Rev. Daniel Berrigan, fitaccen mai fafutukar yaki da yaki, mawaki wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, marubuci kuma limamin Jesuit, wanda ya karfafa adawar addini ga yakin Vietnam da kuma masana'antar makamin nukiliyar Amurka, ya mutu yana da shekaru 94, mako guda kacal yana jin kunya da 95.th birthday.
Ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a asibitin Jesuit da ke Murray-Weigel Hall a cikin Bronx. Na ziyarce shi a makon da ya gabata. Ya dade yana cikin rashin lafiya.
Dan Berrigan ya buga litattafai sama da hamsin na wakoki, kasidu, mujallu da sharhin nassi, da kuma wasan da ya lashe lambar yabo, “The Trial of the Catonsville Nine,” a cikin rayuwarsa ta ban mamaki, amma ya fi shahara da ƙona daftarin fayiloli tare da napalm na gida. tare da ɗan'uwansa Philip da wasu mutane takwas a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1968, a Catonsville, Maryland, suna tayar da zanga-zangar ƙasa da ƙasa kan yaƙin Vietnam, gami da ƙara adawa daga al'ummomin addini. Shi ne firist na farko na Amurka da aka taba kama shi don nuna adawa da yaki, a taron kasa da kasa kan yakin Vietnam a Pentagon a watan Oktoba, 1967. An kama shi daruruwan lokuta tun lokacin a zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da makaman nukiliya, ya kwashe shekaru biyu na aikinsa. rayuwa a gidan yari, kuma an zabe shi akai-akai don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel.
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An haifi Daniel Berrigan a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1921 a Virginia, Minnesota, na biyar cikin yara shida ga Thomas da Frieda Berrigan. Daga baya danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Syracuse, New York, inda yaran suka girma suna halartar makarantun Katolika. Bayan makarantar sakandare, Berrigan ya nemi ƙungiyar Yesu, tsarin addinin Katolika da aka sani da "Jesusits." Ya shiga Jesuit novitiate a St. Andrew-on-the-Hudson, kusa da Poughkeepsie, New York a watan Agusta, 1939.
Tare da abokan karatunsa, ya yi darussan Ruhaniya na St. Ignatius, shiru na kwana talatin; ya shafe shekaru biyu yana nazarin falsafa; ya ci gaba da koyarwa a St. Peter's Prep a Jersey City, New Jersey (daga 1946-1949); kuma a ƙarshe, don yin karatu a Weston School of Theology a Cambridge, Massachusetts (daga 1949-1953).
An nada Berrigan firist a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1952 a Boston. A cikin 1953, ya yi tafiya zuwa Faransa don shekara ta sabati na Jesuit na gargajiya da aka sani da "tertianship." A can, ra'ayinsa na duniya ya faɗaɗa yayin da ya sadu da "firistocin ma'aikata" na Faransa. Ya koma koyarwa a Brooklyn Prep har zuwa 1957, lokacin da ya koma Kwalejin LeMoyne, a Syracuse, New York, inda ya koyar da Sabon Alkawari har zuwa 1962. A can ya kafa "International House," wata al'umma mai niyya na dalibai masu gwagwarmaya da suke neman rayuwa. haɗin kai tare da matalauta na duniya na uku, aikin da ke ci gaba a yau.
A cikin 1957, Berrigan ya buga littafinsa na farko na waƙa, "Lokaci Ba tare da Lamba ba." Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lamont Poetry Award kuma an zabe shi don Kyautar Littattafai na Kasa. Waƙarsa mai suna "Shaidai" ta fara daukar hankalin mawaƙi Marianne Moore wanda ya ba da shawarar waƙarsa ga masu wallafa kuma ya zama aboki:
Ina da zai yiwu in faɗi a haka
Kalmomi kaɗan aikina a cikin duniya: a sauƙaƙe
Tsayawa duk a cikin tambaya, itacen oak yana ba da ganyensa
Babban hannu. Kuma a cikin hunturu ya m m tsari
Ya yanke hukunci, in ji shi da gaske
A cikin manyan gaɓoɓin gaba waɗanda duk a ƙarshe ɗaya ne:
komawa, kogi na dindindin da teku.
Don haka furen ita ce shaidarta, tabbatacciyar
Siffa mara iyaka da ba za a iya samu ba: sa zuciyarsa
A bayyane, yana ba mu zuciya kuma: toho, cikawa da faɗuwa.
[Da Gurasar Tashi: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙin Daniel Berrigan, 1957-1997, editan John Dear]
Bayan wannan littafin na farko, Berrigan ya fara buga litattafai ɗaya ko biyu na waqoqi da ilimantarwa kowace shekara har tsawon rayuwarsa. Littafansa na farko sun haɗa da Amarya: Kasidu a cikin Ikilisiya; haduwa; Baka a cikin Gajimare; Duniya don Zoben Aure; Babu Mai Tafiya Ruwa; Suna kiran mu Matattu; Soyayya, Soyayya A Karshe; da kuma Allolin Ƙarya, Mazaje na Gaskiya.
An hana shi izinin tafiya tare da ƙanensa Philip, firist na Josephite, akan Tafiya ta 'Yanci ta Kudu, Berrigan ya tafi Paris a ranar Asabar a 1963, sannan ya wuce Czechoslovakia, Hungary da Afirka ta Kudu. Da ya dawo, ya fara magana game da sa hannun sojojin Amurka a Vietnam kuma ya kafa haɗin gwiwar zaman lafiya na Katolika. A cikin 1964, tare da ɗan'uwansa Philip, AJ Muste, Jim Forest da sauran masu neman zaman lafiya, ya halarci ja da baya da Thomas Merton ya shirya a Abbey na Gethsemani. Wannan koma baya ya kawo sauyi ga Merton da Berrigans yayin da suka sadaukar da kansu don yin rubutu da magana kan yaki da makaman nukiliya, da kuma ba da shawarar samar da zaman lafiya na Kirista.
Merton ya rubuta ganawarsa da Berrigan a farkon shekarun 1960 a cikin "Maganganun Laifin Laifi," yana kiran Berrigan "mai nasara gaba ɗaya kuma mai hankali da hankali kuma mutumin da, ina tsammanin, yana da fiye da kowa da na taɓa saduwa da gaskiya mai fadi da gaskiya. zuciyar Jesuit mai sauƙi: himma, tausayi, fahimta da yancin addini mara hana. Ganinsa kawai yana maido da bege a ikilisiya.”
A cikin 1965, ya yi tafiya a Selma, ya zama mataimakin editan "Jesuit Missions," kuma ya kafa limaman coci da Laity Concerned game da Vietnam tare da Rabbi Abraham Heschel. Ya fara jaddawalin jawabai na mako-mako a duk fadin kasar wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata.
A watan Nuwamba, 1965, wani matashi dan Katolika mai suna Roger LaPorte ya kashe kansa a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan ya yi jawabi a wani wurin ibada na sirri na LaPorte, manyan jagororin Jesuit sun umarci Berrigan ya bar kasar nan take. Berrigan ya fara tafiya na wata shida a cikin Latin Amurka. Korar tasa ta haifar da rudani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma Berrigan ya koma New York da 1967, saboda limamin Katolika na farko a Jami'ar Cornell. Littafinsa, "Sakamako: Gaskiya da ..." ya ba da labarin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Selma, Afirka ta Kudu da Latin Amurka.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1967, an kama Berrigan a karon farko tare da ɗaruruwan ɗalibai da ke zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙi a Pentagon. "A karon farko," ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa a cikin gidan yari na DC, "Na sanya wando mai launin shudi da rigar denim a kurkuku; tufafin limaman da nake ba da shawarar yin sabon coci.” A cikin Fabrairu, 1968, ya yi tafiya zuwa Arewacin Vietnam tare da Howard Zinn don karbar jami'an Sojan Sama uku na Amurka da aka sake su. Yayin da suke jiran ganawarsu da VietCong, sun fake a wata mafakar Hanoi yayin da bama-bamai na Amurka suka fado a kusa da shi. Littafin littafinsa na tafiyarsa zuwa Arewacin Vietnam, "Jirgin Dare zuwa Hanoi" an buga shi daga baya a waccan shekarar.
A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1968, tare da ɗan'uwansa Philip da wasu takwas, Berrigan ya ƙone daftarin fayil ɗari uku A-1 a Catonsville, Maryland, a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙin Vietnam. "Amincinmu, abokai nagari," Dan ya rubuta a cikin sanarwar Catonsville Nine, "saboda karyewar tsari mai kyau, kona takarda maimakon yara, fushin masu bin doka a gaban falon gidan charnel. Ba za mu iya ba, don haka ku taimake mu Allah, ku yi wani abu. Matakin nasu ya jawo ɗimbin jaridu na ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ya haifar da ɗaruruwan zanga-zangar irin wannan. Bayan shari'ar fashewar abubuwa ta kwanaki uku a watan Oktoba, an same shi da laifin lalata dukiya.
A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, "Don Zama cikin Aminci," Berrigan ya yi tunani a kan tasirin zanga-zangar Catonsville:
Wannan aikin ya kasance mai ban tausayi, ɗan ƙaramin tashin hankali a tsakiyar gobarar yaƙi. Amma Catonsville ya kasance kamar fashewar wuta, ƙaramin wuta da aka kunna, don ɗauka da cinye mafi girma. Lokaci, wurin, ya yi daidai. Sun yi magana don sha'awa, alama, ramuwa. Catonsville kamar yana haskaka wurare masu duhu na zuciya, inda ƙarfin zuciya da haɗari da bege ke jiran sigina, wayewar gari. Har tsawon rayuwarmu, gobarar za ta ci ta ci, a zukata da tunani, a cikin daftarin allo, a gidajen yari da kotuna. Wata sabuwar wuta, sabuwa kamar Fentikos, ta fashe cikin idanun da suka mutu da rashin bege, ikon rai mai daraja da aka ba da “ikon sararin sama.” "Babu abin da za a iya yi!" Sau nawa muka ji wannan haki: na ƙarshe na ɗan adam, na rai, na 'yanci. Lallai, ana iya yin wani abu, kuma ya kasance. Kuma zai kasance.
An bi zanga-zangar ta Catonsville Nine a ko'ina cikin duniya, a babban bangare saboda kaduwa da wasu limaman Katolika biyu da ke fuskantar kurkuku saboda zanga-zangar neman zaman lafiya.
A cikin 1969 wanda ya fi sayar da shi, "Ba Bars to Manhood," Berrigan ya rubuta: "Mun dauki sunan masu neman zaman lafiya, amma mun kasance, gaba daya, ba mu son biyan kowane farashi mai mahimmanci. Kuma saboda muna son zaman lafiya tare da rabin zuciya da rabin rai da so, yakin, ba shakka, ya ci gaba, saboda yakin yaki, bisa ga yanayinsa, cikakke ne - amma yunkurin zaman lafiya, ta hanyar tsoro na kanmu. bangaranci…Babu zaman lafiya domin babu masu zaman lafiya. Babu masu yin zaman lafiya saboda yin zaman lafiya yana da aƙalla tsada kamar yin yaƙi-aƙalla kamar yadda ake yin yaƙi, aƙalla a matsayin ɓarna, aƙalla abin da ke da alhakin kawo wulakanci da kurkuku da mutuwa a cikin sa.”
Komawa a Cornell, Berrigan ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyawun siyarwa, "The Trial of the Catonsville Nine," wanda daga baya ya buɗe a New York da Los Angeles, kuma ya zama fim a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Gregory Peck. An yi wasan kwaikwayon sau ɗari a faɗin duniya, kuma ana ci gaba da yin wasan a matsayin sanarwa na yaƙi.
Lokacin da Berrigan da waɗanda ake tuhumarsa za su kai rahoto kurkuku don fara yanke musu hukunci a watan Afrilu 1970, dukansu Berrigan sun tafi “karkashin ƙasa” maimakon su ba da kansu. Tsawon watanni biyar, Daniel Berrigan ya bi ta Arewa maso Gabas, yana magana da manema labarai, yana rubuta labarai. a kan yakin, da kuma bayyana a wasu lokuta a bainar jama'a, da yawa ga fushi da takaici na J. Edgar Hoover da FBI, wanda a ƙarshe suka bi shi kuma suka kama shi a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1970, a gidan masanin tauhidi William Stringfellow a kan tsibirin Block. daga bakin tekun Rhode Island. An kawo shi gidan yarin tarayya na Danbury, Connecticut inda ya shafe watanni goma sha takwas. A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1971, yayin da ake bincikar haƙoransa, ya sha fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ga allurar novacain da ba ta dace ba kuma ya kusa mutuwa. Ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1972, aka sake shi.
A cikin "Duhun Dare na Resistance," wanda aka rubuta a cikin watanni na karkashin kasa, Berrigan ya yi amfani da St. John na Cross' "Dark Night of the Soul" a matsayin jagora ga masu adawa da yaki. Farfesa Robert Coles na Harvard ya rubuta jerin tattaunawa tare da Berrigan a cikin watanninsa na ɓoye a Boston, daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin "The Geography of Faith." "Amurka Yana Da Wuya A Nemo" wasiƙu da labarai da aka tattara daga ƙasa da kurkuku, kuma an buga su tare da "Waƙoƙin gwaji" da "Waƙoƙin kurkuku." Littafin littafinsa na kurkuku, "Haske a cikin Gidan Matattu," wani mai siyar da kaya, ya rubuta kwarewar Danbury.
A cikin marigayi 1960s da farkon 1970s, Berrigan ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labaru, ya kasance a kan murfin mujallar "Lokaci", kuma ya zama abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga muhawarar kasa mai tsanani ba kawai game da yakin ba, amma yadda masu imani ya kamata su yi adawa da yakin. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin firistoci da aka fi sani a duniya, kuma ya ci gaba da yin kira ga Ikilisiya ta soke ka'idar yaƙi ta adalci kuma ta koma rashin tashin hankali na Yesu kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Bishara.
Yayin da yake karkashin kasa, Berrigan ya rubuta wata budaddiyar wasika mai yaduwa, wacce aka fara bugawa a cikin “Muryar Kauye,” zuwa ga “Weathermen,” kungiyar masu fafutukar neman sauyi a karkashin kasa wadanda suka tarwatsa gine-gine masu adawa da yakin Amurka. "Mutuwar mutum guda yana da nauyi da yawa da za a biya don tabbatar da kowace ka'ida, ko da yake mai tsarki," Berrigan ya rubuta. Wasu dai na ganin furucin nasa ne a matsayin babban dalilin wargajewar yanayi na karkashin kasa.
A cikin 1972, Amurka ta shigar da kara a gaban Berrigans da sauran masu fafutuka suna tuhumar su da yin barazanar yin garkuwa da sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Henry Kissinger. Shari'ar da aka yi a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, da aka yi niyya ga Philip Berrigan, ita ce gwaji mafi tsawo a tarihin Amurka, har zuwa wancan lokacin, kuma ta haifar da wani laifi da makamancin haka. Bayan haka, Berrigan ya shafe watanni shida a birnin Paris yana zaune yana karatu tare da malamin addinin Buddah, Thich Nhat Hanh, yana haɗin gwiwa a kan littafin tattaunawa game da zaman lafiya, wanda ake kira "Raft ba shine Tekun ba."
A cikin 1973, bayan koyarwa a Seminary Theological Seminary da Jami'ar Fordham, Berrigan ya shiga New York West Side Jesuit Community akan Manhattan's Upper West Side, inda ya zauna tare da wasu Jesuits talatin har tsawon rayuwarsa.
Bayan tuhume-tuhume da cin zarafi a Harrisburg, Berrigans sun mai da hankalinsu ga masana'antar kera makaman nukiliya ta Amurka kuma suka fara juriya a matsayin hanyar rayuwa. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1980, tare da Philip da abokansa shida, Berrigan ya shiga hedkwatar Janar Electric a Sarkin Prussia, Pennsylvania kuma ya buga hancin makamin nukiliya marasa makami. An kama su, an yi musu shari'a, an yanke musu hukunci, kuma an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari saboda laifin lalata da dukiyar gwamnati. Ayyukan su na "Plowshares" ya buɗe wani sabon babi a cikin tarihin juriya marasa ƙarfi da kuma motsi na nukiliya. Berrigan ya jawo wahayi daga annabi Ishaya na Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ya rubuta cewa wata rana, “Za su buga takubansu su zama garmuna, masunsu su zama ƙugiya; wata al’umma ba za ta ɗaga takobi a kan wata ba, ba kuwa za ta sāke yin horo ba.” (Ishaya 2:4).
A lokacin gwajin su na 1981 a Philadelphia, wanda daga baya aka yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim din, "A cikin Sarkin Prussia," tare da Martin Sheen, Berrigan ya ce:
Saƙon da nake da shi ga duniya shi ne: Ba a yarda mu kashe mutane marasa laifi ba. Ba a yarda mu kasance da hannu a kisan kai ba. Ba a yarda mu yi shiru ba yayin da ake ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kisan jama'a da sunanmu, da kuɗinmu, a asirce...Yana da muni a gare ni in rayu a lokacin da ba ni da abin da zan ce wa ɗan adam, sai dai, “Kada kisa.” Akwai wasu kyawawan abubuwa da zan so in faɗa wa mutane. Akwai wasu ayyukan da zan iya taimakawa sosai. Kuma ba zan iya yin su ba. Ba zan iya ba. Domin komai yana cikin hatsari. Komai yana shirin kamawa. Namu wani nau'in yanayi ne na farko, ko da yake za mu kira kanmu masu ƙwarewa. Halin da muke ciki yana da dadadden tarihi a mahangar Kirista. Mun dawo inda muka fara. Kada ku kashe; ba a yarda mu kashe ba. Komai a yau ya sauko zuwa wancan - komai.
Fiye da zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya sama da 100 sun faru tun 1980, ciki har da Ingila, Ireland, Jamus da Ostiraliya.
Yayin da ya ci gaba da yin magana kowane mako a fadin kasar da kuma buga littattafan wakoki da kasidu, Berrigan ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin limamin asibiti a Manhattan a St. Rose's Home for matalauta, sa'an nan a St. Vincent's Hospital, tare da masu ciwon daji da kuma daga baya tare da tare da ciwon daji. Masu fama da cutar kanjamau, waɗanda ya ba da labari a cikin littattafansa, “Mun mutu kafin mu rayu,” da “Sorrow Built a Bridge.” A cikin 1984, ya yi tafiya zuwa El Salvador da Nicaragua don koyan hannun farko daga shugabannin coci game da illolin yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka a can, kuma ya rubuta game da tafiya a cikin “Haƙurin Waliyai.”
A cikin 1985, mai yin fim Roland Joffe ya gayyaci Berrigan zuwa Paraguay, Argentina da Colombia don zama mai ba da shawara ga fim ɗin, "The Mission." Hakanan yana da ƙaramin sashi, tare da Robert DeNiro, Jeremy Irons da Liam Neeson. Berrigan ya wallafa wani rahoto game da yin fim ɗin, ayyukan Jesuit a Latin Amurka na 1770s, da kuma dacewarsu ga ƙoƙarin yaƙi da yaƙi a yau, a cikin littafinsa, “The Mission.” A cikin 1988, ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa, "Don zama cikin Aminci."
A tsakiyar 1980s, Berrigan ya fara buga jerin sharhin nassosi ashirin a kan littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci. Da Gurasar Tashi: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙin Daniel Berrigan, 1957-1997, editan John Dear, an buga shi a cikin 1996.
Dan shine babban abokina kuma malami, sama da shekaru talatin da biyar. Mun zagaya al’umma da duniya tare; an tafi gidan yari tare; kuma na gyara litattafai biyar na rubuce-rubucensa. Amma duk tsawon lokacin ina la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan masu addini na karni na karshe, daidai da Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Thomas Merton, Dorothy Day da ɗan'uwansa Philip. Dan da Phil sun zaburar da miliyoyin mutane a duk faɗin duniya don yin magana game da yaƙi da yin aiki don zaman lafiya, kuma sun taimaka wajen mayar da cocin Katolika zuwa tushen bisharar zaman lafiya da rashin tashin hankali. Na dauke shi ba kawai wani fitaccen dan gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya ba amma daya daga cikin manyan waliyyai da annabawa na wannan zamani. Zan ƙara yin rubutu game da shi, amma a yanzu, ina murna da rayuwarsa ta ban mamaki, kuma ina gayyatar kowa da kowa ya yi tunani mai girma shaidarsa.
Na gode Dan. Bari dukanmu mu karɓi zuciya daga rayuwar zaman lafiya mai ban mamaki, kuma mu ci gaba da aikin kawar da yaƙi, talauci da makaman nukiliya.
Wanda aka zaba na Nobel Peace Prize Rev. John Dear yana kan ma'aikatan Yakin Nonviolence.org. Shi ne marubucin littafai da dama, ciki har da: Thomas Merton, Mai zaman lafiya; Zaman Lafiya: Ruhaniya ta Tunani da Aiki; Yesu Mai Tawaye: Mai Bayar da Aminci da Adalcin Allah; Juyawa: Tunani kan Canza Kanmu da Duniyar Mu, da tarihin rayuwarsa. Zaman Lafiya Mai Daurewa: Gwagwarmayar Mutum Daya Don Duniyar Ban Tashin Hankali. Dubi ƙarin aikinsa akan gidan yanar gizon sa: www.johndear.org
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi