A ranar 9 ga Maris, dan majalisar birnin Cleveland Kevin Conwell yana yawon shakatawa na yau da kullun lokacin da jami'an 'yan sanda na Jami'ar Western Reserve suka tare shi a harabar kusa da gidansa. Mintuna kadan da suka wuce, wani dalibin Case Western ya kira dispatch don yin korafi game da wani Bakar fata sanye da hula mai shudi da kuma rigar tangaran da ke murzawa ta rashin hakora. Conwell da ake zaton "ya dace da bayanin."
A wani taron manema labarai jim kadan bayan haka, Conwell, ta cikin cikakken hakora, ya ce jami'an sun dakatar da shi saboda "tafiya yayin da baki." Ya kara da cewa: "Maza Ba-Amurke nawa ne suka bi ta Jami'ar Circle kuma an dakatar da su yayin da suke tafiya [yayin] baƙar fata kuma an yi musu laifi?"
Tambayar ba ta da yawa game da ɗanyen lambobi na wannan takamaiman yanki na Amurka da ƙari game da “yan sanda” na 'yan sanda da mai shari'a William Douglas ya annabta a cikin babban rashin yarda da shi. Terry da Ohio a 1968. Terry yadda ya kamata ya aikata laifin tafiya yayin Baƙar fata da tuƙi yayin Baƙi - kuma kyakkyawa da yawa yin wani abu yayin da Black a Amurka. Hukuncin ya kawar da yiwuwar iyakance ikon 'yan sanda. Canjin yanayin kotun ya sanya tsare Conwell shekaru 50 daga baya ya zama abin tsinkaya sosai.
Kwaskwari na Hudu yana kare ɗan ƙasa daga duk wani bincike mara ma'ana ko kama mutum ko dukiyarsu. Amma menene "m"? Kafin Terry, Mahukuntan kotun sun ayyana ma'anar kama ko bincike na jami'in dan sanda don bayar da sammaci kan wani dalili mai yiwuwa.
Terry sake fasalta “hankali” a cikin ƙarin sharuɗɗa na zahiri. Kafin 1968, jami'an 'yan sanda sun yi aiki, aƙalla a ka'idar, dangane da ikon majistare. Tun daga lokacin Terry, Jami'an 'yan sanda sun sami damar bincika ko kama duk wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa "mummunan zato" cewa su masu laifi ne ko kuma suna shirin aikata laifi.
sabuwar Terry tsarin yana ba jami'an 'yan sanda damar yin aiki bisa ga ma'auninsu na hankali - "masu zato." Ta hanyar kirkiro wannan magana, Kotun Koli ta sanya ta prinatur akan dalili na madauwari. Kamar yadda koyaswar “rashin kuskuren Paparoma” ya ɗauka cewa Paparoma ba zai iya yin kuskure ba sa’ad da yake koyarwa a kan wasu al’amura na bangaskiya ko ɗabi’a, “zato mai ma’ana” ya amince da irin rashin kuskuren ’yan sanda. Jami'an 'yan sanda, musamman a lokacin da suke yanke "hukunce-hukuncen rabe-biyu," yanzu suna tantance abin da ya dace a cikin ma'anar Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Hudu.
'Yan sanda na yammacin Turai sun yi tunanin cewa ya dace su dakatar da wani dan majalisa yana tafiya ta yau da kullun a cikin harabar jami'ar saboda ya sanya hula da riga mai launi iri ɗaya (kuma yana da launin fata iri ɗaya) a matsayin mai murza leda. Wannan shi ne Nunin A na yadda rashin hankali TerryGinin "hankali" da gaske shine. Yana bayyana "m zato" a matsayin duka euphemism ga paranoia da kuma matsayin oxymoron da ya cancanci a yi. 1984's Newspeak. Amma duk da haka rashin kulawa ba sabon abu bane ga Amurka.
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya kasance martani ga 'yan sanda na Redcoats kamar dai duk wadanda ake zargi ne. Misali, Crown ta sanya wa Massachusetts rubuce-rubucen taimako don murkushe masu fasa kwauri. Rubuce-rubucen taimako sun kasance cikakkun sammacin ba da izini ga jami’an kwastam su shiga kowane ofishi ko gida ba tare da sanarwa ko wani dalili mai yiwuwa ba. James Otis ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na lauyan babbar kotun Admiralty domin nuna rashin amincewarsa. Sai ya kalubalanci halaccin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen bisa ga maƙasudin: “Gidan kowane mutum gidan sarautarsa ne.” Otis ya zaburar da gyare-gyare na Hudu daga baya na koyaswar katangar da kuma buƙatar dalili mai yiwuwa.
Douglas ya kira Otis a cikin nasa Terry dissent don ba da shawarar misalin tsakanin zaluncin Redcoats na 'yan mulkin mallaka da yuwuwar bayan-Terry 'yan sanda zaluntar godiya ga "m zato." Abin da Otis ya yi jayayya da shi a cikin 1765, Douglas ya ƙi yarda a 1968 - 'yan sanda sun kama da bincike akan tuhuma saboda ba a gano su ba ta hanyar yiwuwar dalili. Douglas ya ga ƙaddamar da Kwaskwarimar Hudu a matsayin al'amari na tarihi yana maimaita kansa. Ya rubuta: “Sakon ‘yan sanda ya zama wurin kula da shari’a, tun da ba a nuna ‘dalili mai yiwuwa’ a gaban alkali ba.”
A yau, "zato mai ma'ana" yana ba 'yan sanda damar kama kan tuhuma. Na'urar Orwellian tana jujjuya ainihin manufar gyara ta Hudu. Dalili mai yiwuwa ya kasance iyakance ga shawarar 'yan sanda. Ta hanyar Terry, Ma'aikatar shari'a ta ba da damar ikon 'yan sanda. Don haka, Kotun Koli ta soke ikon shari'a don goyon bayan ikon 'yan sanda, abin da Shugaba Richard Nixon ya kira "doka da oda."
“Tsoki mai ma’ana” ya bai wa jami’an ‘yan sanda, a zahiri, cikakken sammacin kamawa ko bincike ("tsaya da frisk") mutane masu launi tare da rashin hukunci. Taken Conwell a hukumance bai kare shi daga cikakken sammacin da ya kai ga dakatar da shi ba. Daga baya shugabar Case Western Barbara Snyder ta ba da hakuri tare da yin alkawarin kara horar da jami'an 'yan sandan harabar. Da zata nemi gafara idan shi dan kasa ne ba dan majalisa ba? Me game da sauran mazan Ba’amurke masu nuna wariyar launin fata da Conwell ya yi mamaki?
Douglas ya rubuta: "Don baiwa 'yan sanda iko fiye da alkali shine daukar dogon mataki kan tafarkin kama-karya." Kamar yadda Case Western Reserve Jami'ar ta yi Terry tsayawa, ya dauki wannan dogon matakin. Maimakon a nemi gafara ga wanda ba shi da aure Terry tsaya, Shugaba Snyder bai kamata ya dage kan ba Terry tsayawa. Har ila yau, ya kamata Shugaba Snyder ta narkar da 'yan sandanta don mayar da jami'armu zama cibiyar kwalejin maimakon karamar jihar 'yan sanda.
Yakamata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta zama wuri mai nisa daga jihar 'yan sanda. Ya kamata mutum ya iya tafiya ta cikin harabar kwaleji a ranar Lahadi da yamma a matsayin ɗan ƙasa, a matsayin mutum, kuma ba ƙarƙashin gizagizai na zato ba domin a kowane lokaci yana iya "daidai da kwatance." Lamarin da ya faru a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve ya kwatanta yadda jami'an 'yan sanda ke tauye hakkin 'yan kasa. Yana misalta cewa “zato mai ma’ana” da gaske yana nufin farin paranoia. Jami'an 'yan sanda suna yin watsi da yancin Baƙar fata Amirkawa na zato na rashin laifi. Maimakon haka, suna son ganin baƙar fata kawai "mai laifi" stereotype. Mu aƙalla shekaru 50 muna kan tafarkin kama-karya. Idan za mu dau mataki mai tsayi daga wannan tafarki, dole ne mu juyo Terry.
Taru Taylor zai kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Western Reserve a wannan Mayu.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi