"Ban san komai ba." Wannan mummunan mummunan abu ne daga Sergio de Castro, yana magana game da kisa, bacewar, da azabtarwa da aka yi a lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan tattalin arziki da kudi na Chile a lokacin mulkin Pinochet mafi muni. Ya fito ne daga wani babban shirin da aka fara a wannan makon a Chile, Chicago Boys, wanda Carola Fuentes, 'yar jarida, da Rafael Valdeavellano, mai shirya fina-finai suka yi.
Sergio de Castro yana daga cikin mafi muni na "Chicago Boys," masana tattalin arziki na Chilean da suka yi karatu a Jami'ar Chicago a karkashin Milton Friedman da Arnold Harberger kuma wanda, bayan juyin mulkin 11 ga Satumba, 1973, ya taimaka wa 'yan uwansu shirin azabtarwa. na matsanancin halin kuncin tattalin arziki. A cikin fim din, de Castro ya tuna da hawan wani tudu a Santiago don ya kalli bam din da sojojin sama suka yi a La Moneda, fadar shugaban kasa inda Salvador Allende zai mutu nan da nan. Yayin da harshen wuta ke fitowa daga tagogin fadar, sai ya ji, in ji shi, "farin ciki marar iyaka." De Castro ya ce bai san wanda gwamnatinsa ta kashe ba, duk da cewa wakilai daga Bankin Duniya, da IMF, da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka sun yi ta korafi game da danniya. Da Carola Fuentes ta tambaye shi ko ya taba kawo wadannan korafe-korafen da Pinochet, sai ya ce a'a. De Castro ya ce yana jin "zafi," ba wai kawai ga "wanda aka azabtar ba amma masu azabtarwa" amma cewa, sanin abin da ya sani yanzu - an kashe dubbai ko bace kuma an azabtar da dubban dubbai a lokacin aikinsa - har yanzu zai yi hidimar Pinochet. . "Babu wasu matakan gyara da ba su da zafi," in ji de Castro.
Fuentes da Valdeavellano sun haƙa kyawawan fina-finai na gida na ajin farko na Chicago Boys, karatu da zamantakewa a Hyde Park a tsakiyar 1950s, cike da kunkuntar lapels, ƙananan alaƙa, da sigari marasa iyaka. Friedman, wanda yanzu ya mutu, ya bayyana yana wucewa. Ricardo French-Davis, wanda ya dauki darasi tare da Friedman amma ya karya ka'idar. Takardun ya bayyana da kyau yadda akidar Chicago Boys suka kasance, horarwa ba kawai a cikin cikakkun bayanan fasaha na monetarism ba amma, kamar yadda ɗayansu ya faɗa, an ɗora shi da "imani na addini game da ingantaccen aiki na kasuwanni masu sassaucin ra'ayi." Sun fahimci manufarsu ta fuskar nahiyar. Sun kuduri aniyar, Ernesto Fontaine, wani dan Chicago Boy na asali wanda bai tuba ba wanda ya bayyana a cikin shirin, ya ce a wani wuri, "ya fadada ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka, yana fuskantar matsayi na akida wanda ya hana 'yanci da ci gaba da talauci da ci baya."
Shirin musayar da ya kawo 'yan kasar Chile zuwa Chicago an samu kuɗaɗen kuɗin jama'a, daga shirin ba da agajin waje na Point Four na gwamnatin Amurka. "Ba na tsammanin an sami mafi kyawun saka hannun jari na kudaden masu biyan haraji na Amurka," in ji Fontaine a cikin fim din. Shirin an yi niyya ne don raunana ci gaban Keynesian a Latin Amurka, a yada, kamar yadda wani tsohon shugaban Jami'ar Chicago ya ce, "tasirin Chicago" da "tattalin arzikin kasuwa" a duk faɗin Latin Amurka. Idan aka yi la'akari da rinjayen Keynes da Marx a Chile da sauran wurare, ana iya haɗa wasu sifofi da yawa a cikin shirin: quixotic a fuskar statist hegemony; Gramscian a cikin nasarar da ya samu a tafiya ta hanyar da canza cibiyoyi; da Jesuitical a cikin ƙudirinsa a kan ga alama dogayen rashin daidaito.
Lallai, yawancin Boys na Chicago sun kasance membobin Opus Dei, Katolika na dama, kuma ba su ga wani saɓani tsakanin fifikon ɗayansu ba (lokacin da ya zo kasuwa) da biyayya ga tsarin mulki (lokacin da ya zo ga sunkuya a gaban Pinochet) . "Zaɓi," a cikin ƙamus na ɗabi'a na Friedmanites, duka 'yanci ne da horo. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da sakamakon zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da matsananciyar damuwa da "maganin girgiza," daya daga cikin shugabannin juyin mulkin, Admiral José Toribio Merino, ya ce cewa “Irin wannan shi ne dajin… na rayuwar tattalin arziki. Wani daji na namomin jeji, inda wanda zai iya kashe na kusa da shi, ya kashe shi. Wannan ita ce gaskiya.” Wannan maganar ba ta cikin shirin ba, amma masu yin fim sun sami Rolf Lüders, wani yaron Chicago wanda ya taka rawar gani a mulkin Pinochet, ya yarda cewa kasa mai mulki "ya zama dole don yin canjin da aka yi."
"A gare mu juyin juya hali ne," in ji Miguel Kast, wani ɗan Chicago Boy na biyu kuma "sufi Katolika"-" juyin juya halin 'yanci." na yi jãyayya A wani wuri kuma cewa ba daidai ba ne cewa Friedman, Friedrich von Hayek (wanda ya yi aikin hajjinsa zuwa Chile bayan juyin mulkin), da abokansu suka nufi Chile: "A yawancin karni na 20, yawancin mutanen Latin Amurka sun yi tunanin dimokiradiyya da zamantakewar al'umma ne. Haka abin yake – yaƙin neman zaɓe ba a bambance shi da yaƙin jindaɗi – amma lamarin ya kasance musamman a ƙasar Chile, inda ‘yan gurguzu da masu ra’ayin gurguzu suka gina tsarin dimokraɗiyya na zamantakewa na zamani.” Don haka idan Chicago Boys za su iya karya alakar dimokuradiyya da gurguzu a Chile, za su iya karya ta ko'ina. Kamar yadda Hayek ya sanya shi, juyin mulkin Pinochet ya ba da dama don kafa wani nau'i na "dimokiradiyya da 'yanci, mai tsabta daga ƙazanta."
Daga cikin gudunmawar da yawa masu amfani na fim din shine bayyana muhimmiyar rawar da farar hula Chicago Boys suka taka a juyin mulkin da kanta: sojoji sun yi jinkirin matsawa kan Allende sai dai idan suna da tsarin tattalin arziki na dabam. Don haka 'yan Chicago Boys, musamman de Castro, sun ba su tsarin tattalin arziki. Sa'an nan kuma, da zarar juyin mulkin ya faru kuma Allende ya mutu, 'yan Chicago Boys ne suka shawo kan jami'an sojan kididdiga don yin caca akan maganin girgiza, wanda ya kawo Milton Friedman don rufe yarjejeniyar.
An fara fiye da shekaru biyar da suka gabata, wata zanga-zangar da ke ci gaba da karuwa, karkashin jagorancin dalibai, ta gabatar da takamaiman bukatu amma kuma ta ci gaba da tushe. m na "neoliberalismo," kin amincewa da rage dan adam zuwa maximizers masu amfani atomistic. Kyamara ta Valdeavellano ta ɗauki ɗan hango ɗaya daga cikin kwalayen: "Menos Friedman, Más Keynes" - Ƙananan Friedman, Ƙarin Keynes. Yana da shakka cewa duk wanda ya rubuta wannan alamar an saka hannun jari sosai a cikin takamaiman tattalin arzikin Keynesian. Maimakon haka, ra'ayin ya bayyana yadda siyasa a Chile ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin 'yan adawa na farko da aka haifar da juyin mulkin 1973, wanda Keynes v. Friedman, ko Allende v. Pinochet, ke wakiltar ma'anar yanayin ɗan adam.
Fuentes da Valdeavellano sun kawo karshen shirin tare da ingantaccen labari: ƙaramin masanin tattalin arziƙin Chilean neoliberal, wanda de Castro da sauran Chicago Boys suka horar a cikin 1970s, yana korafi game da dokar hana ciye-ciye da ke da sukari mai yawa a makarantun firamare. Abin da ya fara a matsayin tawaye na tarihi na duniya wanda ya yi niyyar aiwatar da juyin juya hali ba kawai a cikin tattalin arziki ba amma a cikin ɗabi'a, a yau ya rage zuwa gunaguni cewa gwamnati "ba za ta ƙyale mu mu yi kiba ba."
Da fatan Chicago Boys, wanda ya sami kuɗi daga Sundance, za a sake shi a Amurka.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
1 Comment
Wannan yaƙi tsakanin hangen nesa na Friedman da wani nau'in ƙoƙarin jin daɗin jama'a don kyautata yawan jama'ar Latin Amurka har yanzu yana ci gaba. Zaben Macri na baya-bayan nan a Argentina da kuma rashin wanda ake kira Peronist, Scioli, shine karo na baya bayan nan. Yayin da suke da bambance-bambance masu yawa, yakin Amurka tsakanin Trump da Hillary, ya nuna irin koma bayan siyasar zabe a kasashen biyu.
Mahimmanci, yaƙi na har abada, shine mawadaci da matalauta, kuma mawadata ba wai kawai sun yarda cewa sun cancanci duk abin da za su iya ba, amma sun sanya shi da akida da adalci. Bambancin ƙa'ida shine cewa a cikin tseren Amurka, dukiya ce ta yaƙi neman arziki. Kadan a fagen siyasar Amurka suna wakiltar mafi rinjaye ko matalauta, na ƙarshe ya zama mafi rinjaye a lambobi, amma ya zuwa yanzu, matalauta suna da ƙarfi.
Abin da ke faruwa a Latin Amurka da Argentina yana da mahimmanci sosai. Ko da yake Chicago Boys suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da yawa sosai.