Barbara & David Forbes ne suka Fassara
A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2005, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kyautar Sakharov tare da lauyan Najeriya Hauwa Ibrahim, da Women in White of Cuba, da kungiyar Reporters Without Frontiers da ke Paris. Wadanda suka lashe kyautar na farko sun yi kamfen na yaki da jifan mata a Najeriya, na biyu kuma sun bukaci a sako ‘yan uwansu da ake tsare da su a gidan yari saboda alaka da wata kasar waje (Amurka), yayin da kungiyar Reporters Without Frontiers ke jagorantar fafutukar neman ‘yancin ‘yan jarida. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1988, lambar yabo mai daraja €50 000, tana tsarkake mutanen da ke da hannu a ‘kare haƙƙin ɗan adam’, waɗanda suka karɓi kofinsu da farin ciki da yanayi a wani biki a Strasbourg (1).
Shekaru da yawa yanzu, EU ta daidaita kanta da manufofin Amurka masu tayar da hankali game da Cuba tare da ɗaukar takunkumin tattalin arziki a taronta a 2003, kodayake an dakatar da su tun 2004 (2). Turai ta tabbatar da matsayinta ta hanyar sha'awarta na ganin 'yancin ɗan adam' a Cuba, yana mai nuni da batun 'ɓacin rai'. Duk da haka, ba ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa Cuba ta kasance kasa daya tilo da aka ware a yankin Amurka ba, inda take hakkin dan Adam ya zama ruwan dare da ban tsoro. (3).
Misali, Tarayyar Turai ba ta taba sanya takunkumi a kan kasashe irin su El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Jamaica, Guatemala, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina, Bahamas, Canada. Jamhuriyar Dominican, Trinidad & Tobago, Peru, Nicaragua, ko ma Amurka, waɗanda gwamnatocinsu kawai ke nuna son kai ga mutunta haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa.
A cewar rahoton na Amnesty International a shekara ta 2005, aƙalla mata 159 aka kashe a cikin mummunan yanayi a El Salvador ba tare da an gurfanar da masu laifin a gaban kuliya ba. 'An ci gaba da fuskantar shari'a game da laifukan take hakin bil'adama da aka aikata a lokacin rikicin makamai na 1980' 1991, da kuma dangane da wasu kararraki na baya-bayan nan, ciki har da cin zarafin mata' (4) a cewar Amnesty. Kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta jaddada cewa a watan Agustan 2004, fursunoni 31 ne suka mutu a gidan yarin 'La Esperanza', ba tare da an yi wa wadanda ke da hannu a tambayoyi ba. EU ta yi shiru game da waɗannan abubuwan.
A game da Honduras, AI ta jaddada cewa 'mummunan mutuwar yara da matasa ya ci gaba a matakai masu ban tsoro. Membobin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da 'yan madigo, maza masu luwadi, al'ummar bisexual da transgender (LGBT) sun fuskanci tursasawa, tsangwama da barazanar kisa. ‘Yan gwagwarmaya biyu ‘yan asalin ƙasar fursunonin siyasa ne.’(5) Majalisar Turai ba ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar waɗannan fursunoni biyu a matsayin waɗanda suka dace da lambar yabo ta Sakharov ba.
Mexico ita ce batun wani rahoto mai ban mamaki: 'An ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman a matakin jihohi inda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa da cin zarafi da rashin amfani da tsarin shari'a'¦. . An yi wa wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama barazana tare da kashe 'yan jarida uku. Ci gaban da aka samu wajen gurfanar da wadanda ke da alhakin take hakkin dan Adam a baya ya takaita. Rikicin siyasa ya dabaibaye zabukan kananan hukumomi a jihohi daban-daban,'(6) bisa ga rahoton AI na 2005. Babu wani takunkumi da Turai ta sanya dangane da Mexico.
Kolombiya da gwamnatinta suna da hakki sosai dangane da take hakin bil adama. A cewar Amnesty International, 'mummunan damuwa sun kasance game da tsarin [na rushewar Autodefensas Unidas do Colombia], musamman kan batun rashin hukunci, keta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta AUC da ci gaba da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar 'yan sanda ['¦.] Duk da faɗuwar wasu alamomi na tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa kamar satar mutane da kisan kiyashi, rahotannin kisan gilla da sojoji suka yi kai tsaye ya karu a shekara ta 2004. Har yanzu dai shari'o'in 'bacewa' da azabtarwa suna da yawa. ['¦] A cikin shekarar, an yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 1,250 kuma an tilastawa 287,000 barin gidajensu. Daruruwan fararen hula ne jami'an tsaro suka yi wa jama'a da kuma tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da yin kalamai da ke daidaita batun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da haɓaka 'ta'addanci'.'(7) Duk da haka, cin zarafi da gwamnatin Alvaro Uribe, aminin Washington mai aminci, ke da sha'awar Tarayyar Turai kaɗan.
A Ecuador, 'kotun 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da da'awar shari'ar jami'an 'yan sanda da ake zargi da keta hakkin bil'adama', a cewar kungiyar, wanda kuma ya yi sharhi cewa 'yanayin gidan yari ya kasance mai tsanani. an kai hari, barazana da tsoratarwa'(8) sakamakon bayyana kansu a matsayin masu sukar manufofin gwamnati.
Me za a iya cewa game da Haiti, kasar da kasashen yammacin duniya ciki har da Faransa suka hambarar da zababben shugaban kasar Jean-Bertrand Aristide? Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'an samu rahotanni da dama na kisan gilla, azabtarwa da cin zarafi da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi. Da yawa sun kasance a tsare ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba ciki har da mambobin gwamnatin Jean Bertrand Aristide '¦. Tsarin shari'a ya ci gaba da gazawa a matsayin kasa da kasa, wanda ya bar jama'a ba tare da kariya ta shari'a ba tare da hana yaki da rashin hukunci. Babu wani yunƙuri na sake kama waɗanda suka tsere daga kurkukun da aka samu da laifin take haƙƙin ɗan adam.'(9) Juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Aristide, wanda Turai ke da alhakinsa, ya ƙara tsananta yanayin da aka rigaya ya rigaya, wanda farar hula ne farkon wanda aka kashe.
Ba a bar Jamaica ba a cikin gudu game da ƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Zaluntar 'yan sanda da wuce gona da iri kudin ne gama gari. 'An ci gaba da samun rahotannin ta'addancin 'yan sanda da kuma amfani da karfi fiye da kima da 'yan sanda da sojoji ke yi. Yawan jami’an ‘yan sandan da ake tuhuma da laifin kisan kai ya karu, amma ba a yanke musu hukunci ba. Akalla mutane 100 ne 'yan sanda suka kashe, wasu da dama a cikin yanayi sun nuna cewa an kashe su ba tare da shari'a ba.'Bugu da ƙari, yanayin gidan yari yana da ban tsoro da Amnesty International ta kwatanta su a matsayin 'zalunci, rashin tausayi da wulakanci.'(10) Amma ɗan Jamaican. Yawan jama'a ba shi da fifiko ga Washington don haka Majalisar Turai ba ta damu da kanta da ita ba.
A Guatemala, 'korar da aka yi tilas a yankunan karkara ya karu sosai. Masu kare hakkin bil'adama sun ci gaba da fuskantar tursasawa da tsanantawa. Cin zarafin mata, musamman kisa, ya karu. Laifin ya ci gaba da zama abin ƙyama, gami da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a baya'(11)' amma Turai ta mai da hankali kan Cuba kawai.
A Bolivia, an ci gaba da ba da labarin ' azabtarwa da cin zarafi da ake yi wa fursunonin, yayin da 'yanayin gidan yari ya kasance mai tsauri.'Bincike game da arangamar da ta faru a shekara ta 2003 tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar sama da mutane 100. Har yanzu ba a rufe mutanen da suka yi sanadin raunata daruruwa a watan Fabrairu da Oktoban 2003, wanda hakan ke ba da damar samun nasara ga sojojin gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, an wanke wasu sojoji huɗu da ake zargi da kashe fararen hula biyu a cikin Fabrairu 2003 shekara guda bayan haka, a cikin Fabrairu 2004. (12)
Chile ba ta bambanta da sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka ba kuma 'ci gaba wajen kawo ƙarshen rashin hukunta laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam a baya ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali' . The
28 000 wadanda aka azabtar a karkashin mulkin soja har yanzu ba su sami diyya ba. Bugu da ƙari, 'yan asalin Mapuche sun fuskanci cin zarafi na take haƙƙin ɗan adam,' a cewar Amnesty. (13)
A Paraguay, an tsananta wa membobin ƙungiyoyin manoma da ƙungiyoyin ƴan asali sakamakon da'awar zamantakewa da ƙasa. Sabbin wadanda aka dauka aikin soja kuma sun fuskanci cin zarafi da dama a cewar masu binciken kasa da kasa na Amnesty. Sama da sabbin ma'aikata 100 ne aka samu gawarwakinsu tun daga shekarar 1989 a cikin yanayi na tuhuma. (14)
Sharuddan tsare a gidajen yari a Uruguay ya sabawa ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Matsayin mata a kasar ya kasance mai ban tsoro: kowane kwana tara, mace ko yarinya ta mutu sakamakon cin zarafi da aka yi mata. Kungiyoyin mata sun damu da cewa gwamnati ba ta hango wata doka da za ta hana cin zarafi a cikin gida ba. (15)
A Guyana, ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa akai-akai akan talakawan al'umma. ‘Yan ta’addan da suka mutu sun yi garkuwa da su, sun azabtar da su tare da kashe mutane da dama, a cewar Amnesty International. Bugu da ƙari kuma, 'yan sanda suna da hannu a yawancin kisan kai da kisan gilla. A cikin gidajen yarin da suka cika cunkoso, an samu rahoton cin zarafi da cin zarafi. Mata a kai a kai suna fuskantar cin zarafi da fataucin mutane wanda ke tilasta musu yin karuwanci, wanda ke zama annoba a kasar. (16)
Kasar Brazil na ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin kasashen da ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula a Nahiyar Amurka inda akai-akai ake yi wa hakkin dan Adam ba'a. 'Yan sanda sun kashe daruruwan, watakila dubbai, fararen hula a sakamakon fadan da ake zargin 'yan bindiga ne.'A jihar Sao Paolo, 'yan sanda ne ke da alhakin kashe-kashen mutane 663 yayin da a jihar Rio de Janeiro ke da hannu a kisan kai 983. “Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa matasa ne, talakawa, bakar fata ko kuma maza masu gauraya. Yayin da aka bude bincike kan wasu daga cikin wadannan kararraki, kadan ne aka samu ci gaba sosai.'Rahotanni da dama sun nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da shiga cikin 'yansandan mutuwa'. Yin amfani da azabtarwa ya yadu kuma yana da tsari. An kuma kashe manoma da masu fafutuka na asali. A cewar Amnesty, 'waɗanda suka aikata laifin sun ji daɗi sosai' . (17)
Idan tashin hankali ba shi da yaɗuwa a Argentina fiye da na Brazil, duk da haka yana nan da damuwa. Fursunoni 2004 ne aka samu gawarwakinsu a gidan yarin Mendoza cikin wani yanayi mai cike da shakku. Yanayin tsaftar muhalli da cunkoson gidajen yari na haifar da tabarbarewar lafiyar fursunoni da dama. A cikin Nuwamba 18 Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Argentina da ta kare rai da lafiyar duk fursunoni. A cikin wannan watan, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da azabtarwa ya nuna rashin jin dadin yadda ake fuskantar yawan azabtarwa da cin zarafi idan aka kwatanta da karancin hukuncin da ake yankewa wadanda ke da hannu a ciki. (XNUMX)
A cikin Bahamas, tsibirin masu yawon bude ido na Caribbean, rashin kulawa da fursunoni Sidney McKenzie da Kazimierz Kwasiborski suka yi ya kai ga mutuwarsu. An kuma kori masu neman mafaka da karfi ba tare da mutunta tsarin shari’a ba. Bugu da kari kuma, an tsare akalla yara biyar da suka saba wa ka'idojin kasa da kasa, kamar yadda rahoton 2005 ya nuna, yayin da aka samu uku wadanda rikicin 'yan sanda ya rutsa da su. (19)
Kanada kasa ce da ta ci gaba inda ya kamata a mutunta hakkin dan Adam. To sai dai kuma hakan bai kasance ba kasancewar ana tauye hakkin mata ‘yan asalin kasar akai-akai. A cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Kanada shekaru da yawa, matan ƴan asalin suna ci gaba da kasancewa waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ga matsakaicin ƙasa. Har yanzu hukumomi ba su yi tanadin 'tsare-tsare na aiki da aka kayyade don ganin an baiwa mata da 'yan mata 'yan asalin kasar kariya da suka dace ba. Hakazalika, tashin hankalin 'yan sanda bai takaitu ga kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba amma ya shafi kasashen yammacin duniya kamar Canada' 'yan sanda sun kashe akalla mutane shida. (20)
A Jamhuriyar Dominican, 'yan sanda sun bude wuta kan masu zanga-zangar, inda suka kashe bakwai daga cikinsu. Rashin kula da lafiya a gidajen yarin na iya kara tashe-tashen hankula da hukumomin gidan yari ke yi. 'Benito Simon Gabriel, mai shekaru 19, an ba da rahoton cewa an tsare shi da bango sama da sa'o'i bakwai a cikin hasken rana a gidan yarin Monte Plata', a cewar Amnesty. Wani abin al’ajabi kuma shi ne yadda wasu fursunonin da suka gama yanke wa hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai sun ci gaba da zama a gidan yari saboda rashin kudi don biyan kudaden gudanarwa na sakin su. Kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka da dama, cin zarafin mata ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 89. (21)
A Trinidad & Tobago, wata karamar tsibiri da ke gabar tekun Venezuela, cin zarafin da 'yan sanda suka yi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 24. Sharuddan tsare mutane kamar azabtarwa ne, a cewar Amnesty International, saboda murabba'in mita 9 na dauke da fursunoni 22. (22)
Za a iya ƙara Peru cikin jerin dogayen ƙasashe inda matalauta da masu rauni ba su da ƙima sosai. Fiye da 50% na Peruvians suna rayuwa cikin talauci kuma 25% cikin tsananin talauci, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Yayin da ake fuskantar matsalolin zamantakewa, gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta baci a yankuna da dama, wanda ya shafi dakatar da kare tsarin mulki ga 'yan kasar. Sama da mata 500 ne sojoji suka yi wa fyade, a cewar hukumar gaskiya da sulhu. An kashe 'yan jarida da dama a yayin da suke aikinsu. Fursunonin lamiri da dama da ake zargi da ta'addanci da rashin adalci suna cikin kurkuku. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan hakkin kiwon lafiya ya bayyana damuwarsa game da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Amurka wacce ta hana miliyoyin 'yan kasar Peru damar samun magunguna masu mahimmanci. Ya kuma jaddada cewa mutane da dama sun mutu sakamakon cututtuka da za a iya warkewa. (23)
Nicaragua misali ne mara kyau na cin zarafi ga mata. A cewar ‘yan sanda, an kashe mata fiye da 77 a shekara ta 2003. Ministan lafiya ya bayyana cewa kashi 95% na fyaden na faruwa ne a cikin gida. Ƙari ga wannan shi ne matsanancin talauci wanda ya shafi yawancin al'umma. (24)
A Venezuela, an yi ta tada jijiyoyin wuya tun bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a kan shugaba Hugo Chavez a watan Afrilun 2002. 'Yan adawar da ke ci gaba da shan kaye a zaben tun bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba, sun zabi hanyar tinkarar rikici da rashin bin doka da oda don jin muryarta. muryar da ke cikin tsirarun mutane. A watan Nuwamba 2004 lauyan da ke jagorantar binciken wadanda ke da alhakin yunkurin juyin mulkin, da magoya bayansa, an kashe su ta hanyar fashewar bam a Caracas. A cewar Amnesty International, 'yan siyasa na ci gaba da dagula lamura a Venezuela. An yi artabu tsakanin magoya bayan 'yan adawa da jami'an tsaro a duk fadin kasar.' (25)
Ita ma kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta fitar da rahoto kan kasar Cuba. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka ba, rahoton bai faɗi ko guda ba na cin zarafin da 'yan sanda suka yi wa jama'a. Babu wata zanga-zanga da aka murkushe da karfi. Haka kuma, ba a maganar wani tashin hankali da ake yi wa w omen. A cewar kungiyar, 'aƙalla fursunoni 70 ne, akasarinsu aka tsare tun bayan murkushe masu zanga-zangar da aka yi a shekara ta 2003. Duk da haka, an saki fursunonin lamiri 18 kuma an kai da yawa zuwa gidajen yari kusa da gidajensu.'
Babu ko guda na azabtarwa da fursunoni da Amnesty International ta yi. Dole ne a jaddada cewa a cikin dukkanin rahotannin da Amnesty ta fitar game da kasashen Latin Amurka, rahoton kan Cuba ya kasance mafi ƙarancin zargi (26). Gwamnatin Cuba ba ta musanta daure mutanen da Amnesty ta ambata ba. Bambancin kawai shine dalilan da suka kai ga daure wadanda jaridun duniya suka bayyana a matsayin 'yan adawa'. A cewar kafafen yada labarai, adawarsu da mahukunta a birnin Havana ya sa aka yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari. Gwamnatin Cuba ta musanta hakan, inda aka yanke wa mutanen da ake zargi kawai laifin karbar kudi daga hannun wata kasar waje, wato Amurka. Wakilan da suka kutsa kai cikin 'cibiyoyin sadarwa' sun ba da shaida mara tushe a yayin gwaji daban-daban. (27) Wata hanyar da ke goyan bayan wannan ka'idar ba ta da tabbas: a cikin takardun hukuma, Washington ta yarda cewa tana da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 50 don manufar haifar da 'yan adawa na cikin gida a Cuba. Don haka babu shakka wannan.
Rahoton Amnesty International na 2005 game da Amurka yana da illa ga girmanta:
Daruruwan fursunoni na ci gaba da tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a sansanin sojin ruwan Amurka da ke Guantanamo Bay na kasar Cuba. Dubban mutane ne aka tsare a lokacin da sojojin Amurka da jami'an tsaro suka gudanar a Iraki da Afganistan tare da hana su ganawa da iyalansu da lauyoyinsu.
An fara binciken ko kuma gudanar da binciken soji kan zargin azabtarwa da cin zarafi da jami'an Amurka suka yi a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da kuma rahotannin mutuwar mutane a gidan yari da cin zarafi da sojojin Amurka ke yi a wasu wurare a Iraki da Afghanistan da Guantanamo. Shaidu sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da dabarun yin tambayoyi da suka saba wa yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa. ['¦] A {asar Amirka, fiye da mutane 40 ne suka mutu bayan da ’yan sanda suka buge shi ['¦] Ana ci gaba da zartar da hukuncin kisa da aiwatar da shi. ['¦]Ma'aikatan Sajan Camilo MejÃa Castillo da Sajan Abdullah William Webster an daure su a kurkuku; sun kasance fursunonin lamiri. ['¦] A cikin 2004, an kashe mutane 59, wanda ya kawo adadin fursunonin da aka kashe zuwa 944 tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta dage dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a 1976. Texas ta dauki nauyin 23 na kisa na shekara, da 336 na duka. Kisan kisa a Amurka tun 1976. ['¦] An kashe mutane takwas da aka gurfanar da su a cikin ikon Texas na gundumar Harris a cikin wannan shekara, duk da damuwa game da amincin shaidun shari'a da aka sarrafa ta dakin binciken laifuka na Sashen 'yan sanda na Houston (HPD) inda manyan matsaloli suka kasance. An gano shi a cikin 2003. A watan Oktoba, wani alkali a Kotun daukaka kara na Texas ya ce ya kamata a dakatar da duk wani hukuncin kisa a cikin shari'o'in da aka yanke hukunci bisa hujja daga dakin binciken laifuka na HPD har sai an tabbatar da amincin shaidar. ' . Muryarsa daya tilo da ba ta amince da shi ba ne lokacin da Kotun ta ki amincewa da bukatar daurin kisa Dominique Green ya yi na a dakatar da hukuncin kisa bisa la’akari da sahihancin aikin ballistic na jam’iyyar HPD a cikin shari’arsa, da kuma gano kwalaye 280 na shaidun da ba su dace ba da ka iya yin tasiri. dubban laifukan laifuka. An kashe Dominique Green a ranar 26 ga Oktoba.
Amurka ta ci gaba da cin karo da dokokin kasa da kasa ta hanyar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a kan wadanda suka aikata laifin yara wadanda ba su kai 18 ba a lokacin da aka aikata laifin. Kimanin yara masu laifi 70 sun kasance a kan hukuncin kisa a cikin shekarar, fiye da kashi uku na su a Texas. ['¦]
A ranar 31 ga Maris, Kotun Duniya (ICJ) ta yanke hukuncin ta biyo bayan karar da Mexico ta shigar a madadin ‘yan kasarta da aka kama, ta hana su ‘yancinsu na ofishin jakadancin, da kuma yanke musu hukuncin kisa a Amurka. Kotun ta ICJ ta gano cewa Amurka ta keta huruminta na kasa da kasa karkashin yarjejeniyar Vienna kan huldar jakadanci kuma dole ne ta samar da ingantaccen nazari na shari'a tare da sake yin la'akari da tasirin keta haddin kan shari'ar 'yan kasashen waje da abin ya shafa. Kotun ta ICJ ta lura da "damuwa sosai" cewa an sanya ranar yanke hukuncin kisa ga Osvaldo Torres Aguilera, daya daga cikin 'yan kasar Mexico da aka ambata a cikin karar. Daga baya gwamnan Oklahoma ne ya sassauta hukuncin kisa Osvaldo Torres biyo bayan roko na neman afuwa daga shugaban kasar Mexico da kuma shawarar da hukumar ta'aziyya ta jihar ta bayar. ['¦]
An ci gaba da yanke wa fursunonin da ke da tarihin cutar tabin hankali hukuncin kisa da kisa. An kashe Charles Singleton a Arkansas a ranar 6 ga Janairu. A wasu lokuta da ake yanke masa hukuncin kisa, cutar tabin hankali ta kan yi ta fama da shi har an tilasta masa yi masa magani. An kashe Kelsey Patterson, wanda aka gano yana fama da rashin lafiyar schizophrenia, a Texas ranar 18 ga Mayu. Gwamnan Texas ya ki amincewa da shawarar jin kai daga Hukumar Yafewa da Paroles na jihar a shari'arsa. A ranar 5 ga Agusta an kashe James Hubbard a Alabama. Ya kasance mai shekaru 74 da haihuwa, kuma shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da aka kashe a Amurka tun 1977, kuma ya shafe fiye da kwata karni. An ruwaito James Hubbard yana fama da ciwon hauka wanda wani lokaci yakan sa shi manta ko wanene shi da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake fuskantar hukuncin kisa. (29)
Wannan rahoto mai ban tsoro game da 'dimokradiyya mafi girma a duniya' bai sa EU ta yi wani bayani kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Amurka ba, kuma ya sake nuna irin rashin halasci da nuna wariya na takunkumin da Turai ta kakabawa Cuba saboda wasu dalilai da suka haifar da. suna da zurfin siyasa da akida.
Majalisar Turai ta ba da hujjar nadin da aka yi wa mata a cikin fararen fata saboda gwagwarmayar da suka yi na 'yantar da 'yan adawa': 'Suna kiran kansu 'Ladies in White' ('Damas de Blanco') kuma an kafa su a farkon 2004. Ta hanyar sanya farar fata zuwa alama ce ta rashin laifi da tsafta sun yi wa matan Argentine a cikin 1970s wadanda suka yi amfani da irin wannan dabara wajen neman bayanai game da 'ya'yansu da suka bace a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja.' (30)
Don su sanya kansu da ɗan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma ɓoye dalilan da suka sa aka daure ’yan uwansu, Matan farare suna amfani da hanyoyin Uwar Plaza de Mayo kuma suna kwatanta yaƙin neman zaɓe da waccan yaƙin neman zaɓe. Har ila yau, 'yan jaridu na kasa da kasa sun yi marmarin samar da kwatancen gaggawa, a fili ba tare da yin ƙoƙari don gano ra'ayin iyaye mata na Argentine waɗanda su ne babban rukuni ba.
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da wannan al'amari, Hebe de Bonafini, shugabar Uwa na Plaza de Mayo, wanda duniya ta amince da ita kuma ana mutuntata da yaki da rashin adalci, ta yi tir da kamanceceniya ta karya da matan fararen fata suka zana, kuma ta ba da wani mugun martani game da 'yan jarida tambaya:
Da farko, bari in ce Plaza de Mayo yana cikin Argentina kuma babu wani wuri. Fararen gyalenmu na wakiltar rayuwa, amma matan da ka faɗa mini suna wakiltar mutuwa. Wannan shi ne mafi mahimmanci kuma babban bambanci wanda 'yan jarida ba sa bukatar su. Ba za mu yarda a kwatanta su da su ba, ko kuma su yi amfani da alamominmu su tattake mu. Muna cikin rashin jituwa da ra'ayoyinsu.
Wadannan mata suna kare ta'addancin Amurka. Suna kare babbar kasa ta 'yan ta'adda a duniya, wacce ta fi jini a hannunta, wacce ke jefa bama-bamai, wacce ke mamaye mafi yawan kasashe, wanda ke sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki mafi tsanani a kan wasu. Muna magana ne game da ƙasar da ke da alhakin aikata laifuka a Hiroshima da Nagasaki.
Wadannan matan ba su gane cewa gwagwarmayar matan Plaza de Mayo alama ce ta soyayya ga yaranmu da suka bace, azzalumai da Amurka ta dora mana. Gwagwarmayarmu tana wakiltar juyin juya halin da 'ya'yanmu maza da mata za su so su aiwatar. Gwagwarmayarsu ta banbanta, domin suna kare manufofin Amurka masu zagon kasa wadanda ba wani ba face zalunci, danniya, da kisa. (31)
Wannan dai ba shi ne karon farko da Majalisar Turai ke nuna irin wannan mummunan hukunci ba. A gaskiya ma a cikin 2002, an ba da lambar yabo ta Sakaharov ga Oswaldo Paya, shugaban kungiyar 'Yancin Kirista kuma Firayim Minista na Valera Project a Cuba 'a baya wanda ya kasance, a gaskiya, Fadar White House' wacce ke da alaƙa da matsananciyar Cuban dama- wing group a Florida. (32) Mista Paya ya kasance, watanni da yawa a baya a cikin Afrilu 2002, ya fito fili ya goyi bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Hugo Chavez a Venezuela. (33) Ƙaunar EU da Cuba ya sa ta ba da lada ga wani ɗan takara na juyin mulkin da Washington ta shirya a kan dimokuradiyyar Venezuala ta hanyar gode masa saboda 'gwagwarmayar 'yancin ɗan adam' .
Sauran wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Sakharov a cikin 2005 ita ce ƙungiyar Faransanci mai cike da cece-kuce, Reporters Without Borders. Wani abin ban mamaki, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta zabi dan takara wanda ya shahara da munanan hare-haren da take kaiwa gwamnatin Cuba da kamfen din kafafen yada labarai na kokarin rage yawan masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Cuba. (35) Alakar ta tare da matsananciyar ƙungiyoyin dama na Cuban a Florida da kuma tallafin kuɗi da Washington ta ba ta sun yi bayani dalla-dalla game da halayen ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Menard. (36)
Turai ba ta shirye ta ware kanta daga tsarin shiga tsakani a cikin harkokin cikin gidan Cuba da gwamnatin Bush ta kafa ba. Tare da Jamus, wacce ta sake nuna alamun katsalandan ta hanyar gayyatar 'wakilan' 'yan adawa zuwa ofishin jakadancinta a Cuba, Jamhuriyar Czech ita ce kasar Turai mafi muni ga mahukunta a Havana. (37) Ministan Harkokin Waje na Czech, Ciryl Svoboda, mai tsananin goyon baya ne na yin tsauri tare da gwamnatin juyin juya hali. Ya yi kira ga Tarayyar Turai da ta ba da tallafin kudi ga 'yan kungiyoyin farar hula na Cuba da nufin hambarar da wadanda ke kan mulki a halin yanzu. (38)
Shekaru da dama, Jamhuriyar Czech ta jagoranci yakin neman 'yancin ɗan adam' na Turai a Cuba. A kai a kai tana yin tir da abin da ta kira 'cin zarafin da ba za a yarda da shi ba' na 'yancin kai a tsibirin. Duk da haka, ta manta da yin duk wani kimantawa game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan ƙasarta. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International, ‘yan sanda sun lakada wa wasu ‘yan kasashen Birtaniya da New Zealand dukan tsiya kuma an kwantar da su a asibiti cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani. A watan Agustan 2004, wani mutum ya mutu a Olomouc sakamakon raunukan da wani dan sanda ya yi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa ya bayyana damuwarsa a cikin wani rahoto kan tashin hankalin 'yan sanda. Ya soki yadda ake ci gaba da faruwar ayyukan ta'addanci ga Romawa da kuma rashin hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin wadannan laifuka. Kwamitin ya kuma yi tir da tsarin shari'a wanda bai yanke hukuncin yanke hukunci kan wadanda suka aikata laifin ba.
A watan Yuni 2004 Kwamitin Turai na Yaki da Wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri ya nuna rashin amincewa da gaskiyar cewa ba a yi amfani da shawarwarin da aka ba hukumomin Czech don magance wariya da rashin daidaito ba. Har ila yau, ta yi tir da yadda ake tura yaran Roma bisa tsari zuwa makarantu domin ‘masu tabin hankali’ da kuma yadda aka fizge wasu da yawa daga cikinsu daga iyalansu aka kai su cibiyoyin gwamnati. A sa'i daya kuma, kwamitin ya yi Allah wadai da yadda aka tilasta wa wasu mata 'yan kabilar Roma haifuwa. (40)
A gefe guda kuma, waɗanda suka kai wa Romawa hari ba a cika samun hukunci ba a ƙarƙashin shari'ar Czech. Alal misali a cikin Janairu 2004, Petr Blaize Jas da Marin Stiskala an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru uku ne kawai saboda sun kai hari ga ma'auratan Roma. An azabtar da mutumin da fasasshiyar kwalba yayin da matar mai ciki ta rasa ganin ido daya bayan da aka yi mata mugun duka a kai. (41)
Kwamitin yaki da azabtarwa na Turai da kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da yadda ake amfani da gadaje na bogi ga marasa lafiya da yara masu tabin hankali. Ministan lafiya ya yi ikirarin cewa ya bayar da umarnin hana hakan a dukkan cibiyoyin lafiya. Duk da haka, shugaban Czech Vaclav Klaus, ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga tsakani da kansa kuma ya soki ministansa, yana mai bayyana cewa dakatar da gadaje da aka yi da gadaje "hukunci ne marar tunani da rashin tunani". Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar mika batun ga ma’aikatar ayyuka da zamantakewa, wadda ta sauya dokar hana fita. Mummunan halin da ake ciki game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jamhuriyar Czech ya bayyana irin yadda makircin gwamnatin Prague a kan Cuba ke nuna munafurci da biyayya ga abin da Washington ke so. (42)
A Faransa, wani ɗan siyasa daga hagu ya shahara da matsayarsa na adawa da gwamnatin Cuba. Laurent Fabius, na biyu a jam'iyyar Socialist, ya yi kira ga Tarayyar Turai da gwamnatin Faransa da su ba da goyon bayansu ga 'yan gwagwarmayar 'yanci, kamar yadda Amurka ta kira su. Tsohon Firayim Minista a gwamnatin Mitterrand' wanda a cikin 1986 ya yi kyakkyawar maraba tare da ba da mafakar siyasa ga mai kishin jini Jean-Claude Duvalier wanda ya yi wa Haiti ta'addanci daga 1971 zuwa 1986' a yanzu yana yakin neman hukumomin Faransa su daidaita kansu da manufofin George Bush. Zai so ya ba da cikakken goyon baya ga Mata a Fari 'saboda' gwagwarmayarsu misali ce ga kowa' kuma 'kowace dimokuradiyya ya kamata ta tallafa musu.'
Washington ta ce daidai da haka. A cewar Caleb McCarry, wani ma'aikacin gwamnati a ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka wanda aka nada a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2005 a matsayin mai gudanar da mika mulki ga Cuban, manufar gwamnatin Bush ita ce "taimakawa sahihin sauyi zuwa 'yancin siyasa ga jama'ar Cuba" ta hanyar ba da kudi. goyon baya ga 'yan adawa na cikin gida wanda shi kansa ya katse daga yawan jama'a. Yunkurin juyin mulki - wanda daga yanzu za a yi shi a fili - ba zai girgiza Tarayyar Turai ba. Amma da zaran an yi amfani da tsauraran dokokin Cuban a kan masu aikata laifin 'wanda, ta hanyar karɓar tallafin kuɗi na karimci da Amurka ke bayarwa, suna canjawa kansu daga matsayin 'yan adawa zuwa wani wakilin da ikon ƙasashen waje ke ba da kuɗi' EU za ta zama tada hankali, da'awar ba su san tarihin da ke ciki ba.
Notes
1 Anne-Laure Pham Viet Lac, "Trois laureats zuba le prix Sakharov", L'Express, Oktoba 26, 2005.
2 Salim Lamrani, Cuba ta fuskanci à l'Empire: propagande, guerre economique et terrorisme d'Etat (Outremont : LanctÃ't, 2005), shafi na 161-75.
3 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/2am-index-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
4 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 El Salvador", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/slvsummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
5 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Honduras", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/hnd-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
6 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Mexico", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mex-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
7 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Colombia", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/col-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
8 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Ecuador", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/ecu-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
9 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Ha'ti", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/hti-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
10 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Jamaika", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/jam-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
11 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Guatemala", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/gtmsummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar l6 Nuwamba 2005).
12 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Bolivia", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/bol-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
13 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Chile", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/chl-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
14 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Paraguay", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/pry-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
15 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Uruguay", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/ury-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
16 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Guyana", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/guy-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
17 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Brazil", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/bra-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
18 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Argentina", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/arg-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
19 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Bahamas", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/bhs-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
20 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Kanada", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/can-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
21 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Jamhuriyar Dominican", 2005.
http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/dom-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
22 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Trinidad & Tobago", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/ttosummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
23 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Peru", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/per-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
24 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Nicaragua", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/nic-summaryeng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
25 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Venezuela", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/vensummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
26 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005' Cuba", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/cub-summary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
27 Salim Lamrani, Cuba ya fuskanci à l'Empire: farfaganda, tattalin arziki da ta'addanci, op. cit., shafi na 120-25.
28 Colin L. Powell, Hukumar Taimakawa zuwa Cuba Kyauta, (Washington: Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mayu 2004). www.state.gov/documents/organization/32334.pdf (shafi da tuntubar 7 ga Mayu 2004), p. 16; Roger F. Noriega, "Sanarwar Mataimakin Sakatare Noriega a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Hulda da Kasa da Kasa", Sashen Harkokin Waje, 3 Maris 2005. www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/rm/2005/ql/42986.htm (shafi da tuntubar 9 Afrilu 2005).
29 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Amurka", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/usasummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar 6 Nuwamba 2005).
30 Majalisar Turai, « Trois laureats pour le Prix Sakharov 2005. Femmes ƙarfin hali à Cuba: un groupe de femmes manifeste contre les detentions cin zarafi », 20 Oktoba 2005. www.europarl.eu.int/ (shafi da tuntubar 31 Oktoba 2005).
31 Salim Lamrani, «La Plaza de Mayo se trouve en Argentine et nulle part ailleurs», Cuba Solidarity Project, Yuni 2005. http://vdedaj.club.fr/cuba/npa_lamrani_hebe.html (shafi da tuntubar 31 Oktoba 2005).
32 El Nuevo Herald, «Conciliados exiliados se unen al plan de Paya», 18 ga Fabrairu 2005, p. 21A; ku. El NuevoHerald, «La isla y el exilio unidas en un plan para la transición», 18 ga Fabrairu 2005.
33 Pascual Serrano, « El lÃder anticastrista Osvaldo Paya apoyó el golpe de Estado de Venezuela en abril del 2002' , Rebelión, 16 ga Fabrairu 2005. www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=11455 (shafi da tuntubar 21 Maris 2005).
34 Salim Lamrani, Cuba ya fuskanci à l'Empire: farfaganda, tattalin arziki da ta'addanci, op. cit., shafi na 70-89.
35 Reporters sans frontières, «Le Comite de soutien à Raúl Rivero distribue des livres aux Toures en partance pour Cuba», 27 Maris 2004. www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9662 (shafi da tuntubar 2 Afrilu).
36 Robert Menard, "Tattaunawa avec Robert Menard", Le Nouvel Observateur, 18 Afrilu 2005. www.nouvelobs.com/forum/archives/forum_284.html (shafi da tuntubar 22 Afrilu 2005).
37 Frances Robles, "Gayyatar Ƙirƙirar Diflomasiyya Flap", The Miami Herald, 6 Oktoba 2005; El Nuevo Herald, « Al rojo la tensión con Europa », 5 Oktoba 2005.
38 El Nuevo Herald, "Checos firmes contra Castro", 5 Nuwamba 2005.
39 Amnesty International, "Rahoton 2005 'Jamhuriyar Czech", 2005. http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/czesummary-eng (shafi da tuntubar le 6 Nuwamba 2005).
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Laurent Fabius, "Danniya à Cuba, il faut agir", Liberation, 29 Oktoba 2005.
44 El Nuevo Herald, "Washington apoya una transición autentica", 2 Oktoba 2005.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi