Wannan maƙala bita ce ta Legacy na toka: Tarihin CIA by Tim Weiner (Doubleday, 702 pp., $27.95).
Jama'ar Amirka na iya zama ba su sani ba amma suna da wasu munanan matsaloli tare da ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin gwamnatinsu, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya. Saboda kusan cikakken sirrin da ke tattare da ayyukanta da kuma rashin kididdigar kudin da ake kashewa a kan yadda take kashe kudaden da aka ware mata a boye a cikin kasafin kudin tsaro, ba zai yuwu 'yan kasar su san abin da CIA ta kusan ma'aikatanta 17,000 ke yi da, ko kuma nasu. rabon kowace shekara $ 44 biliyan-$ 48 biliyan ko fiye da kashewa akan "hankali." Wannan rashin iya lissafin wani abu a CIA shine, duk da haka, matsala ɗaya ce kawai tare da Hukumar kuma ba ta da wahala mafi mahimmanci ko dai.
A halin yanzu dai aƙalla ana ci gaba da shari'ar laifuka guda biyu a Italiya da Jamus kan jami'an CIA da dama da suka aikata laifukan da aka aikata a waɗannan ƙasashe, ciki har da yin garkuwa da mutanen da ke da haƙƙin zama a Jamus da Italiya, tare da kai su ƙasashe kamar Masar da Jordan ba bisa ka'ida ba. azabtarwa, da kuma haifar da su "bacewa" zuwa cikin asirce na waje ko CIA da ke cikin kurkuku a wajen Amurka ba tare da wani tsari na doka ba.
Yiwuwar cewa kuɗaɗen CIA kawai masu ɓarna ne kuma yana da girma. Tsohon jami'in na CIA mai lamba uku, babban darektan sa kuma babban jami'in siyan kayayyaki, Kyle "Dusty" Foggo, shine yanzu. karkashin tuhumar gwamnatin tarayya a San Diego don lalata kwangilar ruwa, sabis na iska, da motocin sulke ga abokin rayuwa kuma ɗan kwangilar tsaro, Brent Wilkes, wanda bai cancanci yin ayyukan da ake nema ba. A sakamakon haka, Wilkes ya bi da Foggo zuwa dubban daloli na tafiye-tafiye na hutu da abincin dare, kuma ya yi masa alkawarin samun babban aiki a kamfaninsa lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga CIA.
Shekaru 1981 da suka gabata, a wani yunƙuri marar amfani na samar da wasu bincike kan rashin ɗabi'a ta CIA, gwamnatin Gerald Ford ta ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Kula da Leken Asiri na Shugaban. Ya kasance mai sa ido na farar hula akan Hukumar. Umurnin zartarwa na XNUMX na Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya sanya hukumar ta dindindin kuma ta ba ta aikin gano laifin keta doka na CIA (yayin da ke ɓoye su don kada su yi haɗari ga tsaron ƙasa). Ta hanyar gwamnatoci biyar da suka gabata, membobin hukumar - duk fararen hular da ba gwamnati ba aiki - sun ba da rahoto sosai tare da bincikar wasu manyan ayyukan sirri na CIA waɗanda da alama sun keta iyakokin doka.
Koyaya, a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2007, John Solomon na Washington Post ruwaito cewa, a cikin shekaru biyar da rabi na farko na gwamnatin Bush, Hukumar Kula da Leken asiri ba ta yi wani abu ba - babu wani bincike, babu rahotanni, babu tambayoyi ga jami'an CIA. Babu shakka ba ta sami dalilin yin bincike kan hanyoyin tambayoyi da ma’aikatan Hukumar ke amfani da su a gidajen yari na asirce ko kuma mayar da fursunoni zuwa ƙasashen da ke amfani da azabtarwa, ko sauraran waya a cikin gida da kotun tarayya ba ta ba da izini ba.
Su wane ne ’yan wannan kwamitin da ba na sa ido ba na gani-ba-mugunta, ba-ji-ba-mugunta, magana-ba-mugun birai? Kwamitin da aka kafa a yanzu yana karkashin jagorancin tsohon mai ba Bush shawara kan tattalin arziki Stephen Friedman. Ya hada da Don Evans, tsohon sakataren kasuwanci kuma abokin shugaban kasa, tsohon Admiral David Jeremiah, da lauya Arthur B. Culvahouse. Abin da kawai suka cim ma shi ne su nuna rashin amincewarsu ga wani doka ta shugaban Amurka.
Ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin dimokiradiyya ta CIA sun yi rinjaye tun lokacin da aka kirkiro shi a cikin 1947. Duk da haka, a matsayinmu na 'yan kasa a yanzu, a karon farko, an ba mu kewayon mahimman bayanai masu mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda wannan yanayin ya faru da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya kasance. don haka ba zai yiwu a gyara ba. Muna da dogon tarihi da aka rubuta na CIA tun daga farkon yakin duniya na biyu zuwa gazawarta wajen samar da ko da mafi girman bayanai game da Iraki kafin mamayewar kasar a 2003.
Rubutun CIA da ba a tantance ba
Littafin Tim Weiner, Gadon Toka, yana da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma tabbas ɗaya shine cewa yana dawo da shi daga matattu yiwuwar aikin jarida na iya taimaka wa ƴan ƙasa yin sa ido a matakin farko kan gwamnatinmu. Har sai kyakkyawan ƙoƙarin Weiner, da na yarda da shi Seymour Hersh cewa, a halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na shugabancin Amurka da manufofin harkokin waje, an kusan kammala gazawar ‘yan jaridu. ‘Yan jaridun mu gaba daya ba su ma yi kokarin kutsawa cikin sirrin da bangaren zartarwa ke jefawa ba don kau da kai daga binciken ayyukan da ya sabawa doka da kuma gazawa. Wannan shi ne littafi na farko da na karanta a cikin dogon lokaci wanda ke tattara mahimman maganganunsa ta hanyar da ta wuce tambayar masu karatu kawai su amince da mai jarida.
Weiner, a New York Times wakilin, ya kasance yana aiki Gadon Toka tsawon shekaru 20. Ya karanta fiye da takardun gwamnati 50,000, akasari daga CIA, Fadar White House, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen. Ya taka rawar gani wajen sanya shirin CIA Records Search Technology (CREST) na National Archives ya bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu, musamman a 2005 da 2006. Ya karanta fiye da tarihin baka 2,000 na jami'an leken asirin Amurka, sojoji, da jami'an diflomasiyya kuma yana da kansa. ya gudanar da hirarraki sama da 300 a rubuce tare da jami'an CIA na yanzu da na baya, ciki har da tsoffin daraktoci goma na hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya. Gaskiya na musamman a tsakanin marubutan littattafai a kan CIA, ya yi da'awar mai zuwa: "Wannan littafin yana kan rikodin - ba majiyoyin da ba a san su ba, babu makafi, babu ji."
Tarihin Weiner ya ƙunshi shafuka 154 na ƙarshen bayanin kula da aka maƙalla don sharhi a cikin rubutu. (Ƙididdigar bayanin kula da daidaitattun nassoshi na ilimi da an fi so, da kuma rubutattun littafi mai tsarki da ke ba da bayani kan inda za a iya samun takardu; amma abin da ya yi har yanzu yana da shekaru masu haske a gaban ayyukan gasa. takardu, tambayoyi, da tarihin baka. Har ila yau, Weiner ya lura: “CIA ta yi watsi da alkawuran da darektoci uku a jere na tsakiya suka yi -- [Robert] Gates, [James] Woolsey, da [John] Deutch - don bayyana bayanan kan manyan ayyuka tara na boye: Faransa da Italiya a cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950; Koriya ta Arewa a shekarun 1950; Iran a 1953; Indonesia a 1958; Tibet a shekarun 1950 da 1960; da Kongo, Jamhuriyar Dominican, da Laos a cikin 1960s." Duk da haka yana da ikon samar da mahimman bayanai kan kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan daga majiyoyin da ba na hukuma ba, amma cikakkun an gano su.
A cikin Mayu 2003, bayan dogon jinkiri, gwamnati ta ƙarshe ta fitar da takaddun kan canjin tsarin mulkin Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower na injiniya a Guatemala a 1954; yawancin bayanan da aka samu daga Bay of Pigs fiasco na 1961 wanda CIA ta ƙirƙira sojojin gudun hijira na Cuban sun tafi mutuwarsu ko kuma kurkuku a cikin mummunan mamaye tsibirin da aka saki; da kuma rahotanni A 1953 CIA ta hambarar da firaministan Iran Mohammad Mossadeq an fallasa su. Ƙoƙarin Weiner da littafinsa da aka samu, abubuwan tarihi ne ga bincike mai zurfi na tarihi a cikin zargin "buɗaɗɗen al'umma." Duk da haka, ya yi gargaɗi.
"Lokacin da nake tattarawa da samun izinin ƙaddamar da wasu bayanan CIA da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan littafi a cikin National Archives, hukumar (CIA) ta shiga wani yunƙuri na ɓoye da yawa daga cikin waɗannan bayanan, tun daga 1940s, saba doka da karya maganarta. Amma duk da haka, ayyukan masana tarihi, masu adana kayan tarihi, da ’yan jarida sun samar da tushe na takardu da za a iya gina littafi a kansu.”
Hare-haren Mamaki
A matsayin ra'ayi, idan ba ainihin mahallin ba, Cibiyar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya ta samo asali ne sakamakon ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, lokacin da Japanawa suka kai hari ga sansanin sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Pearl Harbor. An kawo ƙarshen aikin, kamar yadda Weiner ya bayyana, a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, lokacin da ma'aikatan al-Qaeda suka yi garkuwa da jiragen sama a cikin hasumiya na kasuwanci na duniya a Manhattan da Pentagon a Washington, DC. Duka hare-haren sun kasance harin ba-zata mai nasara.
Ita kanta hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya an kirkireta ne a lokacin gwamnatin Truman domin hana kai hare-hare na ban mamaki a nan gaba kamar Pearl Harbor ta hanyar fallasa shirye-shiryensu da kuma yin gargadi a kansu. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, CIA ta bayyana a matsayin gazawa daidai saboda ta kasa gano makircin al-Qaeda da kuma yin kararrawa game da harin ba-zata wanda zai tabbatar da kusan lalata kamar Pearl Harbor. Bayan 9/11, Hukumar, bayan da ta yi watsi da kanta, ta shiga cikin raguwa mai zurfi kuma ta gama aikin. Weiner ya kammala da cewa: "A karkashin jagorancin [CIA Darakta George Tenet], hukumar ta samar da mafi munin aiki a cikin dogon tarihinta: kiyasin leken asirin kasa na musamman mai taken 'Shirye-shiryen Ci gaba da Ci gaba da Iraki don Makamai na Rusa Jama'a.'" Yana da axiomatic cewa, kamar yadda Shugabannin siyasa sun rasa imani da hukumar leken asiri kuma suka daina sauraronta, aikinta ya kare, koda kuwa mutanen da ke aiki a wurin sun ci gaba da kai rahoto ga ofisoshinsu.
A cikin Disamba 1941, akwai isassun bayanan sirri game da ayyukan Japan don Amurka ta kasance cikin shiri sosai don harin ba-zata. Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Naval ta karya ka'idojin diflomasiyya da na soja na Japan; An ba da izinin tashoshin radar da jiragen sintiri (amma ba a kai su gabaɗaya ba); kuma ilimin dabarun dabarun Jafananci halaye da iyawa (idan ba niyya ba) ya isa. Hukumar ta FBI ta ma lura da wani babban jakadan Japan a Honolulu yana kona bayanan a bayan gidansa amma ya ba da rahoton wannan bayanin ga Darakta J. Edgar Hoover kawai, wanda bai mika shi ba.
Rashin babban ofishi ne don tattarawa, tantancewa, da kuma sanya sigar da ta dace don gabatarwa ga shugaban kasa duk bayanan gwamnatin Amurka kan wani muhimmin batu. A cikin 1941, akwai sigina da yawa game da abin da ke zuwa, amma gwamnatin Amurka ba ta da ƙungiya da ƙwarewa don bambanta sigina na gaskiya daga bangon "hayan" na sadarwar yau da kullum. A cikin shekarun 1950, Roberta Wohlstetter, masanin dabarun tunani na rundunar Sojan Sama, RAND Corporation, ya rubuta wani binciken sirri wanda ya rubuta gazawar daidaitawa da gazawar sadarwa da ta kai ga Pearl Harbor. (mai take Harbor Pearl: Gargaɗi da Shawara, Jami'ar Stanford Press ta buga shi kuma ta buga shi a cikin 1962.)
Gadar OSS
Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa ta 1947 ta kirkiro CIA tare da jaddada kalmar "tsakiya" a cikin take. Ya kamata Hukumar ta zama kungiya mai haɗin kai wacce za ta tattara da kuma rubuta duk bayanan da ake da su, tare da ba da ita ga shugabannin siyasa ta hanyar da za a iya sarrafa su. Dokar ta baiwa CIA ayyuka biyar, hudu daga cikinsu suna ma'amala da tattarawa, daidaitawa, da yada bayanan sirri daga budadden majiyoyi da kuma leken asiri. Aiki na biyar ne - wanda aka shigar a cikin wani sashe mai ban sha'awa wanda ya ba CIA damar yin irin waɗannan ayyuka da ayyukan da suka shafi leken asirin da ke shafar tsaron ƙasa kamar yadda Kwamitin Tsaro na ƙasa na iya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci kai tsaye - wanda ya juya CIA cikin na sirri, sirri, sojojin shugaban kasa da ba za a yi la'akari da su ba.
Tun da farko, Hukumar ta kasa yin abin da Shugaba Truman ya sa ran daga gare ta, yana juyowa lokaci ɗaya zuwa ayyukan "alkyabba-da-dagger" waɗanda a fili suka wuce aikinta kuma ba su da cikakkiyar ma'ana a cikin kowace babbar dabarar gwamnatin Amurka. Weiner ya jaddada cewa ainihin marubucin ayyukan sirri na CIA shine George Kennan, babban jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin waje a Tarayyar Soviet kuma mahaliccin ra'ayin "dauke" yaduwar gurguzu maimakon zuwa yaki da ("juya baya"). USSR.
Kennan ya firgita saboda sauƙin da Soviets ke kafa tauraron dan adam a Gabashin Turai kuma yana so ya “yaka da wuta.” Wasu kuma sun haɗa tare da shi don inganta wannan ajanda, sama da duk tsoffin ma'aikatan Ofishin Dabaru (OSS), rukunin da, a ƙarƙashin Janar William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya aika da masu saɓo a bayan layin abokan gaba, ya yada. rarrabuwar kawuna da farfaganda don yaudarar sojojin Axis, da kuma kokarin daukar mayakan gwagwarmaya a kasashen da aka mamaye.
A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1945, Truman ya soke OSS - nasara ta doka ga Pentagon, Ma'aikatar Jiha, da FBI, dukansu sun ɗauki OSS wata ƙungiya mai tasowa wadda ta yi tasiri a kan hukunce-hukuncen su. Yawancin shugabannin CIA na farko sun kasance tsofaffin OSS kuma sun sadaukar da kansu don ƙarfafawa da shigar da sabuwar motar su don tasiri a Washington. Har ila yau, sun yi imani da cewa su mutane ne da ke da manufa ta son kai mai girgiza duniya kuma, a sakamakon haka, sun wuce dokar da aka saba yi wa jami'an gwamnati.
Tun daga farkonta CIA ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu cin karo da juna na abin da ya kamata ta yi, kuma babu wani shugaban da ya taɓa yin nasarar gyara ko warware wannan lamarin. Binciken leƙen asiri da hankali yana neman sanin duniya yadda take; aiki a ɓoye yana neman canza duniya, ko ta fahimce ta ko a'a. Mafi kyawun misalin CIA na aikin tattara bayanan sirri shine Richard Helms, darektan leken asirin tsakiya (DCI) daga 1966 zuwa 1973 (wanda ya mutu a 2002). Babban jigon aikin alkyabbar-dagger shine Frank Wisner, darektan ayyuka na CIA daga 1948 har zuwa ƙarshen 1950 lokacin da ya haukace kuma, a cikin 1965, ya kashe kansa. Wisner bai taɓa samun haƙuri don leƙen asiri ba.
Weiner ya faɗi William Colby, DCI na gaba (1973-1976), akan wannan batu. Rarrabuwar da masana sashen bincike da bincike suka yi da ‘yan leken asiri na aikin sirri ya haifar da al’adu biyu a cikin sana’ar leken asiri, ya ce, “raba, rashin daidaito, da raina juna. Wannan zargi ya kasance gaskiya a cikin shekaru 60 na farko na CIA.
A shekara ta 1964, sabis na sirri na CIA yana cinye kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kasafin kudinta da kashi 90% na lokacin darektan. Hukumar ta taru a karkashin rufin rufin daya dillalan Wall Street, Farfesa Ivy League, sojoji na arziki, ad men, labarai, stunt maza, masu benaye na biyu, da mazaje. Ba su taɓa koyon yin aiki tare ba - sakamakon ƙarshe shine jerin gazawa a cikin hankali da ayyukan ɓoye. A cikin Janairu 1961, lokacin da ya bar ofis bayan wa'adi biyu, Shugaba Eisenhower ya riga ya fahimci lamarin sosai. "Babu wani abu da ya canza tun daga Pearl Harbor," ya gaya wa darektan leken asirinsa, Allen Dulles. "Na bar gadon toka ga magajina." Weiner, ba shakka, ya zana takensa daga misalin Eisenhower. Zai yi muni ne a shekaru masu zuwa.
Rubuce-rubucen tarihi babu shakka. {Asar Amirka na da hannu da shuni wajen yin ciki da aiwatar da ayyukan sirri, kuma ba ta da kyau a leƙen asiri; Ma'aikatanta ba su da isasshen ilimin harshe da al'adu na ƙasashen da aka yi niyya don ɗaukar 'yan leƙen asiri yadda ya kamata. CIA kuma da alama tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin leƙen asiri mafi sauƙi a duniya. Tun daga farko, ta yi asarar kadarorinta ga wakilai biyu.
Yawanci, a farkon shekarun 1950, Hukumar ta ba da miliyoyin daloli na sandunan zinare, makamai, rediyon hanyoyi biyu, da wakilai zuwa Poland don tallafawa abin da manyan jami'anta suka yi imani da cewa wani yunkuri ne na karkashin kasa na Poland a kan Soviets. A gaskiya ma, jami'an Soviet sun shafe shekaru da suka wuce, sun juya manyan mutane a cikinta zuwa wakilai biyu, kuma sun buga CIA don suckers. Kamar yadda Weiner yayi sharhi, ba wai kawai yana da shekaru biyar na shirye-shiryen ba, wakilai daban-daban, da miliyoyin daloli "sun sauka cikin magudanar ruwa," amma "rashin da ba daidai ba zai iya kasancewa binciken [Hukumar] cewa 'yan sanda sun aika da guntun kudaden CIA. zuwa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya." [pp. shafi na 67-68]
Labarin ba zai ƙare ba. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1994, Hukumar daga ƙarshe ta gano tare da kama Aldrich Ames, babban jami’in hukumar CIA na yaƙi da leƙen asiri na Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Turai, wanda ya yi aikin leƙen asiri na USSR tsawon shekaru bakwai kuma ya aika da jami’an Amurka da yawa kafin KGB ta harbe shi. Weiner yayi sharhi, "Batun Ames ya nuna rashin kulawar hukumomi wanda ke da nasaba da sakaci." [p. 451]
Neman Hanyoyin Fasaha
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, don rama waɗannan munanan gazawa, CIA ta ƙara juyowa zuwa siginar hankali da sauran hanyoyin fasaha na leƙen asiri kamar jirgin sama na binciken U-2 da tauraron dan adam. A cikin 1952, manyan shugabannin CIA sun ƙirƙiri Hukumar Tsaro ta ƙasa - sashin sauraren sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a da ƙididdiga - don shawo kan gazawar Hukumar ta sanya duk wani ɗan leƙen asiri a Koriya ta Arewa yayin Yaƙin Koriya. Rikicin Hukumar a Bay of Pigs a Cuba ya jagoranci Pentagon mai takaici don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro a matsayin bincike kan sha'awar soja na jami'an sabis na sirri na CIA.
Har yanzu, hanyoyin fasaha, ko leƙen asiri ta tauraron dan adam ko sauraran bayanan lantarki, ba safai suke bayyana niyyar ba - kuma wannan shine raison d'tre na ƙididdigar hankali. Kamar yadda Haviland Smith, wanda ya gudanar da ayyuka a kan USSR a cikin 1960s da 1970s, ya yi kuka, "Abin da kawai ya ɓace shine - ba mu da wani abu a kan manufofin Soviet. Kuma ban san yadda kuke samun hakan ba. Kuma haka ne sharuɗɗan sabis na ɓoye [An jaddada a asali, shafi na 360-61]).
Haƙiƙanin bayanan sirri da aka tattara sun kasance kamar matsala. A kan mafi mahimmancin ƙididdigar bayanan sirri na shekara-shekara a duk lokacin Yaƙin Cacar - na tsarin yaƙin Soviet - CIA koyaushe ta wuce girman girmanta da barazanarta. Sa'an nan, don ƙara zagi ga rauni, a ƙarƙashin George H.W. Bush a matsayin DCI (1976-77), hukumar ta tarwatsa kanta a kan ikirari na hannun dama da ba a san shi ba cewa hakika gaskiya ne. rashin kimantawa Sojojin Soviet. Sakamakon shine nadin "Team B" a lokacin shugabancin Ford, wanda 'yan gudun hijirar Poland da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka jagoranci. An ɗaure shi don "gyara" aikin Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa.
Weiner ya rubuta cewa: "Bayan yakin cacar baki ya kare, hukumar ta gwada sakamakon binciken kungiyar B. Kowannensu ya yi kuskure.” [p. 352] Amma matsalar ba ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin CIA ba ne kawai don matsin lamba na siyasa. Hakanan tsari ne: "[F] ko shekaru goma sha uku, daga zamanin Nixon zuwa kwanakin mutuwar Cold War, kowane ƙididdiga na dabarun nukiliyar Soviet. karin bayani [mahimmanci a asali] ƙimar da Moscow ke sabunta makamanta. " [p. 297]
Daga 1967 zuwa 1973, na yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a waje ga Ofishin Kiyasta na Ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararru kusan goma da aka kawo don ƙoƙarin shawo kan myopia da bureaucratism da ke tattare da rubuta waɗannan ƙididdiga ta ƙasa. Na tuna da muhawara mai ban tsoro game da yadda fasahar kera na bincike mafi muni na makaman Soviet ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka tseren makamai. Wasu manyan manazarta bayanan sirri sun yi kokarin kalubalantar matsin lambar sojojin sama da rukunin sojoji da masana'antu. Duk da haka, Marigayi John Huizenga, kwararre mai sharhi kan leken asiri wanda ya jagoranci ofishin kididdigar kasa daga 1971 har zuwa lokacin da DCI James Schlesinger ya wanke hukumar a shekarar 1973, a fili ya ce wa masana tarihi na CIA:
“A baya-bayan nan…. A gaskiya ban yi imani da cewa wata ƙungiyar leƙen asiri a cikin wannan gwamnati za ta iya isar da samfurin nazari na gaskiya ba tare da fuskantar haɗarin jayayyar siyasa ba. . . . Ina tsammanin cewa hankali ya ɗan yi tasiri a kan manufofin da muka yi tsawon shekaru. Dan kadan babu. . . . Fi dacewa, abin da aka zaci shi ne. . . bincike mai zurfi na iya…. Taimaka wa bangaren siyasa don sake nazarin wuraren, samar da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare, mafi kusanci ga gaskiyar duniya. Waɗannan su ne manyan buri waɗanda nake ganin ba a taɓa cimma su ba.” [p. 353]
A ɓangaren ɓoye, kuɗin ɗan adam ya fi girma. CIA ta ci gaba, kusan ko da yaushe bata, yunƙurin ƙayyade yadda sauran mutane ya kamata su mallaki kansu; goyon bayansa na sirri ga masu fasikanci (misali, Girka a karkashin George Papadopoulos), mayakan soja (misali, Chile karkashin Janar Augusto Pinochet), da masu kisan kai (misali, Kongo karkashin Joseph Mobutu); goyon bayan da ba a so ba ga ƙungiyoyin kisa (El Salvador) da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini (Musulmi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Afganistan) - duk waɗannan ayyuka da ƙari sun haɗa da barkono a duniya tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali a kan Amurka.
Babu wani abu da ya yi fiye da zubar da mutuncin Amurka fiye da yadda CIA ta "kwance" (kawai dangane da jama'ar Amurka) kisan shugabannin Vietnam ta Kudu da Kongo, da cin zarafin gwamnatocin Iran, Indonesia (sau uku). ), Koriya ta Kudu (sau biyu), duk jihohin Indochine, kusan kowace gwamnati a Latin Amurka, da Lebanon, Afghanistan, da Iraki. Mutuwar wadannan hare-haren dauke da makamai ya kai miliyoyin. Bayan 9/11, Shugaba Bush ya tambayi "Me yasa suke ƙin mu?" Daga Iran (1953) zuwa Iraki (2003), tambaya mafi kyau ita ce, "Wane ne ba ya?"
Cash Nexus
Akwai babban keɓanta ga wannan hoton na dogon lokaci na gazawar Hukumar. Weiner ya rubuta cewa, "Makamin guda ɗaya da CIA ta yi amfani da shi tare da ƙware mafi girma, tsabar kuɗi ne. Hukumar ta yi fice wajen siyan hidimar ‘yan siyasar kasashen waje.” [p. 116] Ya fara ne da zaɓen Italiya na Afrilu 1948. Har yanzu CIA ba ta da wata kafaffen tushen kuɗi na ɓoye kuma dole ne ta tattara ta a asirce daga ma'aikatan Wall Street, attajiran Italiya-Amurkawa, da sauransu.
"An ba da miliyoyin ne ga 'yan siyasar Italiya da limaman cocin Katolika, wani bangare na siyasa na Vatican. Akwatunan da aka shigar da tsabar kuɗi sun canza hannayensu a cikin otal ɗin Hassler mai tauraro huɗu. . . . Jam'iyyar Christian Democrats ta Italiya ta yi nasara da rata mai dadi kuma ta kafa gwamnatin da ta ware 'yan gurguzu. Dogon soyayya tsakanin jam'iyyar [Christian Democratic] da hukumar ta fara. Ayyukan CIA na siyan zaɓe da 'yan siyasa da jakunkuna na kuɗi an sake maimaita su a Italiya - da sauran ƙasashe da yawa - na shekaru ashirin da biyar masu zuwa." [p. 27]
A ƙarshe CIA ta kashe aƙalla dala miliyan 65 akan 'yan siyasar Italiya - gami da "kowane Kirista Democrat wanda ya taɓa cin zaɓe na ƙasa a Italiya." [p. 298] Yayin da Shirin Marshall don sake gina Turai ya tashi cikin sauri a ƙarshen 1940s, CIA ta ɓoye kudaden da take bukata daga asusun Marshall Plan. Bayan da shirin ya ƙare, asusun sirri da aka binne a cikin lissafin kasafin shekara-shekara na tsaro ya ci gaba da ba da kuɗin ayyukan CIA.
Bayan Italiya, CIA ta koma Japan, ta biya don kawo Nobusuke Kishi a matsayin Firayim Minista na Japan (a ofishin 1957-1960), ministan yakin duniya na biyu na kasar. Daga karshe ta yi amfani da karfinta na kudi wajen shigar da jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (mai ra'ayin mazan jiya) kan mulki da kuma mayar da kasar Japan kasa mai jam'iyya daya, wadda ta kasance har yau. Ƙaunar da CIA ta ci gaba da ba da tallafin zaɓe na "dimokiradiyya" a Yammacin Turai, Latin Amurka, da Gabashin Asiya, tun daga ƙarshen 1950s, ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi tare da Amurka da kuma nuna rashin fahimta game da akidar da ta yi amfani da shi. farkon yakin cacar baka.
Wani babban amfani da kuɗinsa shi ne yaƙin neman zaɓe na banki a Yammacin Turai zuwa jaridu da littattafai masu tasiri na Soviet. Ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga halayen ɗalibai da masu ilimi, CIA ta ɗauki nauyin mujallu na adabi a Jamus (Da Monatda kuma Birtaniya (Haɗuwa), ya inganta fahimi a cikin zane-zane a matsayin madadin ra'ayin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya ba da kuɗin bugawa da rarraba littattafai sama da miliyan biyu da rabi a asirce. Weiner yana kula da waɗannan ayyukan a hankali. Ya kamata ya tuntubi Frances Stonor Saunders ba makawa Yaƙin Yakin Al'adu: CIA da Duniyar Fasaha da Wasiƙu.
Boye Rashin iyawa
Duk da wannan, CIA ta sami kariya daga zargi ta hanyar sirrinta da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba da kuma ƙoƙarin farfagandar shugabanni kamar Allen W. Dulles, darektan Hukumar a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Eisenhower, da Richard Bissell, shugaban sabis na ɓoye bayan Wisner. Ko da lokacin da CIA ta yi kama da gazawa a duk abin da ta yi, in ji Weiner, "Ikon wakiltar gazawa kamar yadda nasara ta zama al'adar CIA." [p. 58]
Bayan shiga tsakani da kasar Sin ta yi a yakin Koriya, CIA ta jefa wasu jami'an kasashen waje 212 zuwa Manchuria. A cikin 'yan kwanaki, an kashe 101 tare da kama sauran 111 - amma an dakile wannan bayanin yadda ya kamata. Babban jami'in CIA a Seoul, Albert R. Haney, wani kanal na soja da ba shi da kwarewa kuma mai kirkiro leken asiri, bai taba zargin cewa daruruwan jami'an da ya ce suna yi masa aiki ba duk sun kai rahoto ga jami'an kula da Koriya ta Arewa.
Haney ya tsira daga rawar da ya taka a yakin Koriya saboda, a karshen ziyararsa a watan Nuwambar 1952, ya taimaka wajen shirya jigilar wani babban hafsan sojin ruwa da ya ji rauni zuwa Amurka. Wannan Marine ya zama ɗan Allen Dulles, wanda ya biya bashin godiyarsa ta hanyar sanya Haney ya jagoranci aikin ɓoye wanda - duk da cewa ya yi nasara wajen hambarar da gwamnatin Guatemala ta Shugaba Jacobo Arbenz. a 1954. Aikin hannun CIA a Guatemala a ƙarshe ya kai ga mutuwar fararen hula 200,000 a cikin shekaru 40 na zubar da jini da yakin basasa wanda ya biyo bayan zagon kasa na zababbiyar gwamnati saboda kamfanin United Fruit Company.
Weiner ya ba da gudunmawa mara ƙididdigewa ga ɓoyayyun batutuwa na manufofin ketare na baya-bayan nan, wasunsu har yanzu suna ci gaba. Misali, yayin muhawara kan mamayewar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki bayan shekara ta 2003, daya daga cikin koke-koken da ake yi a kai a kai shi ne cewa CIA ba ta da damar samun wakili guda a cikin da'irar Saddam Hussein na ciki. Hakan ba gaskiya ba ne. Abin ban mamaki, ma'aikatar leken asiri ta Faransa - wata ƙasa 'yan siyasar Amurka da aka zarge ta a bainar jama'a saboda gazawarta na tallafa mana - ta haɓaka Naji Sabri, ministan harkokin wajen Iraki. Sabri ya shaidawa hukumar Faransa da kuma ta gwamnatin Amurka cewa Saddam Hussein ba shi da wani shirin makaman nukiliya ko na halitta, amma CIA ta yi biris da shi. Weiner yayi tsokaci sosai, "CIA kusan ba ta da ikon yin nazari daidai abin da ƙaramin hankali yake da shi." [pp. 666-67, n. 487]
Watakila mafi ban dariya na duk ayyukan sirri na CIA - abin takaici duk ma irin ayyukanta na sirri a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata - shine leken asirin da ta yi a cikin 1994 akan sabuwar jakadan Amurka a Guatemala, Marilyn McAfee, wanda ya nemi haɓaka manufofin ɗan adam. hakkoki da adalci a wannan kasa. Mai aminci ga ma'aikacin leken asirin Guatemala mai kisan gilla, CIA ta damke dakin kwananta kuma ta dauki sautin da ya sa wakilansu suka kammala cewa jakadiyar tana soyayya da madigo da sakatariyarta, Carol Murphy. Shugabar tashar ta CIA ta "yi rikodin abubuwan da take so ga Murphy." Hukumar ta yada labarin a Washington cewa jakadan mai sassaucin ra'ayi 'yar madigo ce ba tare da sanin cewa "Murphy" ita ce sunan baƙar fata mai shekaru biyu ba. Kwaron da ke cikin ɗakin kwananta ya yi rikodin yadda ta ke cin karenta. Hasali ma matar aure ce daga dangin mazan jiya. [p. 459]
A cikin watan Agusta na 1945, Janar William Donovan, shugaban OSS, ya ce wa Shugaba Truman, "Kafin yakin da ake yi, Amurka ba ta da wani ma'aikacin leken asiri na waje. Ba a taɓa samun kuma yanzu ba ta da tsarin haɗin gwiwar leƙen asiri." Weiner ya kara da cewa, "Abin takaici, har yanzu ba shi da daya." Na yarda da kimantawar Weiner, amma bisa ga ingantaccen abin koyi na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya a cikin Gadon Toka, Bana jin cewa wannan bala'i ne. Idan aka yi la'akari da shaidarsa, da wuya a yarda cewa Amurka ba za ta fi kyau ba idan ta bar tattara bayanan sirri da bincike ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen da kuma sanya ayyukan ɓoye da ba safai ba ga Pentagon.
Na yi imani cewa wannan shine inda muke tsaye a yau: CIA ta gaza da kyau, kuma zai zama muhimmin mataki na maido da ma'auni a cikin tsarin siyasar mu kawai don kawar da shi. Wasu masu lura da al'amuran yau da kullun suna jayayya cewa wannan ba zai zama cikakkiyar magani ba saboda abin da gwamnati a yanzu ke kira "al'umman hankali" - cikakke tare da. shafin yanar gizo nasa - ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin leƙen asiri 16 masu hankali da gasa waɗanda ke shirye don shiga cikin takalmin CIA. Wannan, duk da haka, rashin fahimta ne. Yawancin membobin ƙungiyar da ake kira ƙungiyar leƙen asiri sune abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na ingantattun sassa ko kuma suna cikin ƙungiyoyin fasaha na musamman waɗanda ayyukansu ba su da alaƙa da ko dai leƙen asiri ko balaguron alkyabba.
Ƙungiyoyi goma sha shida sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin leƙen asiri na kowane sabis na soja - Sojan Sama, Sojoji, Guard Coast, Marine Corps, Navy, da Hukumar Leken Asiri na Tsaro - kuma suna nuna adawa tsakanin sabis fiye da bukatun kasa ko bukatun kasa; Sassan Makamashi, Tsaron Gida, Jiha, Baitulmali, da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna, da kuma FBI da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa; da kuma sassan da aka sadaukar da tauraron dan adam da bincike (Hukumar Leken Asirin Geospatial ta Kasa, Ofishin Binciken Kasa). Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan raka'o'in da za su iya yin gasa da CIA ita ce wanda na ba da shawarar maye gurbinsa - wato, Ofishin Tsaro da Bincike na Ma'aikatar Jiha (INR). Abin sha'awa shine, yana da mafi kyawun rikodin duk wani jami'in leken asirin Amurka a cikin nazarin Iraki a karkashin Saddam Hussein da kuma kimanta abin da zai iya faruwa idan muka bi tsarin kuskuren gwamnatin Bush na mamaye kasarsa. Aikinsa, ba shakka, Fadar White House ta Bush-Cheney ta yi watsi da shi.
Weiner bai ƙunshi kowane bangare na rikodin CIA ba, amma littafinsa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wurare don ɗan ƙasa mai mahimmanci ya fara fahimtar zurfin da gwamnatinmu ta nutse. Har ila yau, ya kawo darasi cewa hukumar leken asirin da ba ta da kwarewa ko rashin da'a na iya zama babbar barazana ga tsaron kasa kamar ba ta da komai.
Sabon littafin Chalmers Johnson shine Nemesis: Kwanaki na Ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Amirka (Littattafan Metropolitan, 2007). Shi ne juzu'insa na uku Blowback Trilogy, wanda kuma ya hada da Blowback da kuma The Sorrows na Empire. Farfesa mai ritaya na dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar California (Cibiyoyin Berkeley da San Diego) kuma marubucin wasu littattafai goma sha bakwai da farko kan siyasa da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya, Johnson shi ne shugaban Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Japan.
[Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana Tomdispatch.com, wani gidan yanar gizo na Cibiyar Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyoyi daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin bugawa, co-kafa Aikin Daular Amurka kuma marubucin Ba a cimma manufa ba (Littattafan Nation), tarin farko na tambayoyin Tomdispatch.]
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi