Akwai wani dogon rami a kauyen My Lai. A safiyar ranar 16 ga Maris, 1968, ta cika makil da gawarwakin matattu—yawan mata, yara, da kuma tsofaffi, dukansu matasa sojojin Amurka ne suka bindige su. Yanzu, bayan shekaru arba'in da bakwai, rami a My Lai ya fi girma fiye da yadda nake tunawa daga hotunan labaran kisan: zazzagewa da lokacin yin aikinsu. A lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, akwai kashin shinkafa a nan kusa, amma an shirya shi don sa My Lai ya sami dama ga dubban 'yan yawon bude ido da ke zuwa kowace shekara don yawo a gaban manyan alamomin da ke kwatanta munin lamarin. Kisan My Lai ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin wannan yakin da ba a san shi ba: wani rukunin sojojin Amurka na kusan sojoji dari, wanda aka sani da Kamfanin Charlie, sun sami rashin fahimta, kuma suna tunanin za su ci karo da sojojin Vietcong ko masu tausayawa, sun gano ƙauye ne kawai a lokacin karin kumallo. . Duk da haka, sojojin na Kamfanin Charlie sun yi wa mata fyade, sun kona gidaje, da kuma juya M-16 ga fararen hular My Lai marasa makami. Daga cikin jagororin harin har da Laftanar William L. Calley, wanda ya yi karatu a karamar jami'a daga Miami.
A farkon 1969, yawancin membobin Kamfanin Charlie sun kammala yawon shakatawa kuma sun dawo gida. A lokacin ina dan jarida mai zaman kansa mai shekaru talatin da biyu a Washington, D.C. Na ƙudurta fahimtar yadda samari—maza, da gaske—za su iya yin haka, na kwashe makonni ina binsu. A lokuta da yawa, sun yi magana a fili kuma, mafi yawancin, gaskiya tare da ni, suna kwatanta abin da suka yi a My Lai da kuma yadda suka shirya rayuwa tare da tunawa da shi.
A cikin shaida a gaban binciken Sojoji, wasu daga cikin sojojin sun yarda cewa suna cikin rami amma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun bijire wa Calley, wanda ya umarce su da su kashe. Sun ce daya daga cikin manyan masu harbin, tare da Calley da kansa, ya kasance Private First Class Paul Meadlo. Gaskiya ta kasance ba a ganuwa, amma GI ɗaya. ya kwatanta min wani lokaci da yawancin ’yan uwansa sojoji, daga baya na koya, suka tuna da su sosai. A odar Calley, Meadlo da sauransu sun yi ta harbe-harbe bayan zagaye cikin rami tare da jefa wasu gurneti.
Daga nan sai wani kukan ya tashi, wanda ya kara girma yana yaro dan shekara biyu ko uku, laka da jini ya lullube shi, ya ratso cikin gawarwakin ya ruga ya nufi gunkin shinkafa. Wataƙila mahaifiyarsa ta kiyaye shi da jikinta. Calley ya ga abin da ke faruwa, kuma a cewar shaidun, sai ya bi yaron a guje, ya ja shi zuwa cikin rami, ya jefa shi, ya harbe shi.
Da safe bayan kisan kiyashin, Meadlo ya taka nakiyar kasa a lokacin da yake sintiri na yau da kullun, kuma an ba shi kafar dama. Yayin da yake jiran a kwashe shi zuwa wani asibitin filin jirgin sama, ya la'anci Calley. "Allah zai saka maka da abin da ka sa na yi," wani GI. Meadlo ya tuno yana cewa.
"Samu shi a kan helikwafta!" Calley ta yi ihu.
Meadlo ya ci gaba da zagi a Calley har sai da helikwafta ya iso.
Meadlo ya girma a ƙasar noma a yammacin Indiana. Bayan na kwashe lokaci mai tsawo ina jefa dimes a cikin wayar biyan kuɗi da kuma kiran masu gudanar da bayanai a duk faɗin jihar, na sami dangin Meadlo da aka jera a New Goshen, ƙaramin gari kusa da Terre Haute. Wata mata da ta zama mahaifiyar Bulus, Myrtle, ta amsa wayar. Na ce ni ɗan jarida ne kuma ina rubutu game da Vietnam. Na tambayi yadda Bulus yake, kuma na yi tunanin ko zan iya zuwa in yi magana da shi washegari. Ta ce min ina maraba da gwadawa.
Meadlos sun zauna a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin gida mai ɗamara a kan gonar kajin ramshackle. Sa’ad da na hau motar haya, Myrtle ta fito ta gaishe ni ta ce Bulus yana ciki, ko da yake ba ta da masaniya ko zai yi magana ko kuma abin da zai ce. A bayyane yake cewa bai gaya mata da yawa game da Vietnam ba. Sai Myrtle ya ce wani abu da ya taƙaita yaƙin da na ƙi ya ce: “Na aika musu da yaro nagari kuma suka mai da shi mai kisan kai.”
Meadlo ya gayyace ni kuma ya yarda in yi magana. Ya kasance ashirin da biyu. Ya yi aure kafin ya tafi ƙasar Vietnam, kuma shi da matarsa suna da ɗa ɗan shekara biyu da rabi da jaririya diya. Duk da raunin da ya samu, ya yi aikin masana'anta don tallafa wa iyalin. Na tambaye shi ya nuna mini rauninsa kuma ya gaya mani maganin. Ya cire rigar sa ya bayyana abin da ya faru. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba hira ta koma My Lai. Meadlo ya yi magana kuma ya yi magana, a fili yana matsananciyar sake samun mutunta kai. Tare da ƙaramin motsin rai, ya bayyana umarnin Calley don kashewa. Bai ba da hujjar abin da ya yi a My Lai ba, sai dai cewa kashe-kashen “ya ɗauke mini nauyi daga lamirina,” saboda “abokan da muka rasa. ramuwar gayya ce kawai, shi ke nan.”
Meadlo ya ba da labarin abubuwan da ya yi a ɓarna, dalla-dalla. "Ya kamata a sami wasu Vietcong a cikin [My Lai] kuma mun fara sharewa," in ji shi. “Da muka isa wurin sai muka fara tara mutanen . . . ya fara saka su cikin manyan gungun mutane. Dole ne a sami fararen hula kusan arba'in ko arba'in da biyar a tsaye a wani babban da'irar a tsakiyar ƙauyen. . . . Calley ya gaya min da wasu mutane biyu mu kalli su. " Calley, kamar yadda ya tuno, ya dawo bayan mintuna goma ya ce masa, “Tashi. Ina son su mutu.” Daga kusan ƙafa goma ko goma sha biyar, Meadlo ya ce, Calley “ya fara harbin su. Sai ya ce in fara harbe su. . . . Na fara harbe su, amma sauran mutanen ba za su yi ba. Don haka mu”—Meadlo da Calley—“suka ci gaba, muka kashe su.” Meadlo ya kiyasta cewa ya kashe mutane goma sha biyar a cikin da'irar. "Dukkanmu muna karkashin umarni," in ji shi. “Dukkanmu mun yi tunanin muna yin abin da ya dace. A lokacin bai dame ni ba." Akwai shaida a hukumance da ke nuna cewa Meadlo a haƙiƙa ya damu sosai da umarnin Calley. Bayan da Calley ya gaya masa cewa ya "kula da wannan rukunin," wani sojan Charlie Company ya ce, Meadlo da wani sojan soja "da gaske suna wasa tare da yara, suna gaya wa mutane inda za su zauna suna ba wa yara alewa." Lokacin da Calley ya dawo ya ce yana son su mutu, sojan ya ce, “Meadlo ya dube shi kamar bai yarda ba. Ya ce, ‘Batar da su?’ ” Lokacin da Calley ya ce eh, wani soja ya shaida, Meadlo da Calley “sun buɗe kuma suka fara harbi.” Amma sai Meadlo "ya fara kuka."
Mike Wallace, na CBS, yana sha'awar hirar da na yi, kuma Meadlo ya amince ya sake ba da labarinsa, a gidan talabijin na kasa. Na kwana kafin wasan kwaikwayo a kan kujera a gidan Meadlo kuma na tashi zuwa New York da safe da safe tare da Meadlo da matarsa. Akwai lokacin yin magana, kuma na sami labarin cewa Meadlo ya shafe makonni yana murmurewa da kuma gyarawa a wani asibitin Soja a Japan. Da ya dawo gida, bai ce komai ba game da abubuwan da ya faru a Vietnam. Wata rana da daddare, jim kaɗan bayan dawowar sa, matarsa ta farka da kuka mai tsanani a ɗaya daga cikin ɗakin yaran. Ta shiga ciki ta iske Bulus yana girgiza yaron da ƙarfi.
Geoffrey Cowan, matashin lauyan antiwar a Washington, D.C. Cowan ya ba ni labarin My Lai, amma ya ji cewa wani GI da ba a bayyana sunansa ba. ya yi hauka kuma ya kashe fararen hular Vietnam da yawa. Shekaru uku da suka shige, sa’ad da nake yiwa Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press aiki a ma’aikatar tsaron Amurka Pentagon, jami’an da suka dawo daga yaƙi sun gaya mini game da kisan fararen hula ’yan Vietnam da ke faruwa. Wata rana, yayin da nake bin shawarar Cowan, na ci karo da wani matashin sojan soja wanda na san shi a bugun Pentagon. An ji masa rauni a kafa a Vietnam kuma, yayin da yake murmurewa, ya sami labarin cewa za a kara masa girma zuwa janar. Yanzu yana aiki a ofishin da ke da alhakin yau da kullun don yaƙi. Lokacin da na tambaye shi abin da ya sani game da GI da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, sai ya yi mini wani kaifi, fushi, ya fara murza hannunsa a gwiwarsa. "Wannan yaron Calley bai harbe kowa ba fiye da wannan," in ji shi.
Ina da suna A cikin ɗakin karatu na gida, na sami taƙaitaccen labari da aka binne a cikin Times game da wani Laftanar Calley wanda Sojoji suka tuhume shi da kisan fararen hula da ba a bayyana adadinsu ba a Kudancin Vietnam. Na bin diddigin Calley, wanda Sojoji suka ɓoye a rukunin manyan hafsoshi a Fort Benning, a Columbus, Jojiya. A lokacin, wani a cikin Sojoji ya ƙyale ni in karanta kuma in ɗauki bayanin kula daga takardar tuhume-tuhumen da ke zargin Calley da kisan kai da aka yi na “yan Adam na Gabas” ɗari da tara.
Calley da kyar ya zama shaidan. Ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin mutum ne, mai firgici a cikin shekarunsa ashirin, mai launin fari, kusan fata. Ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don ya zama mai tauri. Sama da giya da yawa, ya ba ni labarin yadda shi da sojojinsa suka yi yaƙi da abokan gaba a My Lai a wani artabu da suka yi da wuta. Mun yi magana cikin dare. A wani lokaci, Calley ya ba da uzuri, don zuwa gidan wanka. Wani bangare ya bar kofar a bude, ina ganin yana amai da jini.
A watan Nuwamba, 1969, na rubuta labarai guda biyar game da Calley, Meadlo, da kisan kiyashi. Na tafi Life and Look ba tare da nasara ba, don haka sai na juya maimakon wani ƙaramin kamfanin dillancin labarai na antiwar a Washington, Sabis na Labarai na Dispatch. Lokaci ne na tashin hankali da tashin hankali. Richard Nixon ya lashe zaben 1968 ta hanyar yin alkawarin kawo karshen yakin, amma ainihin shirinsa shi ne ya ci nasara, ta hanyar tashin hankali da tashin bam a asirce. A cikin 1969, ana kashe sojojin Amurka kusan ɗari biyar a kowane wata—kusan daidai da shekarar da ta gabata.
'Yan jarida na yaki irin su Homer Bigart, Bernard Fall, David Halberstam, Neil Sheehan, Malcolm Browne, Frances FitzGerald, Gloria Emerson, Morley Safer, da Ward kawai sun gabatar da sakonni masu yawa daga filin da ya kara bayyana cewa yakin ya kasance maras kyau, kuma ya yi hasara sosai. , kuma babu kamar abin da sojoji da jami'an siyasa ke kwatantawa ga jama'a a Saigon da Washington. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1969, kwanaki biyu bayan buga littafina na farko na aika My Lai, wani gangamin yaƙi da yaƙi a Washington ya jawo mutane rabin miliyan. H.R. Haldeman, babban amintaccen mataimaki na Nixon, kuma mai tilasta masa, ya ɗauki bayanan kula a Ofishin Oval wanda aka bayyana a bainar jama'a shekaru goma sha takwas bayan haka. Sun bayyana cewa a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1969, a lokacin da ake ta kururuwa game da ayoyin Paul Meadlo, Nixon ya amince da yin amfani da "dabarun datti" don bata sunan babban mai shaida ga kisan kiyashin. Lokacin da, a cikin 1971, wani juri na soja ya yanke hukuncin kisa ga Calley na kisan kai kuma ya yanke masa hukuncin rai a cikin aiki mai wuyar gaske, Nixon ya shiga tsakani, yana ba da umarnin a saki Calley daga gidan yarin Soja kuma an sanya shi a tsare a gidan yana jiran bita. An saki Calley watanni uku bayan Nixon ya bar ofis kuma ya shafe shekaru masu zuwa yana aiki a kantin kayan ado na ubansa, a Columbus, Georgia, kuma yana ba da tambayoyin kai tsaye ga 'yan jarida masu son biyan su. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2009, a cikin wani jawabi ga Kiwanis Club, ya ce "babu ranar da ba zan yi nadama ba" ga My Lai, amma yana bin umarni - "wauta, ina tsammani." Calley yanzu yana da saba'in da daya. Shi ne jami’in daya tilo da aka yanke masa hukunci saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin My Lai.
A cikin Maris, 1970, wani bincike na Sojoji ya shigar da tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da kisan kai zuwa kin aiki a kan jami’ai goma sha hudu, da suka hada da Janar-Janar da Kanar, wadanda aka zarge su da boye kisan kiyashin. Wani jami'i ne kawai banda Calley daga ƙarshe ya fuskanci kotun soja, kuma ba a same shi da laifi ba.
Watanni biyu bayan haka, a daidai lokacin da ake ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙin— zanga-zangar da ta haɗa da kashe ɗalibai huɗu da Jami’an tsaron ƙasa suka yi a Ohio—Na je Kwalejin Macalester, da ke St. Paul, Minnesota, don ba da jawabi ga masu zanga-zangar. yaki. Hubert Humphrey, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa na Lyndon Johnson, yanzu farfesa ne a kimiyyar siyasa a kwalejin. Ya yi rashin nasara ga Nixon, a zaben 1968, wani bangare saboda ya kasa raba kansa da manufofin LBJ na Vietnam. Bayan maganata, Humphrey ya nemi magana da ni. "Ba ni da matsala da ku, Mr. Hersh," in ji shi. "Kuna yin aikinku kuma kun yi shi da kyau. Amma, game da waɗannan yaran da suke zagawa suna cewa, ‘Hey, hey, L.B.J., yara nawa kuka kashe a yau?’ ” Humphrey na jiki, zagaye da fuskarsa ta yi ja, kuma muryarsa ta ƙaru da kowace magana. "Na ce, 'Fuck' em, fuck' em, fuck' em."
Na ziyarci My Lai (kamar yadda rundunar sojojin Amurka ke kiran unguwar) a karon farko 'yan watanni da suka gabata, tare da iyalina. Komawa wurin da laifin ya faru shi ne abin da ake kira cliché ga manema labaru na wani shekaru, amma na kasa tsayayya. Na nemi izini daga gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu a farkon 1970, amma a lokacin ana gudanar da bincike na cikin gida na Pentagon kuma an rufe yankin ga baƙi. Na shiga cikin Times a 1972 kuma ya ziyarci Hanoi, a Arewacin Vietnam. A cikin 1980, shekaru biyar bayan faduwar Saigon, na sake yin tafiya zuwa Vietnam don gudanar da tambayoyin littafi da kuma yin ƙarin rahoto game da Times. Ina tsammanin na san duka, ko mafi yawa, na abin da zan koya game da kisan kiyashin. Tabbas, nayi kuskure.
My Lai yana tsakiyar Vietnam, ba da nisa da Babbar Hanya 1, hanyar da ta haɗu Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, kamar yadda aka sani Saigon yanzu. Pham Thanh Cong, darektan gidan tarihi na My Lai, wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin. Lokacin da muka fara saduwa da shi, Cong, mutum mai kauri, ƙwaƙƙwal a ƙarshen shekarunsa hamsin, ya ɗan faɗi kaɗan game da abubuwan da ya faru da shi kuma ya manne da tsattsauran ra'ayi, sanannun kalmomi. Ya bayyana 'yan Vietnamese a matsayin "mutane masu maraba," kuma ya guje wa duk wani bayanin zargi. "Mun gafartawa, amma ba ma mantawa," in ji shi. Daga baya, yayin da muke zaune a kan wani benci a wajen ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya, ya kwatanta kisan kiyashin, kamar yadda ya tuna. A lokacin, Cong yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya. Lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Amurka suka sauka a ƙauyen, ya ce shi da mahaifiyarsa da ƴan uwansa huɗu sun yi tururuwa a wani katafaren gida da ke cikin gidansu mai rufi. Sojojin Amurka sun umarce su da fitar da su daga cikin bututun, sannan suka sake tura su ciki, suka jefa musu gurneti tare da harba musu M-16. An ji wa Cong rauni a wurare uku-a kan fatar kansa, a gefen dama na gangar jikinsa, da kuma a kafa. Ya wuce. Da ya farka, sai ya tsinci kansa a cikin tulin gawa: mahaifiyarsa, yayansa uku, da kaninsa dan shekara shida. Dole ne sojojin Amurka sun ɗauka cewa Cong ya mutu, ma. Da rana, lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Amirka suka tafi, mahaifinsa da wasu ƴan ƙauyen da suka tsira, waɗanda suka zo jana'izar mamacin, suka same shi.
Daga baya, a lokacin cin abinci da ni da iyalina, Cong ya ce, “Ba zan taɓa mantawa da azabar ba.” Kuma a cikin aikinsa ba zai taba barin shi a baya ba. Cong ya gaya mani cewa 'yan shekaru baya wani tsohon soja mai suna Kenneth Schiel, wanda ya kasance a My Lai, ya ziyarci gidan kayan gargajiya - memba daya tilo na Kamfanin Charlie a wancan lokacin da ya yi hakan - a matsayin ɗan takara a cikin alamar shirin talabijin na Al Jazeera. cika shekaru arba'in da kisan kiyashin. Schiel ya shiga aikin soja ne bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, a Swartz Creek, Michigan, wani karamin gari kusa da Flint, kuma, bayan binciken da ya biyo baya, an tuhume shi da laifin kashe mutanen kauye tara. (An yi watsi da tuhumar.)
Fim ɗin ya nuna tattaunawa da Cong, wanda aka gaya masa cewa Schiel tsohon soja ne na Vietnam, amma ba wai ya kasance a My Lai ba. A cikin bidiyon, Schiel ya gaya wa mai yin hira, “Na harbi? Zan ce na harbe har sai na gane abin da ba daidai ba. Ba zan ce na harbe mutanen kauye ko ban harbe ba." Ko da yake bai samu zuwa ba a wata tattaunawa da ya yi da Cong, bayan da ta tabbata cewa ya shiga cikin kisan kiyashin. Schiel ya yi ta maimaita cewa yana so ya “ba da uzuri ga mutanen My Lai,” amma ya ƙi ci gaba. “A koyaushe ina tambayar kaina me ya sa hakan ya faru. ban sani ba."
Cong ya bukaci, “Yaya kuka ji sa’ad da kuka harbe fararen hula kuka kashe? Ya yi miki wuya?” Schiel ya ce ba ya cikin sojojin da ke harbin kungiyoyin fararen hula. Cong ya amsa, "Don haka watakila ka zo gidana ka kashe dangi na."
Rubutun da ke cikin fayil a gidan kayan gargajiya ya ƙunshi sauran tattaunawar. Schiel ya ce, "Abin da kawai zan iya yi yanzu shine kawai gafara a gare shi." Cong, wanda ke ƙara damuwa, ya ci gaba da tambayar Schiel ya yi magana a fili game da laifukan da ya aikata, kuma Schiel ya ci gaba da cewa, "Yi hakuri, yi hakuri." Lokacin da Cong ya tambayi Schiel ko zai iya cin abinci bayan ya koma gindinsa, Schiel ya fara kuka. "Don Allah kar a sake yi mani tambayoyi," in ji shi. "Ba zan iya samun nutsuwa ba." Sannan Schiel ya tambayi Cong ko zai iya shiga bikin tunawa da ranar kisan kiyashin.
Cong ya kore shi. "Zai zama abin kunya sosai," in ji shi, ya kara da cewa, "Mutanen yankin za su yi fushi sosai idan suka gane cewa kai ne ka yi kisan kiyashi."
Kafin na bar gidan tarihin, na tambayi Cong dalilin da ya sa ya yi rashin jajircewa da Schiel. Fuskarsa ta daure. Ya ce ba shi da sha’awar saukaka radadin wani tsohon soja na My Lai wanda ya ki yarda da abin da ya aikata. Mahaifin Cong, wanda ya yi aiki da Vietcong, ya zauna tare da Cong bayan kisan kiyashin, amma an kashe shi a cikin aiki, a cikin 1970, ta ƙungiyar Amurka. Cong ya je ya zauna da dangi a wani kauye da ke kusa, yana taimaka musu wajen kiwon shanu. Daga karshe bayan yakin ya samu damar komawa makaranta.
Akwai ƙarin koyo daga cikakkiyar kididdiga da Cong da ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya suka tattara. An zana sunayen matattu da shekarun matattu a kan wani plaque na marmara wanda ya mamaye daya daga cikin dakunan baje kolin. Adadin gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda yanzu ba a cece-kuce ba, mutane dari biyar da hudu ne, daga iyalai dari biyu da arba'in da bakwai. An lalatar da iyalai 4—- an kashe tsararraki uku, babu wanda ya tsira. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu akwai mata dari da tamanin da biyu, goma sha bakwai daga cikinsu. An kashe yara dari da saba'in da uku ciki har da jarirai hamsin da shida. Manya sittin sun mutu. Ƙididdigar gidan kayan gargajiya ya haɗa da wata muhimmiyar hujja: waɗanda aka kashe a wannan rana ba a cikin My Lai (wanda aka sani da My Lai 4) ba kawai amma har ma a cikin wata 'yar'uwar' yar'uwar da Amirkawa suka sani da My Khe 4. Wannan mazaunin, mil ko kuma. don haka a gabas, a tekun Kudancin China, wani rukunin sojojin Amurka, Kamfanin Bravo, ya kai hari. Gidan tarihin ya lissafa mutane dari hudu da bakwai wadanda aka kashe a My Lai 4 da casa'in da bakwai a My Khe XNUMX.
Saƙon ya fito fili: abin da ya faru a My Lai 4 ba guda ɗaya ba ne, ba aberration ba; Kamfanin Bravo ne ya kwafi shi, a ƙananan lambobi. An haɗe Bravo zuwa sashi ɗaya - Task Force Barker - a matsayin Kamfanin Charlie. Hare-haren sun kasance mafi mahimmanci aiki a wannan rana ta kowace runduna ta yaƙi a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Amurka, wanda Task Force Barker ke da alaƙa. Manyan jagororin kungiyar da suka hada da kwamandan rundunar, Manjo Janar Samuel Koster, sun yi ta shawagi da fita a duk tsawon yini domin duba irin ci gaban da aka samu.
Akwai mummunan mahallin wannan. A shekara ta 1967, yakin ya yi muni a lardunan Kudancin Vietnam na Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, da Quang Tri, wadanda aka san su da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati a Saigon, da kuma goyon bayan Vietcong da Arewacin Vietnam. Quang Tri na daya daga cikin lardunan da aka fi kai hare-haren bam a kasar. Jiragen yakin Amurka sun shayar da dukkanin larduna uku da sinadarai masu lalata jikinsu, ciki har da Agent Orange.
A tafiyata na baya-bayan nan, na yi kwanaki biyar a Hanoi, wanda shine babban birnin hadaddiyar Vietnam. Jami’an soji da suka yi ritaya da jami’an jam’iyyar gurguzu a can sun shaida min cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi na My Lai, ta hanyar karfafa adawar yaki a cikin Amurka, ya taimaka wa Arewacin Vietnam ta yi nasara a yakin. An kuma gaya mani akai-akai cewa, My Lai ya bambanta da girmansa. Mafi madaidaicin kima ya fito ne daga Nguyen Thi Binh, wanda kowa ya sani a Vietnam kamar Madame Binh. A farkon shekarun saba'in, ta kasance shugabar tawagar 'yantar da 'yancin kai a taron zaman lafiya na Paris, kuma ta shahara da son yin magana da kyau da kuma kyawon kyanta. Madame Binh, wacce ke da shekaru tamanin da bakwai, ta yi ritaya daga rayuwar jama'a a shekara ta 2002, bayan ta yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasar Vietnam, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ayyukan agajin da ke da alaka da yaki da ke hulda da Agent Orange wadanda abin ya shafa da nakasassu.
"Zan gaya muku gaskiya," in ji ta. "My Lai ya zama mai mahimmanci a Amurka bayan da wani Ba'amurke ya ruwaito." A cikin makonni da kisan kiyashin, mai magana da yawun 'yan kabilar Vietnam ta Arewa a birnin Paris ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a bainar jama'a, amma ana zaton labarin farfaganda ne. Madame Binh ta kara da cewa, "Na tuna da shi sosai, saboda yunkurin yaki da yaki a Amurka ya karu saboda haka," in ji Madame Binh, tana magana da Faransanci. "Amma a Vietnam ba ɗaya ba ne My Lai-akwai da yawa."
Wata safiya a Danang, wani wurin shakatawa na bakin teku da kuma tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai kusan mutane miliyan guda, na sha kofi tare da Vo Cao Loi, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tsirarun waɗanda suka tsira daga harin da Kamfanin Bravo ya kai a My Khe 4. Yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar a lokacin, in ji Loi. mai fassara. Mahaifiyarsa ta sami abin da ta kira "mummunan jin dadi" lokacin da ta ji jirage masu saukar ungulu suna zuwa ƙauyen. A baya an yi ayyuka a yankin. "Ba wai kawai wasu Amurkawa za su fito kwatsam ba," in ji shi. "Kafin su zo, sukan yi harbi da bindigogi da kuma jefa bama-bamai a wurin, sannan bayan duk abin da za su aika a cikin sojojin kasa." Rukunin Sojojin Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam sun yi ta zagawa cikin yankin sau da yawa ba tare da wata matsala ba, amma a wannan lokacin mahaifiyarsa ta harbe Loi daga kauyen kafin harin. ’Yan’uwansa maza biyu suna fafatawa da ’yan kabilar Vietcong, kuma an kashe daya a fafatawar kwanaki shida da suka shige. “Ina jin tana jin tsoro domin ni kusan yaro ne babba kuma idan na zauna za a iya doke ni ko kuma a tilasta min shiga Sojojin Vietnam ta Kudu. Na je bakin kogin, kimanin mita hamsin. Kusa, kusa: Na ji wuta da kururuwa." Loi ya kasance a ɓoye har maraice, sa'ad da ya koma gida ya binne mahaifiyarsa da sauran danginsa.
Bayan kwana biyu, sojojin Vietcong suka kai Loi zuwa hedkwatar tsaunuka da ke yamma. Ya kasance matashi ba zai iya yin fada ba, amma an kai shi gaban rukunin yaki na Vietcong da ke aiki a duk fadin Quang Ngai don bayyana abin da Amurkawa suka yi a My Khe. Manufar ita ce zaburar da sojojin da za su kara gwabzawa. Daga ƙarshe Loi ya shiga ƙasar Vietcong kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan soji har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Jiragen sa ido na Amurka da sojojin na ci gaba da neman sashinsa. Loi ta gaya mani: "Muna matsar da hedkwatar a duk lokacin da muke tunanin Amurkawa suna kusa." “Duk wanda ya yi aiki a hedkwatar ya kasance da cikakken aminci. A ciki akwai da'irori uku: na waje na masu kaya ne, na biyu kuma na masu aikin kulawa da dabaru, na ciki kuma na kwamandoji ne. Kwamandojin rukuni ne kawai za su iya zama a cikin da'irar ciki. Idan sun tashi daga hedkwatar, sai su yi ado kamar sojoji na yau da kullun, don haka ba za a taɓa sani ba. Suka shiga kauyukan da ke kusa. Akwai lokutan da Amurkawa suka kashe jami’an sashen mu, amma ba su san ko su waye ba.” Kamar yadda yake da sojojin Amurka, Loi ya ce, jami'an Vietcong sukan karfafa sojojinsu ta hanyar kara yawan mayakan abokan gaba da suka kashe.
Kisan gillar da aka yi a My Lai da My Khe, kamar yadda suke, sun tattara goyon bayan yaki da Amurkawa, in ji Loi. Da aka tambaye shi ko zai iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa umurnin Amurka ya amince da irin wadannan laifukan yaki, Loi ya ce bai sani ba, amma yana da ra'ayi mai duhu game da ingancin shugabancin Amurka a tsakiyar Vietnam. "Dole ne Janar-Janar na Amurka su dauki alhakin ayyukan sojojin," in ji shi. "Sojoji suna karbar oda, kuma suna yin aikinsu ne kawai."
Loi ya ce har yanzu yana baƙin ciki don iyalinsa, kuma yana mafarkin kisan kiyashin. Amma, ba kamar Pham Thanh Cong ba, kusan nan da nan ya sami dangin da zai maye gurbinsa: “Vietcong ta ƙaunace ni kuma ta kula da ni. Sun rene ni.” Na gaya wa Loi game da fushin Cong da Kenneth Schiel, kuma Loi ta ce, “Ko da wasu sun yi maka mugun abu, za ka iya gafarta masa kuma ka ci gaba zuwa gaba.” Bayan yakin, Loi ya koma Sojan Vietnam na yau da kullun. Daga karshe ya zama cikakken Kanar kuma ya yi ritaya bayan ya shafe shekaru talatin da takwas yana hidima. Yanzu shi da matarsa suna da kantin kofi a Danang.
Kusan kashi saba'in cikin dari na al'ummar Vietnam 'yan kasa da shekaru arba'in ne, kuma ko da yake yakin ya kasance wani batu musamman ga tsofaffin al'ummomi, 'yan yawon bude ido na Amurka suna da amfani ga tattalin arziki. Idan GI na Amurka ya yi ta'asa, to, haka Faransawa da Sinawa suka yi a wasu yaƙe-yaƙe. A fannin diflomasiyya, ana daukar Amurka a matsayin kawa, mai yuwuwar kawar da kasar Sin. Dubban 'yan Vietnamese da suka yi wa Amurkawa aiki ko kuma tare da Amurkawa a lokacin yakin Vietnam sun gudu zuwa Amurka a 1975. Wasu daga cikin 'ya'yansu sun rikitar da iyayensu ta hanyar komawar 'yan gurguzu Vietnam, duk da yawan rashin lafiya da take fama da su, daga cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnati ke yi.
Nguyen Qui Duc, marubuci mai shekaru hamsin da bakwai kuma ɗan jarida wanda ke gudanar da mashahuran mashaya da gidan abinci a Hanoi, ya gudu zuwa Amurka a 1975 yana ɗan shekara sha bakwai. Bayan shekaru talatin da daya ya dawo. A San Francisco, shi ɗan jarida ne da ya sami lambar yabo kuma mai shirya fina-finai, amma, kamar yadda ya faɗa mini, “Koyaushe ina so in dawo in zauna a Vietnam. Na ji ban gama barin gida ina da sha bakwai ba kuma ina rayuwa kamar wani a Amurka. Na yi godiya ga dama a Amurka, amma ina buƙatar fahimtar al'umma. Na zo Hanoi a karon farko a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na gidan rediyon Jama'a na kasa, kuma na ji daɗinsa."
Duc ya gaya mani cewa, kamar yawancin mutanen Vietnam, ya koyi yarda da zaluncin Amurka a yakin. "Sojojin Amurka sun aikata munanan ayyuka, amma a yaki irin wadannan abubuwa na faruwa," in ji shi. "Kuma gaskiya ne cewa Vietnamese ba za su iya mallakar nasu ayyukan ta'addanci a yakin ba. Mu 'yan Vietnam muna da halaye masu amfani: da kyau ku manta da mugun abokin gaba idan za ku iya samun aboki da ake buƙata. "
A lokacin yakin, mahaifin Duc, Nguyen Van Dai, mataimakin gwamna ne a Kudancin Vietnam. A shekarar 1968 ne ‘yan kasar Vietcong suka kama shi, aka kuma daure shi har zuwa shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1984, Duc, tare da taimakon wani jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka, ya yi nasarar shigar da kara ga gwamnati kan ta bar iyayensa su yi hijira zuwa California; Duc shekara sha shida bai ga mahaifinsa ba. Ya ba ni labarin damuwarsa yana jiran shi a filin jirgi. Mahaifinsa ya sha wahala sosai a keɓe a wani kurkukun gurguzu kusa da kan iyakar China; sau da yawa ba ya iya motsa gabobinsa. Shin zai kasance a cikin keken guragu, ko a hankali ba shi da kwanciyar hankali? Mahaifin Duc ya isa California a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na Shugaban kasa. Ya fice daga jirgin ya gaida dansa. "Yaya Jesse Jackson yake?" Yace. Ya sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa kuma ya rayu har tsawon shekaru goma sha shida.
Wasu tsoffin sojojin Amurka na yakin sun koma Vietnam da zama. Chuck Palazzo ya girma a cikin dangi mai wahala a kan titin Arthur a cikin Bronx kuma, bayan ya bar makarantar sakandare, ya shiga cikin Marines. A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1970, bayan shekara guda yana horo, an tura shi wani rukunin bincike na elite wanda aikinsa shi ne tabbatar da bayanan sirri da yin kwanton bauna a wuraren makami mai linzami na abokan gaba da sassan yaki da dare. Shi da mutanensa wani lokaci suna parachut cikin wuta. Palazzo ya gaya mani game da abin sha a Danang, inda yanzu yake rayuwa kuma yana aiki. “Amma gung ya tafi lokacin da nake nan. Na fara karantawa kuma na fahimci siyasar yaƙi, kuma ɗaya daga cikin jami’ina yana yarda da ni a ɓoye cewa abin da muke yi a wurin ba daidai ba ne kuma rashin hankali ne. Jami’in ya ce da ni, ‘Kalle jakinka ka rabu da jahannama daga nan.’ ”
Palazzo ya fara zuwa Danang ne a shekarar 1970, a cikin jirgin haya, kuma yana iya ganin akwatunan gawa a jere a filin jirgin yayin da jirgin ya shiga. "A lokacin ne na gane ina cikin yaki," in ji shi. "Bayan wata goma sha uku, ina tsaye a layi, kuma a Danang, don hawa jirgin sama ya kai ni gida, amma sunana ba ya cikin bayanin." Bayan sun yi ta cece-kuce, Palazzo ya ce, “An gaya mini cewa idan ina so in koma gida a wannan rana, mafita kawai ita ce in raka gungun akwatunan da ke tashi zuwa Amurka a cikin jirgin saman C-141.” Don haka abin da ya yi ke nan.
Bayan barin Marines, Palazzo ya sami digiri na kwaleji kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin I.T. gwani. Amma, kamar likitocin dabbobi da yawa, ya dawo “ya dawo duniya” tare da matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali kuma ya yi fama da jaraba. Aurensa ya ruguje. Ya rasa ayyuka daban-daban. A cikin 2006, Palazzo ya yanke shawarar "son kai" don komawa Ho Chi Minh City. “Duk abin da nake yi ne da P.T.S.D. da kuma fuskantar fatalwana,” in ji shi. "Ziyara ta farko ta zama soyayya da Vietnamese." Palazzo ya so ya yi duk abin da zai iya ga wadanda ke fama da Agent Orange. Shekaru da yawa, Hukumar Tsohon Sojoji, tana yin la'akari da rashin tabbas na shaida, ta ƙi fahimtar alaƙa tsakanin Agent Orange da cututtuka, gami da cututtukan daji, na yawancin waɗanda aka fallasa su. "A cikin yakin, kwamandan kamfanin ya gaya mana cewa feshin sauro ne, amma muna iya ganin cewa an lalata duk bishiyoyi da ciyayi," in ji Palazzo. "Ya zo gareni cewa, idan likitocin Amurka suna samun wani abu, wasu taimako da diyya, me yasa ba Vietnamese ba?" Palazzo, wanda ya koma Danang a cikin 2007, yanzu ya zama I.T. mai ba da shawara kuma shugaban wani reshe na Veterans for Peace, ɗan Amurka antiwar N.G.O. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin Agent Orange Action Group, wanda ke neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don jimre da ci gaba da tasirin lalata.
A Hanoi, na sadu da Chuck Searcy, wani dogo, mai launin toka mai shekaru saba'in wanda ya girma a Jojiya. Jamusawa sun kama mahaifin Searcy a cikin Yaƙin Bulge, kuma bai taɓa faruwa ga Searcy don guje wa Vietnam ba. "Ina tsammanin Shugaba Johnson da Majalisa sun san abin da muke yi a Vietnam," in ji shi. A cikin 1966, Searcy ya bar kwaleji kuma ya shiga. Shi ma'aikacin leken asiri ne, a cikin rukunin da ke kusa da filin jirgin sama a Saigon, wanda ke sarrafa tare da tantance bayanan Amurka da rahotanni.
"A cikin watanni uku, duk tunanin da nake da shi a matsayina na ɗan kishin ƙasa na Georgia ya rushe, kuma na fara tambayar ko wanene mu a matsayin al'umma," in ji Searcy. "Bayanan da nake gani sun kasance ƙarya ce babba." Kudancin Vietnam a fili sun yi tunanin kaɗan daga bayanan sirrin da Amurkawa ke wucewa. A wani lokaci, wani abokin aiki ya sayi kifi a wata kasuwa a Saigon kuma ya lura cewa an nannade shi a cikin ɗaya daga cikin rahotannin rukunoninsa. "A lokacin da na tafi, a watan Yuni na 1968," in ji Searcy, "Na yi fushi da fushi."
Searcy ya kammala rangadin Sojoji a Turai. Komawarsa gida bala'i ne. “Mahaifina ya ji na yi magana game da yaƙin kuma ya kasance m. Da na koma gurguzu? Ya ce shi da mahaifiyata ba su ‘san ko wacece ku ba. Kai ba Ba’amurke ba ne.’ Sai suka ce in fita.” Searcy ya ci gaba da kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jojiya, kuma ya shirya jaridar mako-mako a Athens, Georgia. Daga nan ya fara aiki a siyasa da manufofin jama'a wanda ya haɗa da aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga Wyche Fowler, ɗan majalisa na Demokraɗiyya Georgia.
A cikin 1992, Searcy ya koma Vietnam kuma daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar shiga wasu ƴan tsoffin sojojin da suka ƙaura zuwa wurin. "Na sani, ko da na tashi daga Vietnam a 1968, cewa wata rana, ko ta yaya, zan dawo, da fatan a lokacin zaman lafiya. Na ji ko a lokacin cewa na watsar da Vietnamese zuwa ga mummunan makoma, wanda mu Amurkawa muka fi daukar nauyi. Wannan tunanin bai taɓa barina ba.” Searcy ya yi aiki tare da shirin da ya shafi share ma'adinai. Amurka ta jefa bama-bamai sau uku da nauyi a Vietnam kamar yadda ta yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tsakanin karshen yakin da 1998, sama da fararen hula dubu dari 'yan Vietnam, wadanda aka kiyasta kashi arba'in cikin dari na yara ne, aka kashe ko jikkata sakamakon bam din da ba a fashe ba. Fiye da shekaru ashirin bayan yakin, Amurka ta ƙi biyan bashin da bama-bamai ko Agent Orange suka yi, ko da yake a cikin 1996 gwamnati ta fara ba da kuɗi kaɗan don hana ma'adinai. Daga 2001 zuwa 2011, Asusun Tunawa da Tsohon Sojoji na Vietnam shima ya taimaka wajen ba da kuɗin shirin share ma'adinai. "Yawancin tsoffin sojoji sun ga ya kamata mu dauki wani nauyi," in ji Searcy. Shirin ya taimaka wajen ilimantar da 'yan Vietnam musamman manoma da yara kan illolin da makaman da ba a fashe suke haifarwa ba, kuma hasarar rayuka ta ragu.
Searcy ya ce rashin jin dadinsa da yakin ya tabbata jim kadan kafin a kawo karshensa. Mahaifinsa ya kira ya tambaye su ko za su iya shan kofi. Ba su yi magana ba tun lokacin da aka umarce shi ya fice daga gidan. "Shi da mahaifiyata sun kasance suna magana," in ji Searcy. “Kuma ya ce da ni, ‘Muna tsammanin kun yi gaskiya kuma mun yi kuskure. Muna so ka dawo gida.” Ya ce kusan nan da nan ya tafi gida, ya kasance kusa da iyayensa har suka mutu. An sake saki Searcy sau biyu, kuma ya rubuta, a cikin imel ɗin da bai dace da kai ba, "Na yi tsayayya da irin ƙoƙarin da ɗan Bietnam ya yi na sake aurena."
Akwai ƙarin koyo a Vietnam. A farkon 1969, yawancin membobin Kamfanin Charlie sun dawo gida a Amurka ko kuma an sake tura su zuwa wasu rukunin fama. Rufewa yana aiki. A lokacin, duk da haka, wani soja mai ƙarfin hali mai suna Ronald Ridenhour ya rubuta cikakken wasiƙa game da kisan kiyashin "mai duhu da jini" kuma ya aika da kwafinsa zuwa ga jami'an gwamnati talatin da 'yan majalisa. A cikin makonni, wasikar ta sami hanyar zuwa hedkwatar sojojin Amurka a Vietnam.
A ziyarar da na kai Hanoi na baya-bayan nan, wani jami’in gwamnati ya umarce ni da in kai ziyarar ban girma a ofisoshin larduna da ke birnin Quang Ngai kafin in tuka wasu miliyoyi zuwa My Lai. A can an gabatar da ni da sabon littafin jagora ga lardin, wanda ya haɗa da cikakken bayanin wani kisan kiyashin da Amurka ta yi a lokacin yaƙin, a ƙauyen Truong Le, a wajen Quang Ngai. A cewar rahoton, wani rukunin Sojoji da ke aikin bincike da hallaka ya isa Truong Le da karfe bakwai na safe ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1969, fiye da shekara guda bayan My Lai. Sojojin sun fitar da mata da kananan yara daga gidajensu sannan suka kona kauyen. Bayan sa'o'i uku, rahoton ya yi zargin cewa, sojojin sun koma Truong Le inda suka kashe yara arba'in da daya da mata ashirin da biyu, yayin da tara kawai suka tsira.
Kadan, da alama, ya canza bayan My Lai.
A cikin 1998, 'yan makonni kafin cika shekaru talatin da kisan kiyashin My Lai, wani jami'in Pentagon mai ritaya, W. Donald Stewart, ya ba ni kwafin wani rahoto da ba a buga ba daga Agusta, 1967, wanda ke nuna cewa yawancin sojojin Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam ba su fahimta ba. alhakinsu a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva. Stewart a lokacin ya kasance shugaban sashin bincike na Hukumar Kula da Sabis na Bincike, a Pentagon. Rahoton nasa, wanda ya shafi tafiyar watanni da daruruwan tambayoyi, an shirya shi ne bisa bukatar Robert McNamara, wanda shi ne Sakataren Tsaro a karkashin Shugaba Kennedy da Johnson. Rahoton Stewart ya ce da yawa daga cikin sojojin da aka yi hira da su "suna jin cewa suna da 'yanci don maye gurbin nasu hukuncin don cikakkun tanadi na Yarjejeniyar. . . . Da farko dai matasa ne da ƙwararrun sojoji waɗanda suka ce za su zalunce su ko kuma su kashe fursunoni, duk da cewa sun karɓi umarni yanzu” kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.
McNamara ya bar Pentagon a watan Fabrairu, 1968, kuma ba a taɓa fitar da rahoton ba. Daga baya Stewart ya gaya mani cewa ya fahimci dalilin da ya sa aka danne rahoton: “Mutane suna aika ’ya’yansu ’yan shekara goma sha takwas zuwa wurin, kuma ba ma so su gano cewa suna datse kunnuwa. Na dawo daga Kudancin Vietnam ina tunanin cewa abubuwa ba su da iko. . . . Na fahimci Calley-sosai haka. "
Sai dai kuma shi ma Robert McNamara ya yi. Ban san kome ba game da binciken Stewart yayin da nake ba da rahoto a kan My Lai a ƙarshen 1969, amma na koyi cewa an sanar da McNamara shekaru da suka wuce game da cin zarafi na jini a tsakiyar Vietnam. Bayan an buga farkon labarina na Lai, Jonathan Schell, matashin marubuci don New Yorker, wanda a shekara ta 1968 ya buga wani labari mai ban tsoro na mujalla na tashin bama-bamai a Quang Ngai da lardin da ke kusa, ya kira ni. (Schell ya mutu a bara.) Labarinsa-wanda daga baya ya zama littafi, "The Military Half" - ya nuna, a zahiri, cewa sojojin Amurka, sun gamsu cewa Vietcong sun kasance a tsakiyar Vietnam kuma suna jawo hankalin goyon baya mai mahimmanci, ba su da bambanci tsakanin su. mayaƙa da ƴan sa-kai a yankin da ya haɗa da My Lai.
Schell ya dawo daga Kudancin Vietnam, a cikin 1967, abin da ya gani ya lalace. Ya fito daga wani fitaccen dangin New York, kuma mahaifinsa, lauyan Wall Street kuma majibincin fasaha, makwabci ne, a cikin gonar Martha's Vineyard, na Jerome Wiesner, tsohon mashawarcin kimiyya ga Shugaba John F. Kennedy. Wiesner, sa'an nan provost na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, kuma ya kasance tare da McNamara a cikin wani aikin gina wani lantarki shinge da zai hana Arewacin Vietnam daga aika matériel kudu tare da Ho Chi Minh Trail. (Ba a gama kammala shingen ba.) Schell ya gaya wa Wiesner abin da ya gani a Vietnam, kuma Wiesner, wanda ya raba abin da ya faru, ya shirya shi ya tattauna da McNamara.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Schell ya tattauna abubuwan da ya lura da McNamara, a Washington. Schell ya shaida min cewa bai ji dadin bai wa gwamnati rahoto kafin ya rubuta labarinsa ba, amma yana jin cewa dole ne a yi hakan. McNamara ya yarda cewa taron nasu zai kasance a asirce, kuma ya ce ba zai yi wani abu da zai hana aikin Schell ba. Ya kuma ba Schell ofishi a Pentagon inda zai iya rubuta bayanansa. An yi kwafi biyu, kuma McNamara ya ce zai yi amfani da saitinsa don fara bincike kan cin zarafin da Schell ya bayyana.
An buga labarin Schell a farkon shekara mai zuwa. Bai ƙara jin komai daga McNamara ba, kuma babu alamar jama'a na kowane canji a cikin manufofin. Sai kasidu na suka zo kan My Lai, da Schell da ake kira McNamara, wanda tun daga nan ya bar Pentagon ya zama shugaban bankin duniya. Ya tunatar da shi cewa ya yi masa cikakken bayanin irin ta’asar da aka yi a yankin My Lai. Yanzu, Schell ya gaya mani, yana tunanin yana da mahimmanci a rubuta game da taron nasu. McNamara ya ce sun amince da hakan ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma sun nace cewa Schell ya mutunta alkawarin. Schell ya nemi shawarata. Ina son ya yi labarin, ba shakka, amma na gaya masa cewa idan da gaske ya yi yarjejeniya da McNamara ba shi da wani zaɓi face ya girmama shi.
Schell ya kiyaye maganarsa. A cikin rubutun tunawa akan McNamara in The Nation, a cikin 2009, ya bayyana ziyararsa zuwa McNamara amma bai ambaci yarjejeniyarsu ta ban mamaki ba. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan taron, Schell ya rubuta, ya koya daga Neil Sheehan, ƙwararren mai ba da rahoto game da yaƙin. United Press International*, da Times da kuma The New Yorker, kuma marubucin "A Bright Shining Lie," cewa McNamara ya aika da bayanan Schell zuwa Ellsworth Bunker, Jakadan Amirka a Saigon. Da alama McNamara ba a san shi ba, makasudin a Saigon ba shine don bincika zargin Schell ba amma don ɓata rahotonsa kuma yayi duk mai yiwuwa don hana buga kayan.
Bayan 'yan watanni da labaran jaridu na sun fito. Harper ta buga wani yanki daga wani littafi da nake rubutawa, mai suna “My Lai 4: Rahoto Kan Kisan Kisa da Bayansa.” Bayanin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru, yana mai da hankali kan yadda sojoji a cikin kamfanin Laftanar Calley suka zama masu zalunci a cikin watanni kafin kisan kiyashin. Ɗan McNamara ɗan shekara ashirin, Craig, wanda ya yi hamayya da yaƙi, ya kira ni ya ce ya bar kwafin mujallar a ɗakin mahaifinsa. Daga baya ya same ta a cikin murhu. Bayan McNamara ya bar rayuwar jama'a, ya yi yaƙi da makaman nukiliya kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami nasara don rawar da ya taka a yakin Vietnam. Ya yarda a cikin tarihin 1995, "A Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam," cewa yakin ya kasance "bala'i," amma da wuya ya bayyana nadama game da lalacewar da aka yi wa mutanen Vietnam da kuma sojojin Amurka kamar Paul. Meadlo. "Ina matukar alfahari da nasarorin da na samu, kuma na yi matukar nadama cewa a cikin aiwatar da abubuwa na yi kurakurai," in ji mai shirya fim Errol Morris a cikin "The Fog of War," wani shirin da aka buga a 2003.
Takardun da aka ba da izini daga shekarun McNamara a cikin Pentagon sun nuna cewa McNamara ya nuna shakku akai-akai game da yakin a cikin rahotannin sirrinsa ga Shugaba Johnson. Amma bai taba bayyana wani shakku ko bacin rai a bainar jama'a ba. Craig McNamara ya gaya mini cewa a kan gadon mutuwarsa mahaifinsa "ya ce yana jin cewa Allah ya yashe shi." Bala'in ba nasa kadai ba ne. ♦
*Sigar farko ta wannan labarin ta kuskure ƙungiyar da Neil Sheehan ɗan jarida ne.
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