikin shugabannin Afirka 107 da aka maye gurbinsu tsakanin 1960 zuwa 2003, kashi biyu cikin uku an kashe su, an daure su, ko kuma aka kai su gudun hijira. Har zuwa 1979, an hambarar da shugabannin Afirka 59 ko kuma aka kashe su. Uku ne kawai suka yi ritaya cikin lumana ba a zabe ko daya ba. Babu wani shugaban Afirka da ya taɓa yin rashin nasara a zaɓe har zuwa 1982.
Uganda misali ne mai kyau. Uganda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1961. Shugaban can Milton Obote, yana da tarihi iri-iri, amma a shekarunsa na farko ya yi kokarin samar da tsare-tsare da aka tsara don taimakawa al’ummarsa da dama, ciki har da wasu marasa galihu. Wakilai a ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Biritaniya sun amince da cewa wadannan manufofin sun dace da moriyar jama’a, amma ba wai muradun kamfanoni na Birtaniyya ba. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ki amincewa da wadannan manufofi, tana mai fargabar cewa za ta kafa misali da sauran kasashe za su bi. (Sudan ta mayar da yawancin kasuwancin kasashen waje ba da dadewa ba.) Idi Amin soja ne a cikin sojojin Uganda kuma ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki mai tsanani. Duk da sanin cewa shi mai kisan kai ne, Biritaniya ta ba shi makamai, ta yi imanin cewa gwamnatinsa za ta fi dacewa da muradun Burtaniya. An kiyasta cewa sama da mutane 300,000 ne suka mutu a lokacin mulkinsa. Biritaniya ta daina ba shi goyon baya ne kawai sa’ad da wasu ƙasashe suka gane cewa ya yi tsaurin ra’ayi, kuma dangantakarsa da Biritaniya ta zama abin kunya.(14)
Har ila yau Faransawa suna cin zarafin Afirka
Wadannan matsalolin kuma suna faruwa a kasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Kusan shekaru 40 (har zuwa 2005), wani dan mulkin kama karya mai suna Eyadema Gnassingbe ya mulki karamar kasar Togo ta yammacin Afirka (15) amma ba kasafai ake ambatonsa ba a cikin jaridun yammacin duniya. Wataƙila ba ku saba da shi ba saboda gaba ɗaya, ya bi manufofin da suka yarda da manyan Faransawa, don haka ba kasafai ake sukar shugabanni daga ƙasashe masu arziki ba. A wani tsohon da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, wato Ivory Coast, kamfanonin Faransa sun mallaki kusan rabin filayen kuma har yanzu suna sarrafa ruwa da wutar lantarki, tashar jiragen ruwa, layin dogo, taba, roba, gine-gine, ayyukan jama'a, sadarwa, banki da inshora.(16)
A yanzu Amurka ce ke kan gaba a Afirka
Yayin da Amurka ta hau karagar mulki bayan yakin duniya na biyu, sannu a hankali ta zama babbar 'yar wasa a Afirka. A shekara ta 2, CIA da gwamnatin Belgium sun taimaka wajen kifar da gwamnatin Patrice Lumumba, shugaban Zaire (wanda ake kira DRC a yanzu), don maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin kama-karya, Mobutu.(1960) Ya yi mulki har zuwa 17, ya yi sata a akalla dala biliyan 1997 a lokacin. Ya kasance azzalumi mai kisa mai azabtarwa da kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa. Amurka ta ba shi makamai masu yawa, wadanda ya yi amfani da su wajen murkushe mutanensa. Tun daga lokacin ne Amurka ta yi amfani da yankin ta hanyar taimakon sauran gwamnatocin danniya a kasashe makwabta.
Ruwanda da Uganda sun zama cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ga Amurka a tsakiyar Afirka. Suna taimaka wa Amurka yin amfani da ma'adanai a yankin.(18) A cikin shekarun 1990, kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun sun yi magana game da 'kisan kare dangi' na Rwanda' inda aka kashe miliyoyin mutane. Sai dai kafafen yada labarai sun kasa yin bayanin cewa tashe-tashen hankula daga bangarorin biyu ne a lokuta daban-daban, kuma wata kungiya tana goyon bayan Amurka da Birtaniya, daya bangaren kuma na samun goyon bayan Faransa. yanki, kuma ana maye gurbin Faransanci da Ingilishi a matsayin babban harshe a wasu yankuna. Rikicin dai ya faro ne shekaru da dama da suka gabata kuma yana ci gaba a yau. Fyade, kisan kai, fataucin yara da bautar jima'i ya zama ruwan dare. zuwa yankin suna a matakin rikodin.(19)
Sarrafa Ta IMF
Wasu kasashen Afirka suna karkashin jagorancin shugabanni ne da suke son taimakawa talakawansu da gaske, amma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar su IMF da WTO sun takura musu (An tattauna a rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata.) A wani bincike na manufofin IMF a Afirka, an ce, an yi ta ne a kan manufofin IMF a Afirka. Ƙarshe ita ce, waɗannan manufofin sun gaza a cikin ƙasashe 31 cikin 34. Miliyoyin mutane har yanzu suna mutuwa daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka, bayan da suka yi amfani da manufofin IMF shekaru da yawa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kasashe kamar Najeriya, an taba sanya su a matsayin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, bayan sun samu ci gaba sosai kafin IMF ta shiga cikin lamarin, amma yanzu an sanya su cikin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya, inda kusan kashi 70% na al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa. a cikin talauci.(23) Kamfanonin kasashen waje na iya samun riba mai yawa domin babu abin da zai hana su cin karensu babu babbaka. Bayar da harkokin kiwon lafiya da sarrafa albarkatun kasa na kamfanoni a Afirka ya zama bala'i ga mutane da yawa, musamman matalauta.
Kasa kamar Zambia ta ba da misali mai kyau na yadda tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu ya ba da tabbacin cewa wasu ƙasashe za su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin talauci. Zambiya ta yi kyau sosai bayan samun 'yancin kai. A farkon shekarun 1970 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi arziki a Afirka ta hanyar bin manufofi masu ma'ana, kamar yawancin kashe kuɗi na gwamnati kan kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Sai dai kusan duk abin da ya samu zuwa kasashen waje ya fito ne daga tagulla. Farashin tagulla ya fadi saboda ana samar da yawa a wasu kasashe, kamar Chile. A lokaci guda kuma farashin man da aka shigo da shi ya yi ta roka. Kungiyoyi daga wasu kasashe ne suka yi amfani da farashin man fetur da tagulla, wanda ya wuce ikon gwamnatin Zambia. Tana buƙatar rancen kuɗi daga IMF, amma IMF ta ɗora sharuddan da aka zayyana a rubuce-rubucen farko. Zambiya ta kasance matalauta sosai tun daga lokacin.(24)
China fa?
Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun suna ɗaukar labarai game da yadda China ke cin gajiyar Afirka. Duk da haka, shirye-shiryen da kasar Sin ta yi da kasashen Afirka ya zuwa yanzu ba su da amfani sosai fiye da shirye-shiryen da Amurka da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi.(25)
Makullin Maɓalli
Kasashe masu arziki sun wawashe albarkatun Afirka tun daga tsararraki
Mulkin mallaka bai ƙare da gaske ba. Yanzu neo-colonialism
Yawancin kasashen Afirka suna karkashin jagorancin shugabanni da Amurka, Birtaniya ko Faransa ke marawa baya, ko kuma takurawa manufofin IMF/ Bankin Duniya/WTO
Kayan aikin Intanet
https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/dangerous-delusions/myth-6-africa-needs-our-help/
Bugu da ari Karatun
Patrick Bond, Kwace Afirka: Tattalin Arzikin Cin Hanci da Rashawa, 2006
Walter Rodney, Yadda Turai ta kasa ci gaban Afirka, 1972
References
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu
Hakanan ana danganta irin wannan magana ga Jomo Kenyatta.
2) Eric Ture Muhammad, 'Africa: US Covert Action Exposed', Corpwatch, Afrilu 25, 2001, a https://www.corpwatch.org/article/africa-us-covert-action-exposed
Mark Curtis, Matsalolin iko, p.212
3) Kathleen Kern, 'Kudin Dan Adam Na Wayoyin Wayoyin Hannu', a cikin Steven Hiatt, Wasan Tsohuwar Daular, shafi na 93-112
4) 'Afrika ta Tsakiya: Tattalin Arzikin Diamonds', a
http://www.africafocus.org/docs02/cent0206.php
5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltan
6) Mark Weber, 'Janar Montgomery's 'Racist Masterplan', Jarida don Binciken Tarihi, Maris/Afrilu 1999, a
http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v18/v18n2p33_Weber.html
7) Mark Curtis. Matsalolin iko, p.16
8) 'Darfur: Asalin Bala'i', Feb 19, 2006, a
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/16/AR2006021601898.html
9) Zuciyar Afirka: Hira da Julius Nyerere akan Anti-Colonialism, Sabuwar Mujallar Duniya, fitowa ta 309, Jan-Fabrairu 1999, at
www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/049.html
10) Walter Rodney. Yadda Turai ta kasa ci gaban Afirka, 1972
11) Rahoton Cohen-Caine, wanda aka ambata a cikin Mark Curtis, Matsalolin iko, p.16
12) Mark Curtis. Yanar gizo na Yaudara, p.331
13) Batutuwan Duniya, 'Rikici A Afirka: Gabatarwa', a http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Africa/Intro.asp
14) Mark Curtis. Mutane, pp.245-261.
Obote ya sake samun mulki bayan wasu shekaru kuma ya nuna bai fi sauran shugabannin Uganda ba.
15) Gnassingbe Eyadema, a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma
16) Boubacar Boris Diop, 'Ivory Coast: Colonial Adventure', Le Monde Diplomatique, Afrilu 2005, a
https://mondediplo.com/2005/04/10diop
17) William Blum, Kisan bege, shafi na 156-162
Watakila hukumar leken asirin Burtaniya, MI6, tana da hannu a kisan Lumumba, duba
Gordon Corera, 'MI6 da mutuwar Patrice Lumumba', Labaran BBC, 2 Afrilu 2013, a
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22006446
18) 'Rahoton Kwamitin Kwararru Akan Amfani da Albarkatun Kasa Ba bisa ka'ida ba da sauran nau'o'in Arzikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango', a
www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm
19) Michael Chossudovsky. Duniyar Talauci, shafi na 103-122
Wayne Madsen, Kisan kare dangi da ayyukan boye a Afirka, p.478
20) Don cikakkun bayanai kan Afirka ta Tsakiya duba Keith Harmon Snow, a
http://allthingspass.com/journalism.php?catid=14
Annie Kelly, 'Bautar Jima'i ta barke a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, in ji MSF', The Guardian, 23 Yuli 2014, a
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/23/sexual-slavery-democratic-republic-congo-msf
21) Zofsha Merchant, 'Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyya ta Kongo', Duniya Ba tare da Kisan Kisa ba, Mayu 2020, a
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/congo
22) 'Mai kyau, Mummuna da Mummuna: Shekaru goma na fitar da makamai na Labour', Saferworld, Mayu 2007, a
Mark Curtis, Yanar gizo na Yaudara, shafi na 190 don bayani game da yadda Biritaniya ke ba da makamai ga bangarorin biyu a Kongo.
AOAV, 'Birtaniya na fitar da makamai zuwa DRC, Action on Armed Violence, 23 Nov 2018, a
https://aoav.org.uk/2018/uk-arms-export-to-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/
23) Sam Bramlett, 'Manyan bayanai 10 game da talauci a Najeriya', The Borgen Project, 25 Feb 2018,
https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-poverty-in-nigeria/
24) Ngaire Woods, The Globalizers, shafi na 141-178
25) David Haroz, 'China a Afirka: Symbiosis ko Exploitation', Dandalin Fletcher na Al'amuran Duniya, Vol.35, No.2, Summer 2011, at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/45289533
Direban sanda ƙwararren malami ne na ɗan lokaci wanda ke da sha'awar kawar da farfagandar zamani na Amurka da Birtaniyya, da kuma bayanin yaƙi, ta'addanci, tattalin arziki da talauci, ba tare da shirme ba a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai. An fara buga wannan labarin a medium.com/elephantsintheroom
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi