Bayan gabatar da shaidar ‘dimokraɗiyya’ na sabon shugaban Asusun Demokraɗiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Roland Rich, a cikin part 1 na wannan labarin, Wannan sashe na labarin yanzu zai ba da nazari mai mahimmanci na 'dimokiradiyya' na babban tsohon ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Mark Malloch Brown.
"Fara'a, tauri, sophistication, gwaninta, hangen nesa. Waɗannan basirar sun cika a cikin mutumin Mark Malloch Brown…”- Jeffrey Sachs (2005)
Bisa ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka (2006) da:
"Shirin ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ya koma karkashin jagorancin Mark Malloch Brown [a cikin 1999] don rungumar inganta dimokuradiyya, la'akari da 'yancin siyasa ba kawai samfurin ci gaban tattalin arziki ba, amma mai ba da damar hakan… Shugaba Bush a shekara ta 2004, ya taimaka wajen cike gibi a ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar inganta muhimman al'ummomin jama'a ta hanyar bayar da tallafi ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu."
Kafin mu yi gaggawar yin nazari kan ayyukan Asusun Demokraɗiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wannan maƙala za ta fara yin nazari ne kan aikin 'dimokraɗiyya' na farko da alaƙar Mark Malloch Brown, mutumin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Hukumar UNDP daga Yuli 1999 zuwa Agusta 2005, kuma za a iya jayayya. ya share fagen samar da asusun dimokuradiyya a shekarar 2005.[1] Hakika, Brown ya lura da wani lokaci maras mutunci a tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hallata muradun mulkin Amurka ta hanyar tallafa wa ayyukansu da ake kira 'dan adam'. Shigar Brown cikin yada tunanin biyu na Orwellian na Amurka, duk da haka, bai dace da tarihin 'dimokradiyya' ba.
Carola Hoyos (2001) rubuta don Financial Times ya ba da labarin wasu asalin Brown da aka yi watsi da su.[2] Ta lura cewa bayan karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Cambridge (Magdalene College), sannan kuma ta karanta ilimin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Michigan, Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na siyasa don Economist mujalla na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya shiga ofishin hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) a shekarar 1979. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya kasance a kasar Thailand inda ya gudanar da ayyukan hukumar ta UNHCR na ‘yan gudun hijirar Cambodia. A wannan lokacin, Hoyos ya lura, cewa Brown ya sami damar samun "alamomi masu mahimmanci, kamar jakadan Amurka a lokacin. Morton Abramowitz, wanda ya ci gaba da zama shugaban Carnegie Endowment daga 1991-97", kuma tare da wanda, a 1993, Brown ya zo da ra'ayin don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya; da "Lionel Rosenblatt, yanzu shugaban kasa na farko 'Yan gudun hijirar kasa da kasa"[3] Brown ya kara da shekaru biyu a matsayin mataimakin babban jami'in kula da agajin gaggawa na UNHCR a Geneva, yana komawa wurin Economist a cikin 1983, a matsayin editan sa, har zuwa 1986 lokacin da ya shiga rukunin Sawyer-Miller a matsayin babban abokin tarayya na duniya. Rukunin Sawyer-Miller kamfani ne na PR na duniya wanda ke binciken farfaganda David Miller (2007) in ji "musamman[es] wajen gudanar da zaɓe a madadin 'yan takara na yammacin Turai."
Daidai da binciken Miller, Hoyos ya ci gaba da lura cewa cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa Brown "ya yi aiki a cikin wani lokaci mafi duhu a duniya na shawarwari na siyasa da kamfanoni - samun shugabannin da aka zaba da kuma kamfanoni a kan hanyar da ta dace ta hanyar yin magudi, masu sukar sun ce. ” Daga baya, Brown ya ci gaba da mallakar mallaka "wannan kamfani mai saurin girma tare da wasu abokan tarayya guda uku", kuma a cikin 2002 Ƙungiyar Sawyer-Miller ta zama wani ɓangare na Weber Shandwick Worldwide - ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin PR na duniya.
A cikin shekaru takwas da ya yi tare da Sawyer-Miller Group, ɗayan bayanan da aka ba da haske a yawancin tarihin rayuwarsa (kan layi) ita ce babbar rawar da ya taka a cikin "shawarwarin Corazon [Cory] Aquino na Philippines lokacin da ta ya yi takara da Ferdinand Marcos" a zabukan 1986: wanda yake da muhimmanci saboda Ƙaddamarwa na kasa don dimokiradiyya (NED) ya taka rawa sosai wajen sace wannan takara ta musamman (don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba Robinson's Inganta Polyarchy).
Tarihin rayuwar Brown Har ila yau, wani lokacin lura cewa ya kuma shawarci "sauran 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da na siyasa, musamman a Latin Amurka". Don haka yana da mahimmanci cewa masanin tattalin arziki da ake yabawa sosai.Jeffrey Sachs (2005), ya lura cewa, a kusa da wannan lokacin, ya haɗu tare da Brown "a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka fito daga hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya a Bolivia zuwa 'ikon mutane' juyin juya halin Philippine na Cory Aquino "[4]. Wannan haɗin gwiwar Sachs-Brown ya ba da haske mai yawa akan aikin siyasar Brown a wannan lokacin saboda kamar yadda Alexander Cockburn (2007) lura:
"'Shock therapy' neoliberalism da gaske ba shi da alaƙa da Milton Friedman, amma tare da Jeffrey Sachs ... Sachs ya fara gabatar da maganin girgiza a Bolivia a farkon 1990s. Daga nan sai ya shiga Poland, Rasha, da sauransu, tare da irin wannan nau'in maganin girgiza… Wannan shine ainihin inda neoliberalism na zamani ya sami tsari.
Bugu da ƙari, yayin da tare da Sawyer-Miller Group ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan da Brown ya yi shine yin aiki "mai yawa kan mayar da hannun jari da sauran batutuwan sake fasalin tattalin arziki tare da shugabanni a Gabashin Turai da Rasha.” Don haka Wall Street Journal ya lura cewa a cikin 1990 Brown ya zama mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Solidarity ta Poland, wanda a lokacin "lauyoyi da masu fafutuka na kasashen waje suka yi masa cikas."[5] Carl Berstein (1992) lura cewa:
"Har sai an dawo da matsayin Solidarity a cikin 1989 ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ana ba da shi, kulawa da kuma ba da shawara ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa da aka kafa a karkashin kulawar Reagan da John Paul II. Ton na kayan aiki - injin fax (na farko a Poland), injin bugu, masu watsawa, tarho, radiyo na gajeriyar igiyar ruwa, kyamarori na bidiyo, masu daukar hoto, injinan telex, kwamfutoci, na'urori masu sarrafa kalmomi - an shigo da su cikin Poland ta hanyar tashoshin da firistoci da wakilan Amurka da wakilai suka kafa. na AFL-CIO [ainihin mai ba da tallafin NED] da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Turai. Kuɗaɗe ga ƙungiyar da aka dakatar sun fito ne daga asusun CIA, da National Endowment for Democracy, asusu na sirri a cikin Vatican da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Yammacin Turai.
A gaskiya, kamar yadda Hernando Calvo Ospina (2007) Ya yi nuni da cewa, Poland ta zama “[o] daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin tarihi” ga masu gudanar da mulkin dimokuradiyya da Amurka ke jagoranta, kuma a lokacin “zaben ‘yan majalisa na 1989, NED ta mika dala miliyan 2.5 ga kungiyar hadin kai, wanda shugabanta Lech Walesa, abokin kawance ne mai karfi. na Amurka, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1990."
Komawa zuwa Bolivia, a lokacin zabukan 1989, Brown ya zama mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben dan takarar shugaban kasa Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da abin da mai suka Eduardo Gammara (1990) ya kira "kamfen mara kyau wanda ya kwaikwayi mafi munin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka". [6] Tunani kan tserewar Bolivian na Brown, Perry Anderson (2007) Babban abin da Brown ke da'awar shine ya kasance manajan yakin neman zaben Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, wani dan kasar Bolivia wanda jama'a suka tsane shi saboda kishin sa da biyayya ga Washington wanda a kwanan nan ya yi gudun hijira daga fadar shugaban kasa da helikwafta. yi don Miami." Lallai, ƙayyadaddun shaidar Lozada na goyon bayan Amurka an misalta su ta hanyar kasancewarsa darekta na Cibiyar Amurka (Amurka).a 2001 akalla), ƙungiyar da ta kasance "kafa a 1983 don inganta damammaki da alaƙa tsakanin kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane waɗanda a halin yanzu suke gudanarwa ko fatan gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin Amurka”. Ba tare da la’akari da asalin Lozada ba, tabbas zaɓen Brown ya biya masa buƙatu, kuma a ƙarshe Lozada ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙasar Bolivia daga 1993 zuwa 1997 da kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2003. Babban shirin gaskiya na Rachel Boynton, wanda ya rubuta yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Lozada na 2002.)
Charles Trueheart (1991) Har ila yau, ya nuna cewa, yayin da Sawyer-Miller Group, Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kafofin watsa labaru na Mario Vargas Llosa wanda bai yi nasara ba a 1990 a shugabancin Peru. Kamar mutumin Amurka a Bolivia, an kwatanta Vargas Llosa da "dan kasuwa kyauta mara kunya"wanda"ya nemi shugabancin kasar tare da kamfen irin na Amurka tare da taimako daga kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na Washington, D.C. Sawyer Miller". Ba abin mamaki bane, a cikin 2005, Vargas Llosa ya karɓi Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka Irving Kristol Award, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na kasa da kasa a Cuba, kuma a kan kwamitin ba da shawara Sabbin Dabaru a Hakkokin Dan Adam da NED ke bayarwa (inda yake zaune tare da 'dimokradiyya' - masu turawa kamar Morton I. Abramowitz).
Ƙungiyar Sawyer-Miller ta kuma ba da sabis na farfaganda mai mahimmanci ga gwamnatin Columbian (wanda ke samun goyon bayan Amurka mai karfi don matsananciyar manufofin cikin gida). Doug Stokes (2002) Ya nuna cewa, lokacin da "[o] pinion zaben da aka gudanar a 1987 ya gano cewa kashi 76% na dukkan Amurkawa sun yi tunanin cewa gwamnatin Colombia ta yi cin hanci da rashawa", gwamnati ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan:
“...Rukunin Sawyer/Miller, wanda ya samu kusan dala miliyan guda a kudade da kashe kudi a farkon rabin 1991 kadai. Aikin kwararrun na PR shine ya canza ra'ayin kasar Colombia a matsayin mai cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam, zuwa babban ƙawancin Amurka a cikin abin da ake kira 'yaƙin kwayoyi'. Daraktan asusun Sawyer/Miller's Colombia ya bayyana cewa ‘babban manufa ita ce ilmantar da kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka game da Colombia, samun labarai mai kyau, da kuma kula da tuntuɓar ‘yan jarida, marubuta, da masu tunani. Saƙon shi ne cewa akwai ‘mummuna’ da ‘nagartattu’ a Colombia kuma gwamnati ita ce mutumin kirki.’ A cikin haɓaka waɗannan ra’ayoyin ƙungiyar Sawyer/Miller ta gudanar da binciken jin ra’ayin jama’a da kuma zaman rukuni-rukuni don tantance ra’ayin jama’a. A cikin 1991 kadai, Colombia ta ba da fiye da dala miliyan 3.1 ga yakin talla. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sanya ƙarar jarida da tallace-tallacen TV da ke nufin masu tsara manufofin Amurka a Washington. Tallan duk suna da jigo iri ɗaya. Sun bukaci jama'ar Amurka da su tuna da bajintar da sojojin Colombia suka yi a yakin da suke yi da kwayoyi, da kuma yunkurin sauya ra'ayi game da Colombia daga kasancewa mai ba da magunguna ga Amurka a matsayin mai amfani da kwayoyi."[7]
Dangane da darajar su, Stokes ya kammala da cewa "aiki na PR na Sawyer-Miller ya yi aiki kamar yadda Amurka ta sanya Colombia ta zama ta uku mafi yawan masu karɓar taimakon sojan Amurka a duniya a yau."
Ganin cewa Brown yana da irin wannan haɗin kai na 'dimokiradiyya', ba abin mamaki ba ne don gano cewa sauran tsoffin abokan haɗin gwiwar Sawyer-Miller Group suna da irin wannan dimokiradiyya da ke sarrafa alakar. Tabbas, shugaban da ya kafa Sawyer-Miller Group, Scott Miller, a halin yanzu an jera shi azaman "mai kunnawa” a strategic and Communication consultancy, Abubuwan da aka bayar na David Morey Group, Inc. (DMG) - mai ba da shawara wanda manufarsa ta bayyana shine samar da "babban iko na jimlar sadarwar kamfani, yakin ko gwamnati". Haɗin Miller zuwa DMG yana da ban sha'awa saboda uku daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa takwas na DMG suna da alaƙa da 'dimokradiyya' Asusun don Zaman Lafiya: waɗannan sun haɗa da wanda ya kafa DMG da shugaban kasa, David E. Morey, mataimakin shugaban Asusun Aminci, [8] da kuma abokan hulɗar DMG Mark L. Mawrence da Joel McCleary, waɗanda suke duka asusun Asusun Aminci. Watakila ba zato ba tsammani, McCleary kuma tsohon shugaban kungiyar Sawyer-Miller ne, kuma ban da haka shi darekta ne na kungiyar. Kamfen na kasa da kasa na NED don Tibet (ICT), da kuma tsohon shugaba na NED mai alaƙa Cibiyar Dimokradiyyar Asiya (duba bayanin kula [9] don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai). A ƙarshe, ɗaya na ƙarshe na 'dimokradiyya' Sawyer-Miller Group aficionado shine Gyorgy Banlaki, wanda a cikin 1989 ya kafa "dabarun hadin gwiwa Kamfanin tuntuɓar sadarwa tare da Ƙungiyar Sawyer-Miller ta Amurka". Daga baya lokacin:
Shugaban Sawyer-Miller Hungary ya shirya tare da gudanar da ayyukan bincike da sadarwa a Poland, Bulgaria, Rasha, Ukraine, Slovakia da Albaniya. Shi da kamfaninsa sun yi aiki da wata ƙungiya a kan aikin USAID na Hukumar Kula da Sirri ta Hungary a 1991-93. A cikin 1994 an nada shi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zuwa ofishin jakada na Washington, inda zai hada abubuwan da ya shafi jama'a da na kamfanoni wajen wakiltar sabuwar kasuwa mai tasowa da Hungary. "
Kwanan nan, a cikin 2003 (aƙalla), Banlaki ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mashawarcin kasa da kasa zuwa Integrated Control Systems, Inc. (IMPAC). Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda shugaban IMPAC, James B. Irwin, ba wai kawai ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin Ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya ta Duniya ba (" ƙawancen jam'iyyun siyasa fiye da 70 na tsakiya "), amma shi ma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, wanda shugabansa daga 1985 zuwa 2003 shine Allen Weinstein - shugaban riko na farko na NED. Haka kuma, shugaban IMPAC na yanzu, Colm B. Hendrick, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darekta na rusasshiyar Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya.
Komawa ga babban mutumin wannan labarin na yanzu, Mark Malloch Brown: yayin da yake haɓaka haƙoransa na ‘dimokraɗiyya’ tare da ƙungiyar Sawyer-Miller, ya ɗan yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ‘yan gudun hijira na ƙasa da ƙasa (a cikin 1993 aƙalla).[10] Bugu da ƙari, matar Brown, Trish Malloch Brown, kwanan nan ta sauka daga matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasa da kasa, kuma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ta yi aiki da kungiyar Sawyer-Miller (daga 1986 zuwa gaba), kuma ta kasance jami'in shirye-shirye na gidauniyar Soros a gabashin Turai daga 1989 zuwa 1992.
a 1994, Mark Malloch Brown ya shiga bankin duniya a matsayin daraktan harkokin waje, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mataimakinsu kan harkokin waje da mataimakin shugaban majalisar dinkin duniya daga 1996 zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1999, hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD ta ba shi lada sanya shi na farko ba-Amurke mai kula da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka nada a cikin shekaru da yawa: duk da haka, kamar yadda Betsy Pisik (1999) Ya yi nuni da cewa, ko da yake shi ba Ba'amurke ba ne, "Dangantakar Brown da Amurka tabbatacciya ce kuma mai zurfi." Hakika Pisik ya ci gaba da fadin Brown, yana mai cewa: "Na auri Ba'amurke kuma ina aiki a Amurka, ba za ka sami wani dan Amurka mai karfi fiye da ni ba". Don haka abin mamaki ko da yake ana yawan kwatanta Brown a matsayin a mai kakkausar suka ga manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka, ya bayyana akasin haka: Perry Anderson (2007) yana lura cewa:
"A lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu, yawo a cikin matsalar Mai don Abinci, Richard Holbrooke ya gayyaci Annan zuwa gidansa da ke Upper West Side don wani taron sirri [a ƙarshen 2004], wanda [Robert] Orr, [John] ya halarta. Ruggie da [Nader] Mousavizadeh, da kuma wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat uku. Anan an umurce Annan da ya kori abokan aikin da ba a so, kuma ya yarda da mafi cancantar tunani, a cikin siffar Mark Malloch Brown… Ba tare da gunaguni ba, Annan ya yarda da shi a matsayin ikon gaban kursiyin. Holbrooke ya ji zafi cewa labarin tsarin ya fito. ‘Niyyar shi ne a kiyaye shi. Ba wanda ya so ya ba da ra’ayin gungun ’yan waje, dukansu Amirkawa, suna ba da shawarar abin da za su yi wa sakatare-janar.’ Ra’ayin, a fili, shi ne komai.”
Ga masu karatu waɗanda ba su san mahimman tsarin dimokraɗiyya da ke sarrafa ƙididdiga na haruffa huɗun da aka ambata ba, taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani ya biyo baya:
(1) Richard C. Holbrooke Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1999 har zuwa 2001: a halin yanzu shi darekta ne na NED, Refugee International, da kuma Cibiyar Humpty Dumpty, yana aiki a kwamitin shawarwari na Haɗin kai don Amintaccen Amurka, kuma tsohon darakta ne na Kwamitin Tsarewa na Duniya.
(2) Robert C. Orr an nada shi mataimakin sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Agustan 2004: a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin "mataimakin a Washington zuwa Richard C. Holbrooke, Jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya", kuma kafin wannan ya zama "Daraktan harkokin duniya da na kasa-da-kasa a kwamitin tsaron kasa, inda yake da alhakin wanzar da zaman lafiya da harkokin jin kai", da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya da USAID. Tsakanin 2001 da 2003 Orr"tare da jagorancin wani kwamiti na bangarorin biyu kan sake gina bayan rikici wanda kungiyar ta dauki nauyi Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazari da Nazarin Duniya a Washington da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Amurka." A cikin Yuli 2002, Orr ya rattaba hannu kan wani Freedom House wasika zuwa ga shugaba Bush, wanda ya kasance tare da sanya hannu abin da za a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin wanene na al'ummar 'demokraɗiyya inganta'.
(3) John G. Ruggi Ya kasance mataimakin babban sakataren MDD kuma babban mai ba da shawara kan tsare-tsare ga babban sakataren MDD Kofi Annan tsakanin shekarar 1997 zuwa 2001, sannan ya zama mai ba da shawara na musamman ga babban sakataren MDD kan yarjejeniyar duniya, kuma a shekarar 2005 ya zama mai ba da shawara na musamman na MDD. Wakili a kan batun kare hakkin bil'adama da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci. Ruggie yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Gane Hakkoki.
(4) Nader Musavizadeh wani ma'aikacin banki tare da Goldman Sachs, kuma ya taba yin aiki a matsayin "Majalisar Dinkin Duniya siyasa Jami'in a Bosnia a 1996 kuma ya yi aiki a ofishin Sakatare Janar Kofi Annan daga 1997 zuwa 2003." Yayin da yake aiki da Kofi Annan ya zama marubucin jawabin Annan, kuma "ya shawarci babban sakataren kan batutuwan siyasa da dama da suka hada da kasashen Balkan, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, 'yancin dan Adam, da siyasar shiga tsakani".
Mousavizadeh memba ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Duniya (IISS), ƙungiyar da ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "babban ikon duniya kan rikicin siyasa da soja". Mahimmanci, IISS ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta yakin Iraki kamar yadda ta ba da "lissafta kan makaman Iraki" a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2002, wanda "nan da nan gwamnatocin Bush da Blair suka kama su a matsayin samar da 'shaida' cewa Saddam ya rage watanni kaɗan da kaddamar da sinadarai da kwayoyin halitta, ko ma harin nukiliya". Mousavizadeh memba ne na kwamitin shawarwari na Human Rights Watch na Gabas ta Tsakiya: don cikakkiyar sukar Human Rights Watch duba labarina na kwanan nan. Satar Haqqin Dan Adam.
Perry Anderson (2007) ya rubuta cewa manyan mutane biyu "waɗanda suka rubuta jawabai da labaran da ke ba da babban sakatare tare da hoton maganganunsa" sune Edward Mortimer [11] da Nader Mousavizadeh. Anderson ya ci gaba da lura cewa Mortimer da Mousavizadeh:
“… sun fito ne daga Financial Times da New Republic bi da bi, wallafe-wallafe guda biyu waɗanda bayanan martabar siyasa ba su buƙatar takamaiman bayani. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, kalaman Annan daban-daban, waɗanda abokan aikinsu masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya suka yaba da balagarsu a duk faɗin Yamma, ba su wuce manyan juzu'ai na edita a cikin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen guda biyu ba. Mortimer, daga babban malamin coci, ya kasance wanda ya kafa kwamitin kasa da kasa don 'yantar da Iraki tare da Ahmed Chalabi. Dangantaka tsakanin su ta kasance da kusanci sosai, Meisler ya gaya mana, don Chalabi ya ba shi shawara a gaban al'amarin mai don abinci kafin ya lalace…
“Kaɗan alƙalai ne suka fi bayyana irin rawar da wannan Ba’amurke ɗan Ingila ya taka fiye da yadda duniya ta zo ta fahimci cewa blitz na Nato a Yugoslavia a 1999 ya halatta. Annan, bai san yadda zai mayar da martani ba, dole ne malamansa su ba shi damar fitar da kalmomin warwarewa. Da yake kin amincewa da daftarin farko da aka mika masa wanda ya nuna nadamar barkewar yakin, Mortimer da Mousavizadeh sun mika masa takardar nasu, inda suka yaba da harin, ya sanya hannu. A cewar Traub, 'Mortimer ya ce lokacin da ya gabatar da sabon sigar, Annan ya dube ta da kyau kuma a karshe ya ce: 'Wannan ita ce magana mafi wahala da na yi a matsayina na sakatare-janar.' Sannan ya amince da fitar da sanarwar. .”
Komawa ga sakamakon ganawar Annan tare da Holbrooke da kamfani, Oliver Burkeman (2006) Ya lura cewa “a cikin mako guda” Annan “ya shirya taro da Condoleezza Rice” kuma “[s] ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya bayyana wani sabon shugaban ma’aikata, ɗan Ingilishi mai suna Mark Malloch Brown.” Don haka a cikin Janairun 2005, bayan ya shafe shekaru shida a matsayin mai kula da shirin raya ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brown ya zama babban sakatare mai kula da dafa abinci. A watan Afrilun 2006, daga nan ne aka kara masa girma zuwa matsayin mataimakin babban sakataren MDD, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa karshen shekara.
Bayan barin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, abokin Brown na dogon lokaci George Soros ya ba da lada ga sadaukarwar dimokiradiyya ta hanyar daukar shi aiki (a cikin Mayu 2007) a matsayin sabon mataimakin shugaban kasa asusun shingensa, Quantum Fund. A lokaci guda kuma, an nada Brown a matsayin babban abokin ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Yale: [12] cibiyar da darektanta, Ernesto Zedillo, yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar International Crisis Group da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, kuma kan allon bada shawarwari don duka na gano haƙƙoƙi da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya. Ba zato ba tsammani Brown da kansa ya yi aiki kwanan nan (a farkon 2007) a matsayin darekta na Cibiyar Raya Duniya, kuma a halin yanzu darakta ne na NetAid - kungiyar da shugabanta, Kimberly A. Hamilton, mai ba da shawara ne ga Amurkawa don Dimokuradiyya mai Informed, kuma tsohon mataimakin darektan manufofin zamantakewa a Cibiyar Dabaru da Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya.
Brown kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Siyasa ta Jama'a ta Duniya - cibiyar tunani wanda "manufa shi ne samar da sabbin dabarun gudanar da mulki mai inganci da kuma samun tasiri mai dorewa a hada-hadar jama'a, kasuwanci da jama'a ta hanyar bincike, tuntuba da muhawara". Wannan kwanan nan kafa Institute's An mayar da hankali ne kan aikin da Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya ta fara a 1999, aikin da aka buga bincikensa a farkon 2000 ta hanyar binciken. Cibiyar Nazarin Binciken Ƙasa ta Duniya. Dimokuradiyyar da ke amfani da mutane, da ke zaune a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya, sun hada da Kemal Dervis (wanda shi ne sabon shugaban shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma yana aiki a rukunin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya), Moises Naim (wanda shi ne darekta). na NED, yana aiki a kan kwamitin zartarwa na Cibiyar Shugabancin Duniya, ya taba zama babban darakta a bankin duniya, kuma ya jagoranci ayyukan sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Latin Amurka a babban bankin duniya. Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceMary Robinson (wacce ita ce babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin dan Adam daga 1997 zuwa 2002, mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar Club of Madrid, wanda ya kafa Gane Hakkoki, kwamishinan hukumar Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya, memba ne na majalisar kasa da kasa kan manufofin kare hakkin dan adam, shugabar kungiyar Asusun Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Duniya, kuma yana aiki a kwamitin shawarwari na Transparency International, Da kuma Bambance-bambance), Adele S. Simmons (wanda yake a tsohon shugaban kasa na Gidauniyar MacArthur - daya daga cikin manyan gidauniyoyi na taimakon jama'a na Amurka - yana aiki a kan majalisar shawara na Gane Hakkoki, a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Gaskiya, a kwamitin dabarun na Aiki akan Adalci a Zamanin Sauyi), da Anne-Marie Slaughter (wanda ita ce shugabar Sakatariyar Gwamnati Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ci gaban Dimokuradiyya, darakta na New America Foundation, amintaccen mai Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, yana aiki a kan kwamitin dabarun Project akan Adalci a Zamanin Sauyi, kuma memba ne na Tattaunawar Amurka da Task Force a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). Wasu fitattun mambobi biyu na kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya, sune babban darektan Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Achim Steiner, da Bjorn Stigson, wanda shi ne shugaban hukumar. Majalisar Kasuwancin Duniya don Ci gaba mai dorewa.
A ƙarshe amma ba kalla ba, Mark Malloch Brown ya kasance kwanan nan an ba da peerage a cikin House of Lords kuma Firayim Ministan Biritaniya Gordon Brown ya nada shi a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Afirka, Asiya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan sashe ya zayyana tarihin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan dimokuradiyya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Mark Malloch Brown, sashe na gaba zai ba da cikakkun bayanai game da rawar da sabuwar asusun dimokiradiyya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke takawa wajen inganta dimokiradiyya mai rahusa a duniya. .
Bangarorin biyu na farko na wannan kashi hudu na jerin kasidu sun fara gabatar da sabon shugaban asusun dimokuradiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Roland Rich, wanda ya biyo bayan nazari mai mahimmanci na ‘dimokradiyya’ na babban tsohon ma’aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Mark Malloch Brown. Sashe na uku na wannan silsila yanzu zai yi nazari ne kan tarihin asusun dimokuradiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da gabatar da wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke aiki da Asusun.
Michael Barker ɗan takarar digiri ne a Jami'ar Griffith, Ostiraliya. Ana iya samun sa a Michael.J.Barker [a] griffith.edu.au, da wasu daga cikin nasa ana iya samun wasu labaran anan.
Endnotes
[1] Tarihin rayuwar Brown ya lura cewa a lokacin da yake aiki a UNDP: "Kokarin da ya yi ya hada da wani babban yunkuri na fadada goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga kasashe masu tasowa a fannoni kamar mulkin demokra] iyya, wani sabon salon shawarwari kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wallafe-wallafen majagaba, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Ci gaban Dan Adam. Rahotanni, da kuma ƙarfafa jagorancin ayyukan UNDP a cikin bala'o'i da kuma yanayin da ya biyo bayan rikici."
[2] Carola Hoyos, Sake Gina Afganistan, Financial Times, Nuwamba 21, 2001.
[3] Diane Johnstone (2000) yana nufin darektan NED Morton Abramowitz a matsayin "da girman kai na sabon tsarin ‘shigin dan Adam’ na NATO”. A cikin littafinta Wawa's Crusade (2002, shafi na 9) Johnstone kuma ya rubuta: “Ya taimaka ya sami babban matsayi Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya, babban mai tsara manufofi daga Bosnia da Kosovo. Ya kasance a ko'ina a bayan fage na wasan kwaikwayo na Kosovo, a cikin tsara manufofi da kuma tsara harkokin kasuwanci, gwamnati, da kuma ra'ayin kafofin watsa labaru. Ya zama mai ba da shawara ga tawagar Kosovo Albania a tattaunawar Rambouillet, wanda shirin da aka tsara ya ba da dalilin harin bam na NATO."
[4] a 2002, Jeffrey Sachs an nada shi “mai ba da shawara na musamman ga babban sakatare na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan muradun Ƙarni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.” A cikin wannan matsayi Sach na "aiki" tare da tsohon abokinsa "Mai kula da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mark Malloch Brown wanda aka dora wa alhakin daidaita yakin neman cimma burin ci gaban karni a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya."
[5] Jill Abramson, Ƙauyen Lauyoyin Amurka, Lobbyists da Masu Ba da Shawarwari Ba Su Bukatar Duk wata Shawara Don Tafi Gabas, Saurayi, Wall Street Journal, Janairu 12, 1990.
[6] Eduardo A. Gammara,Tsarin Shugabancin Kasa da Dimokaradiyya: Shari'ar Bolivia’, A: S. Mainwaring & M. S. Shugart (eds) Mulkin Shugaban Kasa da Dimokuradiyya a Latin Amurka, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.378.
Don ƙarin bayani kan rawar Sawyer-Miller Group a Bolivia duba Eduardo A. Gamarra, da James M. Malloy, ‘Bolivia: Revolution and Reaction’, A: H.J. Wiarda da H.F. Kline, Siyasa da Ci gaban Latin Amurka. Bugu na uku (Boulder: Westview Press, 3).
[7] Doug Stokes (2002) ya kara da cewa: “Bukatun kafafen yada labarai na tattaunawa da jami’an gwamnatin Colombia sun bi ta hannun Sawyer/Miller. Sun jagoranci 'yan jaridu masu tausayawa zuwa ga manyan ma'aikatun gwamnati kuma sun tabbatar da cewa an nisantar da masu sukar yadda Kolombiya ta yi mugunyar yancin ɗan adam. A wani misali, bayan ganawa da Warren Hoge, editan Mujallar New York Times, jaridar Times ta buga wani dogon labari marar inganci da ya ɗaukaka shugaban ƙasar Colombia na lokacin, Cesar Trujillo, wanda aka ba wa yaƙin neman zaɓe da kuɗin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Gwamnatin Colombia ta sayi haƙƙin sake buga labarin kuma ta aika da dubban kwafi zuwa ga 'yan jarida da ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka. Ƙungiyar Sawyer/Miller a kai a kai tana amfani da jaridun Amurka don rarraba farfagandar gwamnatin Colombia tare da samar da ƙasidu na yau da kullum, wasiƙu zuwa ga editoci waɗanda jami'an Colombian suka sa hannu, da tallace-tallacen da aka sanya a cikin The New York Times da The Washington Post. Duk da haka, canji ne na masu gwagwarmaya da makamai a rikicin Colombia ya fi tasiri. A cikin takardun da ba a bayyana kwanan nan ba, jakadan Amurka a Colombia a cikin 1996, Myle Frechette, ya yarda cewa tunanin FARC a matsayin 'yan ta'adda, 'sojojin Colombia ne suka hada su, wadanda suka dauke shi a matsayin hanyar samun taimakon Amurka a cikin yaki. '"
[8] A cewarsa biography: “A tsawon shekaru, Mista Morey ya yi aiki tare da wasu ‘yan takara na kasashen waje, jam’iyyu da gwamnatoci da suka hada da: Shugaban Colombia Virgilio Barco; Shugaban kasar Philippine Corazon Aquino; Shugaban Rasha Boris Yeltsin da Dalai Lama. A cikin 1997, ya ba da shawarar yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Kim Dae Jung, jagoran 'yan adawa na farko da aka zaba a tarihin Koriya. Bayan haka, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Koriya a lokacin rikicin kudi da farfadowa. Kwanan nan, Mr. Morey ya ba da shawarar yadda Chen Shui-bian ya samu nasarar yakin neman zabe, wanda nasararsa ta wakilci karon farko da mika mulki cikin lumana ga jam'iyyar adawa a tarihin kasar Sin, da Vicente Fox, dan takarar shugabancin kasar Mexico na farko a cikin shekaru 70 da kuma Koriya ta Kudu. da Roh Moo Hyun."
[9] An kafa Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Asiya a cikin 1991 kuma "yana neman zuwa inganta 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma kula da sojojin da ke mulkin kai a Asiya… suna aiki da farko don maido da dimokiradiyya a Burma." Sauran mutanen ‘dimokradiyya’ da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Asiya (IAD) sun haɗa da Michele Bohana (wanda shine daraktan IAD, kuma shine wanda ya kafa ICT), Robert AF Thurman (wanda shi ne wanda ya kafa amintaccen IAD, kuma yana aiki a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na ICT), Gare A. Smith (wanda shi ne amintaccen IAD, darekta ne na ICT, memba ne na Asusun Aminci na 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma Kasuwancin Roundtable, kuma yana aiki a baya"a matsayin Principal mataimakin Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Demokradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka), da kuma Chris Beyrer (wanda shine amintaccen IAD, kuma "yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya na Bude Cibiyar Jama'a… kuma [a matsayin] mai ba da shawara ga Jama'ar Asiya Shirin Al'amuran Jama'a")).
[10] Annon, Soros Asusun Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Bosnia-Hercegovina Ya nemi Shugaba Clinton da ya ɗaga takunkumin hana makamai zuwa Bosnia, Ya ayyana Ƙungiyoyin Farar hula a matsayin mafakar aminci, PR Newswire, Afrilu 19, 1993.
[11] Ma'aikacin mutuwa"yayi aiki a cikin Ofishin Babban Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga 1998, a matsayin shugaban sashin rubutun magana da kuma, tun 2001, [a matsayin] Daraktan Sadarwa", matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Disamba 2006. Bayan barin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Mortimer ya zama babban mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in shirye-shirye na taron karawa juna sani na Salzburg.
[12] Cewar Tarihin Brown na kan layi: “Lord Malloch Brown ya shafe lokacin bazara na 2007 a Cibiyar yana rubuta wani littafi mai suna ‘The Unfinished Global Revolution,’ wanda ke bayyana canjin shugabanci a cikin duniyar da ta zama gama gari inda tsofaffin tsarin tsari ba sa yin nasara. Littafin ya mayar da hankali kan kokarin samar da ingantacciyar hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don magance matsalolin duniya."
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