Source: Roar
A cikin shekaru 20 da na shiga zanga-zangar, ban taba ganin wani babban dalilin fushi kamar abin da ke faruwa a yau ba. Sakamakon zanga-zangar George Floyd da kuma harbin da 'yan sanda suka yi wa Jacob Blake, dubun-dubatar Amurkawa sun fita kan tituna domin nuna goyon baya ga kungiyar Black Lives Matter (BLM).
A cikin sabon littafina Tawaye a Amurka Ina jayayya cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar motsin zamantakewa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tashin hankali kan zanga-zangar sun ba da sanarwar fafutuka a matsayin hanyar shiga siyasa, gami da zanga-zangar Madison na 2011 a kan Gwamna Scott Walker, Occupy Wall Street, Yaƙin $15, Black Lives Matter, zanga-zangar adawa da Trump, gwagwarmayar canjin yanayi da #Ne ma.
Wani nau'i mai ƙarfi na aikin taro
Zanga-zangar Amurka - a waje da wasu 'yan keɓanta - kusan gaba ɗaya suna hagu. Zanga-zangar mafi girma ita ce ta nuna adawa da zaluncin 'yan sanda. Kaiser zabe kimomi cewa mutane miliyan 26, ko kuma kusan daya cikin Amurkawa 10, sun shiga zanga-zangar bayan kisan George Floyd. Ƙididdiga na "sake koma baya" na ƙasa na Yuni 2020 Zaben Kaiser ya bayyana ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda suka fi dacewa da shiga cikin waɗannan zanga-zangar, baya ga gano waɗanda Amurkawa za su iya tallafawa zanga-zangar, ko da su kansu ba su fito a tituna ba.
Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa ƙananan Amurkawa (18-29), 'yan Democrat masu son kansu da kuma ƙwararrun Amurkawa suna da yuwuwar shiga zanga-zangar BLM. Hakazalika, masu goyon bayan zanga-zangar Floyd sun fi zama ƙanana, 'yan Democrat, masu ilimi, masu samun kuɗi da yawa da kuma baƙi.
Binciken da na yi ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar BLM da magoya bayanta ba su da kyau kuma suna wakiltar Amurkawa da yawa. Waɗannan mutane, in mun gwada da magana, haɗe-haɗe ne na masu gata-masu ilimi da kuma waɗanda ke da babban kudin shiga - kuma ba su da gata - matasa Amurkawa da mutane masu launi - a cikin ƙididdigarsu. Mahimmanci, 67 kashi Amurkawa sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ɗan goyi bayan motsin Black Lives Matter a watan Yuni na 2020, idan aka kwatanta da 55 kashi a watan Agusta 2017. Don haka, ba wai kawai motsi ya yadu ba, amma shahararsa ya karu a tsawon lokaci.
BLM ya haifar da zanga-zangar a cikin dubban dubban a manyan biranen kasar nan. Zanga-zangar wata alama ce ta tawayen dimokuradiyya na zamani - sanya dogaro ga hikimar "matsakaici" na Amurka, maimakon a cikin zarge-zargen iyawa da fahimtar manyan siyasa ko kasuwanci. Ina gardama a ciki Tawaye a Amurka, Bayan nazarin shekaru goma na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Amurka, cewa populism na dama - wanda jam'iyyar Tea Party da Trumpism ke jagoranta - yana da bakin ciki sosai saboda rashin iya ci gaba da ƙungiyoyin jama'a na tsawon lokaci.
Sabanin haka, ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar demokraɗiyya kamar zanga-zangar Madison, Fight for $15 da BLM suna wakiltar wani nau'i mai ƙarfi na babban aiki. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, saboda suna ƙalubalantar ikon siyasa da tattalin arziƙi, suna buƙatar ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda ke aiki na tsawon lokaci don ci gaba da kansu.
Yunƙurin BLM na barazanar lalata al'adar al'ada - wanda yawancin 'yan jarida da masana ilimi suka jefa - cewa ra'ayin dama-dama karfi ne na siyasa wanda yayi daidai da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar hagu a girmansa da girmansa. Trumpism da MAGA na iya zama gabaɗaya ake kira zuwa a matsayin "motsi" a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, amma sun kasa gamsar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake bukata na ƙungiyoyi masu yawa: zanga-zangar jama'a, ƙungiyoyin jama'a na al'umma wanda ke ci gaba da aiki a kan lokaci da kuma taron jama'a da aka shirya tun daga tushe har zuwa adawa da matsayi. ku.
Maimakon haka, Trumpism wani ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam ne, al'amari na sama-sama, wanda ya ta'allaka kan hamshakin attajirin guda ɗaya kuma ya dogara ga ɗabi'ar ɗabi'ar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Trumpism zai yi gwagwarmaya don dawwama a matsayin al'amuran siyasa na kasa da zarar wannan shugaban ya zo karshe. Ba abu ne na halitta ba, daga ƙasa zuwa sama saboda dogaro da demagogue guda ɗaya. Ba tare da fa'idar yawan kulawar da aka bai wa wannan shugaban ba ta hanyar ci gaba da bayar da rahoto kan ayyukansa daga kafofin yada labarai, da wuya Trump ya ci gaba da samun gagarumin goyon bayan da yake samu a halin yanzu daga sama da kashi 40 na jama'a.
"Sake sa kamfanoni su sami riba kuma"
Wataƙila bambancin da ya fi dacewa tsakanin babban zanga-zangar hagu da rashin jin daɗin jama'a na dama yana samuwa ta hanyar nazarin BLM da zanga-zangar "sake buɗewa". Yayin da shaidun da ke sama suna nuna babban taro mai mahimmanci wanda ke nuna zanga-zangar BLM a yau, kallon kusa da "sake buɗewa" yana nuna yanayin sararin samaniya.
'Yan jarida sun cika Amurkawa da bayar da rahoto kan sake bude zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu 2020, suna ba da ra'ayi cewa motsi ya kasance mai tarin yawa kuma yana nuna damuwar al'ummomin yankin da ke tashe da yawa don nuna adawa da halin da ake ciki. Amma wannan labarin an ƙirƙira shi sosai. Binciken motsin ya nuna cewa yawancin maganganun 'yanci ne suka haifar da shi wanda ya koka da "babban gwamnati," "zalunci" da "'yan gurguzu" ta hanyar rufewa, kodayake yawancin Amurkawa ba su raba wannan ra'ayi ba. goyan rufe don kare lafiyar jama'a.
An sake bude kungiyoyin zanga-zangar da ke aiki a fadin kasar da farko damu tare da sake samar da kamfanoni riba, maimakon damuwa da ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da ma'aikatan sabis a kan layin farko na cutar ta COVID-19. Wadannan kungiyoyi bayyana kusan babu damuwa ga mafi talauci da Amurkawa masu rauni - wanda ba a yarda da shi ba mutane masu launi - cutar coronavirus ta cutar da su. Bugu da kari, zanga-zangar ta yi yawa hadewa ta wasu ƴan manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka damu da haƙƙin bindiga da ribar kamfanoni, maimakon wakiltar tawaye na kwatsam.
Yayin da sake buɗe motsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan layi, masu binciken ilimi samu cewa kusan rabin asusun da ke haɓaka sake buɗe zanga-zangar a kan kafofin watsa labarun bots ne. Kuma akwai kadan shaida, a kididdigar, cewa Amurkawa waɗanda rikicin tattalin arzikin COVID-19 ya fi cutar da tattalin arziki sun kasance da yuwuwar rungumar sake buɗe motsi.
Wannan bayanin martaba yana magana ne da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran taurari, wanda ya sami kulawa mai mahimmanci ta hanyar goyan bayan sa daga Shugaba Trump da gwamnonin Republican da kuma rungumar kafofin watsa labarai da manyan 'yan kasuwa.
Sake buɗe motsin ya ci gajiyar tallafin jama'a kaɗan. Kawai 22 kashi na Amurkawa sun bayyana amincewa da motsin lokacin da aka gudanar da bincike, idan aka kwatanta da fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku da suka ce suna goyon bayan zanga-zangar BLM bayan kisan George Floyd. Bugu da kari, adadin mutanen da suka shiga zanga-zangar sake budewa ba su da yawa ta yadda kusan babu su. Zaben Kaiser na Yuni ya gano cewa kashi 2.4 cikin 0.2 ne kawai na wadanda suka bayar da rahoton halartar zanga-zangar a watannin da suka gabata kafin a tantance su, sun halarci wata zanga-zangar da aka sake budewa. A cikin dukkan Amurkawa da aka yi binciken, kashi 10 ne kawai suka ce sun halarci zanga-zangar don sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa a gida saboda coronavirus, idan aka kwatanta da ɗaya cikin XNUMX waɗanda suka halarci zanga-zangar BLM.
Tunani akan waɗannan lambobi, bambanci tsakanin motsi yana da faɗin mil. Ɗayan yana wakiltar tashin hankali na gaske, wanda ya ci gaba da girma a cikin rabin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ɗayan kuma mai wucewa ce kuma tana wakiltar muradun kamfanoni na Amurka da ƴan tsirarun ƴan tsirarun Amurkawa.
Wani labari mai ratsa jiki na zanga-zangar gama gari a Amurka
Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun dade suna jaddada ikon mutane don "gina al'umma" don dacewa da takamaiman labari da imani da kuma kashe wasu hanyoyin kallon duniya. Dangane da zanga-zangar da aka yi a Amurka, an gina gaskiyar mutane ta hanyar wucin gadi, tare da tsarar da ra'ayin jama'a na hagu da na dama ba daidai ba kamar yadda ake samun kuzari.
Gaskiyar lamarin, duk da haka, ita ce zanga-zangar BLM mai ci gaba tana fuskantar farfadowar tallafin jama'a, tare da dubun-dubatar Amurkawa suna zanga-zanga a tituna, kuma fiye da miliyan 150 - ko kashi biyu bisa uku - na Amurkawa rungumar motsi. A daya bangaren kuma, goyon bayan sake bude zanga-zangar wani kaso ne na kungiyar ta BLM. Babu wata fa'ida ko da ƙoƙarin ƙiyasin ƙungiyoyin Amurkawa ne suka fi shiga zanga-zangar sake buɗewa, tun da yawan mutanen da suka yi iƙirarin halartar ɗaya a cikin binciken ƙasa kaɗan ne, a kididdiga, da kusan babu shi. Bayanan da aka bincika a nan sun ba da labari mai ban tsoro game da haƙiƙanin zanga-zangar gama gari a Amurka.
Zamanin zanga-zangar zamani kusan na hannun hagu na Amurka ne. Kuma wannan ba zai yuwu ya canza ba muddin ’yancin ya ci gaba da dogara ga jiga-jigan ‘yan siyasa da ‘yan kasuwa don bayyana ra’ayoyinsa, maimakon fitar da dimbin Amurkawa a kan tituna.
Kwafin dijital na sabon littafin Anthony DiMaggio, Tawaye a Amurka, ana iya karantawa kyauta a wurin shafin yanar gizon.
Anthony DiMaggio, Mataimakin Farfesa ne a Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Lehigh. Ya sami PhD ɗinsa daga Jami'ar Illinois, Chicago, kuma shi ne marubucin littattafai tara, ciki har da na kwanan nan: Ikon Siyasa a Amurka (SUNY Press, 2019) da Tawaye a Amurka (Rout nkwa, 2020).
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