Wannan shi ne karo na biyu na posts guda biyu game da kafofin watsa labarai. Kashi na farko yana da taken 'Yadda Kafafen Yada Labarai Suke Ruguza Gaskiyar - Tace Muhimman Abubuwa'
“Ba mu fahimci yadda gwamnatinku ke samun kafafen yada labarai su rika maimaita farfaganda ba tare da tambaya ba. A kasarmu dole ne mu yaga farcen yatsa don samun wannan matakin hadin gwiwa.” (1) ('yan jaridar Rasha da suka ziyarci Amurka a lokacin yakin sanyi)
Tace Taimako Ta Rage - Abubuwan da Ba'a Tattaunawa Sunfi Muhimmanci
"Gaskiya babba ce, amma mafi girma daga mahangar aiki shine shiru game da gaskiya" (Aldous Huxley (2))
Za mu iya ganin sakamakon tsarin tacewa da aka tattauna a baya ta hanyar duba batun siyasar kasashen waje. Azzalumai a wasu kasashe suna aikata munanan ayyukan ta'addanci, amma muddin suka ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziki da Amurka da Birtaniyya suke so, to ba su fuskanci suka. ’Yan siyasarmu a kai a kai suna sukar gwamnatocin da suke son maye gurbinsu, kuma kafafen yada labarai suna maimaita wannan suka ba tare da ƙalubale ba. Misalin kwanan nan na wannan shine lokacin da kafofin watsa labarai suka ce 'rayuwa tana da muni a Venezuela, dole ne mu yi wani abu', ma'ana gwamnatocin Amurka da Burtaniya suna son hambarar da gwamnatin Venezuela. na zahiri. Ya dogara ne akan zato maras faɗi waɗanda idan aka bincika su zama marasa gaskiya. Abin da ya ɓace shine mahallin, tarihi, da tunani mai mahimmanci, kamar (3)
a) Matsayin tarihi na manyan attajirai, da Amurka ke marawa baya, wawashe albarkatun Venezuela da kiyaye rashin daidaito da talauci.
b) Nasarorin da gwamnatocin hagu na baya-bayan nan suka samu a Venezuela suna inganta yanayin rayuwa ga talakawa
c) Matsaloli masu tsanani da takunkumin Amurka ya haifar a kan Venezuela
d) Tarihin kisan kai da azabtarwa daga hannun masu mulkin kama karya da Amurka ta kafa a duk Kudancin Amurka da Tsakiyar Amurka
e) Tattaunawa mai zurfi game da mulkin mallaka na Amurka da na Biritaniya, bayanansu na tashin hankali a cikin neman iko da riba, da kuma shaidar da ke nuna cewa ba su taɓa aiwatar da ayyukan agaji ba.
Gabaɗaya, babu wani bincike kan al'amura masu sarƙaƙƙiya, babu wani bincike mai mahimmanci game da ainihin rawar da sojojinmu ke takawa, babu babban sukar tsarin kamfanoni, ba tare da yin la'akari da ra'ayin da ba daidai ba na cewa gwamnatocin mu da kamfanoninmu suna da kyau ko masu kyautatawa. Abubuwan da ya kamata su kasance mafi mahimmanci a cikin al'umma a yau, kusan ba za a iya ambata a cikin jaridu na yau da kullum ba.
Wannan gazawar don tattauna mafi yawan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, da kuma tattaunawa kan wasu batutuwa ta hanya mai ƙunci, an san shi da ƙira-by-omission. Ita ce babbar hanyar kiyaye mu da rashin sani. A bayyane ya shafi batun yaki, wanda ya kasance mai tsafta har masu kallon Amurka da Birtaniya ba sa iya ganin sakamakon yakinmu na gaskiya.(5) Abin da suke gani shi ne bidiyoyin farfagandar gwamnati na bama-bamai da Laser ke jagoranta. Lokacin da sojan Amurka ko Birtaniya guda ya mutu, wannan ya cancanci rahoton labarai, yawanci yana faɗin irin ƙarfin hali. Ba a ma maganar cewa su masu kisa ne da aka horar da su wadanda suka mutu saboda sun mamaye kasar wani ba bisa ka’ida ba, sun kuma taimaka wajen karkashe mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba.
Matsakaicin adadin mutuwa da rauni, na Iraqi da Afganistan, da sojojinmu suka kashe a yaƙe-yaƙenmu ba a magana ta kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun. Idan kowa ya ga gawawwakin gawawwaki da munanan raunukan fararen hula a kowace rana, yawancin jama'a ba za su yi imani da ƙaryar da ke haifar da hujjar ƙarya na yaƙi ba. Ta hanyar rashin yin la'akari da sakamakon yaƙi dalla-dalla, yawancin kafofin watsa labaru sun ƙare haifar da tunanin cewa yaƙin kamar wasan bidiyo ne inda 'yan'uwanmu 'nagarta' suke yaƙi da 'mummunan' wani, kuma ya kamata mu yi bikin kowane lokaci. 'mummunan' ana kashe su. Kamar yadda masu sukar kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun suka lura, 'yan jarida waɗanda suka ƙarfafa imani cewa "duniya ta ƙunshi masu ba da agajin jin kai (mu) da dodo (su) suna da mahimmanci a cikin injinan kashe-kashe na jihohi".(6)
Kafofin watsa labarai masu mahimmanci
Manufar kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ita ce
"Kayyade bakan ra'ayi na yarda, amma ba da damar muhawara mai zafi a cikin wannan bakan." (7)
Labarun da ba su ƙarewa game da dabarun siyasa; wanda yake cewa game da wane; da halayen ‘yan siyasa, ba labari ne na gaske ba. Abubuwan da ke kewaye da su ne da abubuwan da ke haifar da rudani na yin muhawara mai zurfi don guje wa magana a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci.
Kazalika yin watsi da ko takaita tattaunawa kan wasu batutuwa, kafafen yada labarai za su wuce gona da iri kan muhimmancin wasu batutuwa. Misali a sarari shi ne zargin cewa Rasha ta yi magudi a zaben Amurka na 2016, wanda aka yi ta maimaita shi ba tare da karewa ba a kafafen yada labaran Amurka.(8) Shaidar wannan magudin ta yi rauni matuka, kuma idan akwai magudin da Rasha ta yi, to tasirin ya yi kadan. A daya hannun kuma, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (CIA), da sauran kungiyoyin Amurka, sun tsoma baki a zabukan kasashen waje guda 81 tun daga 1950.(9) Suna yin magudin zabe a kasashen waje fiye da yadda kowa ya hada. An rubuta wannan da kyau, amma manyan kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka da na Biritaniya ba su taɓa tattauna wannan ba.
Wani lokaci kafofin watsa labarai suna ambaton takamaiman lokuta na aikata ba daidai ba, amma gabaɗaya za a gabatar da wannan a matsayin mutane waɗanda ke aiki a wajen tsarin. Za a sami ɗan sukar tsarin da kansa. Misali, lokacin da kamfanoni suka bayyana a cikin labarai sun aikata babban zamba, yawanci ana mayar da hankali kan kamfani guda ɗaya, tare da ɗan ƙoƙari na bayyana cewa suna aiwatar da ayyuka irin na sauran manyan kamfanoni, kuma yawancin tsarin kamfanoni a yanzu. ya shafi aikata laifuka, zamba, ko ayyukan rashin da'a. Hakazalika, lokacin da aka yi magana game da azabtarwa a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki, an mai da hankali kan masu karamin karfi da ke da hannu a ciki.(10) Babu wani kokari da aka yi na dora laifin manyan tsare-tsare wadanda suka kirkiro manufofin, da kuma dagewa cewa sun yi hakan. yakamata a gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya.
Bambancin Batun Bias Dama da Hagu
Wadannan sakonnin suna bayyana kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin masu goyon bayan kafawa, yaki, masu goyon bayan kamfanoni ko dama. Duk da haka, ana yawan zargin kafafen yada labarai (musamman gwamnati) da nuna kyama ga gwamnati ko na hagu. Wannan wani bangare ne na bayyana hakan ta hanyar gwamnatocin da ke ƙoƙarin kawar da hankali daga laifuffukan da suke aikatawa, amma akwai wasu bayanai game da wannan sabanin da ke fitowa fili. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun yi iƙirarin cewa idan suna karɓar lambobi daidai da zarge-zargen na hagu da na dama, dole ne su kasance wani wuri a tsakiya, kuma zargin da ake yi yana nuna son kai na wanda ake zargi. Wannan ba gaskiya bane. Ana amfani da kalmomin dama-reshe da hagu don ma'anar abubuwa daban-daban. Yawancin 'yan jarida fararen fata ne masu matsakaicin matsayi waɗanda ke ba da yanci ga daidaikun mutane kan al'amuran kansu. Don haka kafafen yada labarai suna da ra’ayin hagu kan al’amuran al’adu, kamar auren luwadi. Duk da haka, wadanda ke zargin kafofin watsa labaru da nuna son kai, suna magana ne game da manufofin kasashen waje da tattalin arziki. Kafafen yada labarai ba sa suka ga Biritaniya da Amurka da ke mamaye wasu kasashe, kuma ba sa sukar ikon kamfanoni, don haka suna da ra'ayin dama a kan wadannan batutuwa.
Kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ba su da son zuciya ko bangaranci
Akwai tushen son zuciya da yawa. Yawancin bayanan da ke goyan bayan gwamnatocin Amurka ko Biritaniya ana gabatar da su ba tare da tambaya ba - ana ɗaukan rashin son zuciya ne. Wannan shi ne batun farfagandar da gwamnati ta yi na cewa shugaban Iraqi Saddam Hussein yana da Makamai na hallaka jama'a kafin yakin Iraki, wanda ba gaskiya ba ne. A gefe guda kuma, idan wani ya soki gwamnati, ana ɗauka cewa yana nuna son kai, don haka ana gayyatar mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya fito a talabijin don adawa da wannan ra'ayi.
Masu watsa shirye-shiryen sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna ba da labarai marasa son rai idan sun gabatar da ra'ayoyin 'yan Republican da Democrat a Amurka, ko kuma idan sun gabatar da ra'ayoyin Conservative da Labour a Biritaniya. Sai dai kafin Jeremy Corbyn ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Labour a shekara ta 2015, sau da yawa ana samun ɗan bambanci tsakanin jam'iyyun biyu a kowace ƙasa kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, musamman yaƙi ko ikon kamfanoni. Don gabatar da daidaiton tattaunawa da gaske, masu watsa shirye-shiryen dole ne su gayyaci mutane suna cewa 'lalata al'umma laifi ne, bai kamata mu je yaƙi' a kan shirye-shiryensu akai-akai ba. Idan da kafafen yada labarai namu sun kasance masu gaskiya, da ra'ayin gwamnati na yau da kullun, wanda shine cewa Amurka da Burtaniya suna da 'yancin mamayewa ko lalata wasu al'ummomi yayin da ba su yi mana barazana ba, da an dauke su a matsayin hauka.
An yi nazari dalla-dalla game da watsa labarai a Biritaniya da Amurka bayan yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban. Mafi rinjayen goyon bayan yaki ne. Muryoyi kaɗan ne kawai ke da mahimmanci, har ma a cikin kunkuntar hanyoyi, kamar "ba mu tsara yakin sosai ba" ko "ba mu aika da isassun sojoji ba" (11) Kusan babu tambaya game da ainihin dalili na gwamnati. - koyaushe ana ɗauka yana da kyau. A cikin wani binciken ilimi na rahoton yaƙi, an gano cewa a zahiri BBC ta fi son yaƙi fiye da sauran gidajen talabijin da aka bincika, gami da ɗaya daga Amurka. Kashi 2 cikin 12 na labaran da BBC ta yi ya nuna adawa da yaki.(3) Wani bincike makamancin haka da aka yi a Amurka ya nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 14 na baki Amurkawa a shirye-shiryen labarai ne kawai ke adawa da yaki.(XNUMX) A Biritaniya da Amurka, kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun inganta yakin da Amurka ke jagoranta kusan babu shakka. Dangane da mamaye kasar Iraki, galibin jaridu da gidajen Talabijin sun bayyana shugaba Bush na Amurka da firaministan Burtaniya Blair a matsayin shugabanni masu ban mamaki da suke kokarin taimakawa sauran kasashen duniya wajen samun mulkin dimokuradiyya, a lokacin da hujjojin suka ci karo da hakan matuka.(XNUMX) Idan da Rasha ta ruguza Iraki da Afghanistan. da Libya, kafafen yada labarai za su (daidai) suna fadin yadda wadannan laifuffuka suka yi muni, kuma suna neman a gurfanar da shugabannin da ke da hannu a gaban kuliya.
Mutuwar Mujallar Jarida
'Yan jaridun Burtaniya da Amurka kadan ne suka fahimci a shekara ta 2003 bayan mamayewar Iraki cewa gwamnatocinsu sun yi amfani da su wajen yada farfaganda. Tashar labaran Amurka na yau da kullun sun yarda a ƙarshe cewa yakamata su ƙara yin tambayoyi game da mamayewar. Wasu a yanzu suna cikin bayanan cewa sun kasa bayar da rahoton gaskiya a lokacin aikin soja saboda tsarin farfagandar da gwamnati ke kula da su da kuma shigar da 'yan jarida (wadannan 'yan jarida ne da za a iya sarrafa su saboda tafiya tare da sojoji). Wata babbar mai ba da rahoto game da yaki, Christiane Amanpour, ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Amurka ce ta rufe hanyar sadarwar ta CNN, kuma ta ce ta “cika kai.” Iraki, amma a gaskiya ma sun zama masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ya zuwa lokacin da Amurka da Birtaniya suka kai harin bama-bamai da lalata Libya a cikin 15, kusan ba a samu suka daga kafafen yada labarai na yau da kullun ba.
Mun tattauna a cikin sakon da ya gabata yadda aka kori manyan ma’aikatan BBC bayan da gwamnati ta samu labarin yakin Iraki na 2003. Wannan ya haifar da raguwa (daga ƙananan matakan da suka rigaya) a cikin sukar kafofin watsa labarai. A shekarar 2013, jami’an tsaro (18) sun lalata kwamfutoci a jaridar Guardian saboda jaridar Guardian ta shiga cikin fallasa Edward Snowden, wanda ya nuna cewa Hukumar Tsaron Amurka (NSA) tana leken asirin kowa ta hanyar wayarsa da kwamfutocinsa. . Rushewar kwamfutocin an yi shi ne kawai don nunawa, saboda duk bayanan an adana su akan kwamfutoci a wani wuri. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, manyan kafofin watsa labarai a Biritaniya da Amurka sun kasance masu yarda sosai. Har ila yau gwamnatin Ostireliya ta dau mataki kan yadda take bayar da sahihin rahotanni na laifukan yaki da ayyukan leken asiri, ta hanyar kai samame gidajen ‘yan jarida da kuma hedkwatar gidan rediyon ABC.(19)
Daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun gidajen talabijin da ke nuna irin barnar da Amurka ke da ita ita ce Al-Jazeera da ke Qatar. Rahotonta na yakin ya ci gaba da yin kokari sosai don nuna munin yaki da kuma nuna laifukan yakin Amurka ga abin da suke. Don haka ne sojojin Amurka suka harba bama-bamai a dakin taro na Aljazeera da ke birnin Kabul.(20)
Tun daga 2006, mafi mahimmancin tushen sahihan labarai shine gidan yanar gizon, Wikileaks, wanda Julian Assange ya kafa. Yana buga shaidu daga masu fallasa, kuma ya ba da duk shaidun da kowa zai iya bincika, ba tare da 'yan jarida ko 'yan siyasa sun yi amfani da fassarar su ba. Takardun da aka aikewa Wikileaks sun hada da rahoton sojojin Amurka 91,000 na yakin Afghanistan, da rahotanni 490,000 na yakin Iraki. An bayyana waɗannan a matsayin “mafi cikakken cikakken tarihin yaƙi da aka taɓa bayyana. Matsakaicin lokuta, wurare, kirga mutane.” (21) Wikileaks ya bincika waɗannan takardu kuma ya nuna cewa adadin tashin hankali da aka kashe a Afghanistan saboda matakin Amurka ya kai dubu ɗaruruwan mutane.(22) Wannan bayanin ya kasance abin kunya ga Amurka. da gwamnatocin Burtaniya, wadanda suka gwammace su iya aikata laifukan yaki a boye. Don haka ne (tare da gwamnatin Sweden) suke tsananta wa Julian tun shekara ta 2010. Masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa, Nils Melzer, ya bayyana yadda Julian ke azabtar da shi a matsayin azabtarwa.(23) Manufar tsananta masa ita ce aika sako ga kowa da kowa. sauran ‘yan jarida da masu fallasa cewa idan suka fallasa laifukan gwamnatin Amurka, ba ruwansu da inda suke zaune ko aiki, ko daga ina suke, gwamnatin Amurka ma za ta tsananta musu.(24)
Mainstream Media shine Labaran Fake na Gaskiya
Wani ci gaba na kwanan nan shine 'Labarin Karya'. Wannan wani yunƙuri ne na masu ruwa da tsaki na yin riya cewa abin da suke rubutawa aikin jarida ne na gaskiya, da kuma cewa muryoyin da ke kan intanet su kansu gidajen farfaganda ne kawai. Intanet tana ɗaukar kowane hangen nesa da ake iya hasashe, wasu na ban mamaki, wasu ba su da kyau fiye da na yau da kullun, kuma yawancinsu suna kwafi na al'ada. Duk da haka, idan za ku iya yin aiki da inda za ku duba da wanda za ku karanta, mafi yawan rahotanni mafi kyau game da batutuwa masu mahimmanci yanzu suna kan mahimmanci, wadanda ba na al'ada ba, shafukan yanar gizo.
Dubi Shaida
Lokacin da aka tattauna ra'ayoyin da ke cikin waɗannan posts tare da 'yan jarida na yau da kullun, martaninsu na farko ya kasance 'wannan shine ra'ayin ku kawai'. Amma duniya ba ta kasance cikin ra'ayi kawai ba. Akwai irin wannan abu kamar shaida, wanda za a iya amfani dashi don tantance daidaito da gaskiyar ra'ayi. Yawancin maganganun kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ba su da shaida. Kwafi ne na abin da 'yan siyasa da shugabannin kamfanoni suka fada. Shaidar da ta ci karo da wadancan maganganun yawanci ana watsi da su. Duk da dimbin cikakkun bayanai game da laifuffukan Amurka da Birtaniyya da ta'addanci a cikin takardun gwamnati da ba a bayyana ba, da kuma a cikin takardun Wikileaks, manyan kafafen yada labarai na Biritaniya da Amurka har yanzu sun gaza yin kalubalantar yakin da Amurka ke jagoranta.
Makullin Maɓalli
Kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka da na Biritaniya suna da goyon bayan yaƙi, nuna son kai ga kamfanoni
Babban nau'i na son zuciya shine tantancewa-ba-wuta.
Amurka, Birtaniya da sauran gwamnatoci na iya matsawa kafafen yada labarai lamba don su yi biyayya.
Bugu da ari Karatun
David Edwards da David Cromwell, Masu Tsaron Ƙarfi: Tatsuniyar Kafofin Yada Labarai na Liberal
Yanar Gizo mai amfani
gaskiya.org
medialens.org
References
1) John Pilger, 'Ƙarfin Hidden na Media', 1.40, a http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv7a-B15R28
Kwafi a
http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr200/pilger.htm
2) Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, Gaba, bugun 1946
3) Irish Times, 'Maduro na fuskantar sabon zargi yayin da wa'adin zai fara a Venezuela', 10 Jan 2019, a
4) Kara Bryan, 'Man fetur da akida: gaskiyar da ke bayan sha'awar Amurka a Venezuela', Counterfire, 23 Feb 2019, at
5) Pat Arnow, 'Daga kai-kai zuwa Takaddama na hukuma: Haramta hotunan GI da suka ji rauni ba ya haifar da ƙin yarda da kafofin watsa labarai', 1 Afrilu 2007, a
https://fair.org/extra/from-self-censorship-to-official-censorship/
6) David Cromwell da David Edwards, 'Gargadi Daga Auschwitz: Yaya Kuke Harba Jarirai?',16 Mar 2005, at
https://www.medialens.org/2005/a-warning-from-auschwitz/
Ainihin maganar ita ce "'yan jarida waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ra'ayi mai izini, ra'ayi na duniya - duniya da ta ƙunshi masu kai agajin jin kai (mu) da dodo (su) - su ne muhimman abubuwan da ake amfani da su na kashe-kashen gwamnati."
7) Noam Chomsky. Amfanin gama gari, Jaridar Odonian, 1998
8) Craig Murray, 'A cikin duniyar gaskiya da gaskiya, Russiagate ya mutu. A cikin duniyar tsarin siyasa, har yanzu shine sabon 42', 4 Aug 2019, a
9) Julian Assange, 'Cikakken Hira: Julian Assange akan Trump, DNC Emails, Russia, CIA, Vault 7 & More', Democracy Yanzu!, 12 Afrilu 2017, at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpXbgx4hnlc
10) Eric Schmitt, 'Jami'in Abu Ghraib don Fuskantar tuhuma', New York Times, 25 Afrilu 2006, a
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/us/abu-ghraib-officer-to-face-charges.html
11) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War
12) David Miller, 'Taking Sides', 22 Apr 2003, The Guardian, a
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/apr/22/iraqandthemedia.politicsandthemedia
13) 'Karfafa Jami'ai, Rashin Ra'ayi', Mayu/Yuni 2003, Adalci da Daidaituwa A cikin Ba da rahoto, a https://fair.org/extra/amplifying-officials-squelching-dissent/
14) Nazarin Jami'ar Cardiff, wanda aka tattauna a cikin 'BBC shine mafi goyon bayan yakin British Networks', Yuli 10, 2003, a
www.wsws.org/articles/2003/jul2003/bbc-j10.shtml
George Monbiot, 'Greasing Up to Power', Yuli 13, 2004, a
www.monbiot.com/archives/2004/07/13/greasing-up-to-power
Edwards da Cromwell, Masu gadin Mulki, 2006, shafi na 96
15) 'Amanpour: CNN Ta Aiwatar da Kai Tsaye', Satumba 14, 2003, a www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2003-09-14-media-mix_x.htm
16) Justin Lewis et al, 'Ingantacciyar Da Ingantacciyar Jarida ta Burtaniya: Bibiyar canje-canje a cikin shekaru 20', Jami'ar Cardiff, 2008, a
https://orca.cf.ac.uk/18439/1/Quality%20%26%20Independence%20of%20British%20Journalism.pdf
17) Scott Ludlam da David Paris, 'Breaking: Rahoton kan lalacewar 'yancin 'yan jarida a Ostiraliya', Digital Rights Watch, Satumba 2019, a
https://digitalrightswatch.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2701-PressFreedom_Report_digital.pdf
18) Julian Borger, 'Faylolin NSA: dalilin da yasa Guardian a London ya lalata rumbun kwamfyuta na fayilolin leaks', 20 Aug 2013, The Guardian, at
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/20/nsa-snowden-files-drives-destroyed-london
19) David Millikin, 'Yan sandan Ostiraliya sun yi watsi da binciken dan jarida, mai ba da labari', Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Faransa, Mayu 27, 2020, a
https://www.barrons.com/news/australian-police-drop-probe-of-reporter-whistleblower-01590559804
20) 'Bomb Al-Jazeera Ba Wa'azi Ba Ne', Nov 29,2005, a https://newswatch.write2kill.in/news/2005/11/29/bombing-al-jazeera-was-not-a-joke
21) 'Julian Assange cikin Tattaunawa da John Pilger', 32:20 - 33:47, a
http://johnpilger.com/videos/julian-assange-in-conversation-with-john-pilger
22) 'Julian Assange a cikin Tattaunawa da John Pilger', 33:47, a
http://johnpilger.com/videos/julian-assange-in-conversation-with-john-pilger
23) Nils Melzer, 'An ƙirƙiri tsarin kisan kai a gaban idanunmu', hira da Daniel Ryser, Jamhuriya, 31 Jan 2020, a
https://www.republik.ch/2020/01/31/nils-melzer-about-wikileaks-founder-julian-assange
24) Direban Rod, 'Mai ban mamaki na Julian Assange', Znet, 3 ga Yuli 2020, a
https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/the-incredible-stitch-up-of-julian-assange/
Direban sanda malami ne na ɗan lokaci wanda ke da sha'awar kawar da farfagandar Amurka da Burtaniya ta zamani. Wannan shi ne kashi na goma sha biyu a cikin jerin jigo mai suna Elephants In The Room, wanda ke ƙoƙarin samar da jagorar mafari don fahimtar ainihin abin da ke faruwa dangane da yaƙi, ta'addanci, tattalin arziki da talauci, ba tare da shirme ba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun.
An fara buga wannan labarin a medium.com/elephantsintheroom
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
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