Shin zaben tsakiyar wa'adi na Nuwamba na 2006 wani kisan kiyashi ne na siyasa ko kuma fadan tsakiyar wa'adi na yau da kullun? A cikin mako bayan nasarar Demokradiyya, 'yan banga sun ba da ra'ayoyi masu cin karo da juna kamar na masu fafutuka a cikin Rashomon, Shahararriyar labarin Kurosawa na fyade da kisa. A bangaren sassaucin ra'ayi, Bob Herbert ya yi murna da nasa New York Times ginshiƙin cewa 'abin da ke haifar da tsoro' na ' zamanin George W. Bush' yana da 'duk da haka ya numfasa ta ƙarshe', yayin da Paul Waldman (Baltimore Sun) ya sanar da 'babban mataki a cikin tafiyar kasar zuwa hagu', da kuma George Lakoff (CommonDreams.org) an yi bikin nasara don 'ƙimar ci gaba' da 'madaidaicin gaskiya, ƙirar ƙima' (duk abin da hakan ke nufi). [1] A bangaren masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da National ReviewLawrence Kudlow ya ki yarda da ko da bayyananniyar zubar jini a kan matakan Majalisar: 'Ku dubi nasarar Demokradiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Blue Dog kuma ku kalli cin nasara a arewa maso gabas mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Canji a majalisar na iya zama nasara ce ta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba mai sassaucin ra'ayi ba.' William Safire, ko da yake ya kyamaci cewa 'wanda ya yi nasara a hagu' ya ci zabe a karshe, ya yi watsi da sakamakon a matsayin 'matsakaicin asarar tsakiyar wa'adi'. [2]
I. NASARA DA CUTARSA
Amma Safire tana jujjuyawa da yawa. Duk da cewa nasarar da Demokradiyya ta samu a shekarar 2006 ba ta kasance ambaliyar ruwan da 'yan jam'iyyar Republican karkashin jagorancin Newt Gingrich, Dick Armey da Tom DeLay suka yi a shekarar 1994 (duba Table 1), ba komai bane illa sakamako 'matsakaici'. Duk da ƙarancin tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziƙin, batun batun tsakiyar wa'adi na 'yan adawa, 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun sami nasarar sauya mafi rinjaye a majalisar (mafi munin kisan gilla na 'yan Republican tun 1974) kuma suka sake dawo da majalisar dattijai ta wurin zama ɗaya. Tabbas, Majalisar Dattijai ta sami 'dan gurguzu' ta farko da ta bayyana kanta, Bernie Sanders na Vermont, mai zaman kansa wanda ke da alaƙa da Democrats.
'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat, a karon farko, ba su rasa ko daya mai ci ko kujerar majalisar wakilai ba. Masu jefa ƙuri'a masu zaman kansu (kashi 26 cikin 1976 na masu jefa ƙuri'a) sun koma jam'iyyar Democrat da kusan kashi biyu zuwa ɗaya' ''mafi girman rata da aka taɓa auna tsakanin masu zaman kansu tun farkon zaɓen fidda gwani na XNUMX'. [3] Tare da shugabancin mata mafi karfi a tarihin Amurka, sun zarta ’yan Republican a cikin mata kashi 55 zuwa 45 cikin 63 a tseren majalisar; amma abin mamaki, sun kuma yi nasarar rage shahararriyar gubar da gop ke samu a tsakanin fararen fata (kashi 1994 cikin 53 a fafatawar House ta XNUMX) zuwa kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari. [4] A cewar wani tsohon mai jefa ƙuri'a Stanley Greenberg, ɗaya daga cikin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Bush biyar ya koma cikin shuɗi; amma ba kamar yadda kasuwar zaɓe ta 'maza masu gata' (masu ilimi da wadata) a cikin 2004 ta gop ta 14 ta 6 bisa XNUMX ta rikide zuwa mafi ƙarancin rinjaye na Democrat. Kodayake zamewar da aka yi tsakanin gop hardcore '' masu bishara da farar fata na ƙauye da masu jefa ƙuri'a '' ''ya ɗan yi kaɗan, jam'iyyar mafi rinjaye ta ƙi da kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari a tsakanin mabiya ɗariƙar Katolika, yayin da Latinos suka fusata, suna dawowa daga tushen ciyawar gop' rungumar 'yan banga da kuma 'yan banga. Ganuwar kan iyaka, ta kashe 'yan Republican a wasu fafatawar da ke kusa da juna a Yamma. [5]
A cikin tseren jihohi, 'yan Democrat sun nuna jajircewa. A jajibirin zabe, gop ya yi alfahari da mafi yawan gwamnonin (28 zuwa 22) da kuma ‘yar ja-gora wajen kula da majalisun dokokin jiha (49 zuwa 47, tare da 2 daura). [6] Ya bambanta da rinjayen rinjayen Demokradiyya a majalisar dokokin jihar kafin 1994, lokacin da 'yan Republican ke iko da jihohi 8 kawai, wannan rashin daidaituwa' "a cewar John Hood, shugaban wani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Arewacin Carolina" ya kasance 'daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci kuma mai dorewa. samfurori na juyin juya halin Republican'. Amma abin gada ne a yanzu da aka rasa yayin da 'yan Democrat suka sauya ra'ayi daidai da rabon gwamnoni (barin shugabannin Republican a cikin 3 kawai daga cikin 10 mafi yawan jama'a), yayin da suka sami nasarar iko da sauran majalisun jihohi 8 (yanzu Democrat 56 da 41 Republican, tare da 1 Republican). 2010 daure). 'Abin da ya fi muni ga gop', in ji Hood, shi ne cewa jam'iyyun da ke da rinjaye a majalisun dokokin jihohi za su kula da sake fasalin majalisa a sakamakon kidayar XNUMX da ke gabatowa cikin sauri. "Idan 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun ci gaba da kasancewa a halin yanzu, majalisar ta Amurka za ta sami shuɗi mai yawa." [7]
A yanki, 'yan takarar Republican sun lalace a cikin asalin gop, New England '' gami da sanannen ra'ayin mazan jiya New Hampshire, inda 'yan Democrat suka karbi majalisar dokoki a karon farko tun lokacin yakin basasa '' da jihohin tsakiyar Atlantic, wanda ya jagoranci fitaccen mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. kukan cewa 'Arewa maso Gabas na kan hanyarta ta bata har abada ga gop'. [8] Har ila yau, 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun sami nasarori masu ban mamaki a cikin Midwest da kuma 'ja' na ciki na Yamma, musamman a Colorado inda kudi na fasaha ya haifar da karuwar kuri'un Latino. [9] Ko a Kudancin kasar, 'yan Democrat sun yi nasarar kama su na dogon lokaci tare da sake dawo da kujeru 19 na 'yan majalisar dokokin jihohi. (Duk da tatsuniyar tatsuniyar Kudancin Kudancin Republican, 'yan Democrat har yanzu suna riƙe da kashi 54 cikin ɗari a cikin gidajen jihar Dixie.) [10]
A Kansas''' Tom Frank's icon jihar na masu jefa ƙuri'a sanin ƙarya [11]Democrat Nancy Boyda ta doke dan takara mai ci Jim Ryun (tsohon tauraron tseren Olympics) a gundumar majalisa da Bush ya rike da kashi 20 cikin dari shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Shahararriyar gwamnan Demokradiyar Kathleen Sebelius ta kasance cikin sauƙi a sake zaɓen, yayin da sauran manyan ofisoshin jahohi, laftanar da kuma lauyoyin janar, tsoffin 'yan Republican suka yi nasara a matsayin 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat" wani abin mamaki mai ban mamaki game da canjin siyasa. Babban mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'adu na jihar, babban lauyan nan na hana zubar da ciki Phil Kline, ya ruguje: ya samu kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kuri'un da aka saba yi na yawon shakatawa na Republican na Kansas City (Johnson County). [12] Babu wani abu da ya yi kama da 'kuskure' musamman tare da Kansas a cikin faɗuwar 2006.
Irin wannan sakamakon yana karyata almara na rashin nasara wanda aka saƙa a kusa da dabarun sa hannun Karl Rove na ƙaddamar da tushe mai zurfi (yawanci yana motsa shi ta hanyar hysteria akan wasu ƙima na Kirista) da kuma tallace-tallace mara kyau (yawanci yana ci gaba da yin ƙarya ko ƙiren ƙarya ga 'yan adawa). A cewar Stanley Greenberg, 'Jam'iyyar Republican ta ƙare da mafi ƙarancin hoto a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙasa da Watergate'. Amma dan takarar Democrat (rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar Robert Borosage da James Carville) sun dage cewa asarar Republican ba lallai ba ne ribar Demokradiyya. 'Jam'iyyar Demokradiyar kuma ta ƙare da kasancewa da mummunar kallon wannan zaɓe fiye da na 2004 . . . 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat suna da fa'ida kaɗan kawai' "kuma an zaɓi su da ƙasa da kashi 50 bisa ɗari akan waɗannan mahimman halayen kamar kasancewa 'a gefenku' , 'masu dacewa' nan gaba' da 'ga iyalai' . [13]
Thomas Edsall ya yarda cewa 'Nasarar Dimokuradiyya ba ta da ƙarfi' kuma ya yi kashedin cewa 'sun dogara ne akan rashin gamsuwa da yaƙin Iraki fiye da a kan tushen bangaranci da sauyin akida wanda ya bayyana a cikin nasarorin 1980 da 1994 na Republican'. [14] Rijistar jam'iyya ta kasance kusa da daidaito (kashi 38 cikin 37 na Democrat da kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na Republican) fiye da kowane lokaci tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha tara, kuma ana gudanar da harkokin majalisar ta hanyar swings na maki kaɗan kawai: dalilin da yasa 'yan Republican suka kasance haka. masu sha'awar ɗaukar rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsakin lokaci da masu ba da shawara don rage ƙarfinsu. [15]
Wadanda suka ci nasara kuma, ba su da ra'ayi game da alkiblar jam'iyyarsu. Ya bambanta da 1994, lokacin da gop ya sami haɗin kai a kan shirin 'juyin juya hali' na majalisa, akidun Demokradiyya a ƙarshen 2006 sun rabu. Yayin da masu ci gaba kamar Ezra Klein (American Prospect) ya fusata cewa Blue Dogs da dlc-ers sun shirya 'kulle masu sassaucin ra'ayi daga zauren iko', Christopher Hayes (Nation) ya yaba da 'sabon populism Democratic', da Michael Tomasky (American Prospect edita) ya bayar da hujjar cewa jam'iyyar tana cikin wayo zuwa tsakiya da hagu a lokaci guda ('Jam'iyyar ta yi nasarar kiyaye wannan haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya' na hagu tare da mayar da banbance tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu da muhimmanci'). [16] Hillary Clinton da mawakanta na muryoyin sycophantic sun yi alfahari da mu'ujiza na 'mahimmanci, cibiya mai ƙarfi', yayin da sauran 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat suka amince da hasashen Safire na acid na cewa jam'iyyar ta doshi yakin basasa.
A kowane hali, 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat karkashin jagorancin kakakin majalisar Nancy Pelosi, shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar Steny Hoyer, da shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijai Harry Reid suna da shekaru biyu don ƙarfafa goyon bayansu na zaɓe da kuma ba da damar da Hillary Clinton ta yi don yin mugun fada da ko dai John McCain ko Rudy. Giuliani a shekarar 2008. [17] (Babu daya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki guda biyu '' dan jam'iyyar Republican Mitt Romney da Democrat Barack Obama '' da zai iya tsira daga mummunan binciken da aka yi na zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa, kodayake ana iya sake yin amfani da su a matsayin katako na mataimakin shugaban kasa.) [18] Majalisa ta 110 za ta bai wa 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat dama na musamman don soke manufofin mayar da martani da aka kafa a cikin 1994 ta 'Juyin Jumhuriyar Jama'a' da kuma a cikin 2001'02 ta 'Yakin Ta'addanci'. Amma 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat za su wargaje tsakanin wasu muhimman abubuwa guda biyu: a gefe guda, don nutsar da 'yan Republican da yawa tare da jirgin gwamnatin George Bush; kuma, a gefe guda, don kwato 'cibiyar' sufanci da goyon bayan masu fafutuka na kamfanoni. Idan kwanan nan ya kasance wani jagora, siyasa mai kishin jama'a da akidar siyasa ba ta dace da aikin Clintonite na sanya 'yan Democrat wakilai ba. par kyau na ilimin tattalin arziki da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni.
Musamman ma, sabbin masu rinjaye na Demokraɗiyya dole ne su gwada alƙawuran da ba su dace ba na cin zarafin jama'a da kuma Ƙaddamar da haɗin kai a kan abubuwan da ba su dace ba na manyan batutuwa guda huɗu waɗanda ba makawa za su mamaye sabuwar Majalisar: (1) Fiasco Iraki da Yaƙin Ta'addanci; (2) gadon cin hanci da rashawa na majalisar Republican da zamba na kamfanoni; (3) gaggawa, rashin biyan bukatun zamantakewa (ciki har da sake gina Tekun Fasha) a cikin mahallin babban gibin Bush; da (4) tashin hankali da ke karuwa game da tsadar rayuwa na dunkulewar tattalin arzikin duniya. A kowane hali, fatan da masu jefa kuri'a na watan Nuwamban da ya gabata na samun sauye-sauye na gaske a Washington na iya yiwuwa a ci amanar manyan bukatu na zaben Hillary da kuma tabbatar da manyan 'yan kasuwa.
II. KARAMIN YAKI KO BABBAN YAKI
Ba kamar zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2004 da jayayya kan mahimmancin 'ƙimar masu jefa ƙuri'a' ba, babu wani abu da ya dace game da mahimman batun da ya tattara mafi yawan masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin Nuwamba 2006. Tare da tattalin arzikin gidaje-kumfa har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare (ko da yake wani yanki ne na ƙasa). - koma bayan tattalin arziki ba zai yi nisa ba), kuma tare da Mexico- da gay-masu nuna gazawa wajen haifar da koma baya na kasa baki daya, ma'anar ma'anar ita ce kashin da muka yi a Iraki.
Shida daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a goma sun shaidawa masu jefa kuri'a cewa sun ji takaicin yadda Bush ke gudanar da yakin "kashe-kashen da ake yi a Bagadaza da kuma gurgunta a fadar White House" kuma sun kada kuri'a. Mawallafin shafukan edita, haka nan, ya kasance tare da binciken fidda gwani don yarda cewa Iraki ita ce lever Archimedean wanda ya karkatar da masu jefa kuri'a masu zaman kansu ga 'yan Democrat. [19] Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu ra'ayin 'yan kasuwa, a halin da ake ciki, sun cika da mamakin ganin manufofinsu na cikin gida da dodo Frankenstein na Iraki ya yi. [20] Ko da wannan 'mallakar jam'iyyar Republican gaba daya' (kamar yadda mai rubutawa Rosa Brooks ta kira shi), zaɓen soja, ya fara toshe kwanciyar hankali: War Times Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta nuna adadin sojojin da ke bayyana a matsayin 'yan Republican sun ragu daga kashi 60 cikin 2004 a shekara ta 46 zuwa kashi 2006 a karshen XNUMX. Sama da kashi daya bisa uku na gis ne kawai suka amince da yadda Bush ke tafiyar da yakin. [21]
Bayan shekaru goma sha biyu na mulkin masu girman kai a Majalisa, da alama gop ya samo asali akan sabani na sabon mulkin mallaka. Ko yana da shi? Abin ban mamaki na kuri'ar adawa da yaki, ba shakka, shi ne cewa ta zabi 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat wadanda ba su da wani takalifi don kawo karshen aikin mu na mugu. Da yake rubuta jim kadan bayan zaben, Tom Hayden ya yabawa kungiyoyin jama'a a Chicago da sauran wurare da suka yi yaki don sanya zaben ya zama abin farin ciki kan yakin da ba a yarda da shi ba, amma ya yi gargadin cewa 'kowace jam'iyya ba ta shirye ta yarda cewa yakin ba ne. da kuma cewa rahoton Rukunin Nazarin Iraki zai ba da hadin kai ga shugabancin Demokaradiyya tare da 'yan Republican na majalisa 'don kawar da' janyewar kai tsaye' a matsayin zaɓi '. [22]
Duk da yawancin imanin jama'a cewa Iraki 'mummunan yaki ne' kuma ya kamata sojojin su dawo gida, dabarun Demokradiyya na yanzu shine yin watsi da manufofin Bush na lalata tare da guje wa duk wani tsauraran matakai don kawo karshen mamayar. Hakika, ta fuskar lissafin siyasa mai sanyi, 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat ba su da sha'awar taimaka wa Bush ya janye kansa daga halin da ake ciki a Iraki fiye da yadda Bush ya yi a haƙiƙa na kama ko kashe Osama bin Laden. Saboda haka, kamar yadda Los Angeles Times kwanan nan ya ruwaito, 'Pelosi da Democrats ba su shirya wani gagarumin matakai don tasiri yanayin yakin'. [23] Shugaban kwamitin jam'iyyar Democrat Howard Dean, wanda ya taba yin ikirarin cewa shi ne dan gwagwarmayar yaki da yaki, a yanzu ya yi gargadin cewa mafi yawan jama'a za su iya tsammanin daga sabbin masu rinjaye shi ne 'wani takura wa shugaban'. [24] Hakazalika Pelosi ya yi watsi da tun farko 'yan Democrat' guda ɗaya na ainihin ikon kan manufofin yakin fadar White House: 'Za mu sa ido. Ba za mu yanke tallafi ba'. [25]
Haƙiƙanin adawar Demokraɗiyya ga yaƙin (Bisa ga John Murtha da aka ba da fifiko) ya fito ne daga sahu na Black Caucus, waɗanda membobinsu ”ciki har da John Lewis, Charles Rangel da Barbara Lee” suma manyan masu tayar da hankali ne na kwanan nan shirya Out na Iraki Caucus, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Maxine Waters na Los Angeles. Babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar yaƙi da yaƙi (wanda kuma ya haɗa da wakilan Latino goma ko makamancin haka wanda mai magana da yawun New York José Serrano ya jagoranta) da kuma membobin Majalisar da suka fi ƙarfin himma ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa na birane yana bayyana ainihin yanayin siyasa wanda kafofin watsa labarai ke da duka amma. An yi watsi da shi: fahimtar jama'a a cikin al'ummomin launin fata cewa ayyukan da ake yi a Iraki da Afghanistan (wanda ake kashewa fiye da dala biliyan 2 a kowane mako) suna satar albarkatu masu mahimmanci daga bukatun ɗan adam a cikin garuruwan da ke cikin talauci da tsofaffin yankunan karkara, da kuma sanya al'ummomin baƙi a ƙarƙashin inuwar. rashin aminci.
Wannan sabon daidaitawa tsakanin buƙatun birane, haƙƙin ɗan adam na baƙi da kyamar mulkin mallaka na iya zama babban ajandar adawa a siyasar Amurka idan an ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar fafutukar tushen ciyawa da ci gaba da zanga-zangar. Amma ga rub. Ko da yake kungiyar Out of Iraq Caucus ta karu zuwa mambobi 74 (fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mambobin majalisar Demokraɗiyya) a sakamakon jefa ƙuri'ar da aka yi a watan Nuwamba, tasirinsa ya ragu sosai saboda rashin ƙungiyar yaƙi da yaƙi na ƙasa, da kuma ta gazawar manyan kungiyoyin kwadago masu ci gaba kamar su seiu, nan-take da sata wajen mayar da ficewar siyasa fifiko.
Haƙiƙa yanayin zaɓe a watan Nuwamba ya kasance da siffa ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin yanayi na nuna adawa da yaƙi ba tare da wani yunkuri na nuna adawa da yaƙi ba. Ya bambanta da 1968 da 1972 ''ko ma, don wannan al'amari, 1916 da 1938'' 'yan adawar masu jefa ƙuri'a na shiga tsakani a ƙasashen waje ba su da ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya da ke da ikon riƙe ƙafafun 'yan siyasa zuwa wuta ko kuma danganta adawa da yaƙin da yaƙin. zurfafa suka kan manufofin ketare (a wannan yanayin, Yaƙin Ta'addanci). Faɗaɗɗen, motsi na yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe na lokacin hunturu 2003 '' wanda tushen tushen ƙarfinsa ya cika ɓacin ɓacin ɓacin ɓangarorin Demokraɗiyya ga mamayewar Bush'' yaƙin neman zaɓe na Dean ya fara mamaye shi a cikin bazara 2004 sannan kuma ya narkar da siyasa cikin takarar Kerry. Taron Dimokuradiyya na 2004, wanda ya kamata ya zama dandalin kai hare-hare kan manufofin waje da na cikin gida na Republican, an rikide zuwa bikin kishin kasa na John Kerry a matsayin Brahmin Rambo.
Ko da yake da yawa masu fafutuka sun yi fatan wata fafutukar neman zaman lafiya mai cin gashin kanta za ta sake fitowa daga rugujewar kamfen na Kerry, an samu 'yan tsirarun yankunan yankin na ci gaba da zanga-zangar. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na Howard Dean a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat na kasa (kuma babban dalilin zabar sa) shine kiyaye dakarun yaki da yaki a cikin rikici da munafunci kowa amma haɗin gwiwar Bush. Ta hanyar sanya Bush da iyayensa na siyasa Cheney da Rumsfeld batutuwan da suka fi muhimmanci, tsarin dimokuradiyya ya kauce wa muhawara ta gaske kan Iraki. Manyan 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat na iya yin kakkausar suka ga shugaban kasar saboda hargitsin da ya barke a Bagadaza, amma babu daya daga cikinsu da ya yi suka kan alhakin da Amurka ke da shi kan wannan babbar matsala da ke ci gaba da mamaye manyan kasashe daga Pakistan zuwa Sudan. Ba a taba yin muhawara kan koren haske na gwamnatin Bush kan kisan kiyashin da Isra'ila ke yi wa al'ummar Lebanon ba, ko kuma a baya-bayan nan, game da rawar da cia ta taka wajen tunzura sojojin Habasha a Somalia da kuma kai hare-hare ta sama a can. Hakki na Isra'ila, a halin yanzu, ya san cewa Hillary Clinton za ta kasance mai goyon bayan manufofinta a Gaza da kuma Yammacin Kogin Jordan kamar yadda duk wani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Texas ke jiran Armageddon.
Lallai shugabancin Demokraɗiyya ''Baƙar fata Caucus da ƴan ƴan ci gaba a baya'' sun yi amfani da fushin cikin gida game da manufofin Bush a Iraki. ƙarfafa, ba a fayyace ba, ijma'in Washington na asali game da Yaƙin Ta'addanci. Yayin da wata kila kungiyar yaki da yaki ta kasa za ta iya alakanta zaman dar-dar a Iraki da bala'i da ke kunno kai a Afganistan da kuma wani sabon yakin yanki a yankin kahon Afirka, dandali na dimokuradiyya, akasin haka, ya sake jaddada aniyar yaki da masu kishin Islama a matsayin wani bangare mafi girma. shirin na fadada, ba ragewa ba, yaki da tada kayar baya a duniya. 'Kawo sojojin gida a yanzu' ba tsarin dimokuradiyya ba ne, amma ninka girman Sojoji na Musamman' don lalata hanyoyin sadarwar 'yan ta'adda' da kuma kara kashe kudade kan yaki da ta'addanci a cikin gida sune jigon 'yan Democrat' '' Sabon Jagora ga Amurka' (tarin na cizon sauti da taken taken da ke ba da inuwa mai haske ga ƙarfin Gingrich na 1994' Kwangila tare da Amurka'). [26]
Ita ma shugabancin dimokuradiyya da gangan ta kauce wa muhawara kan abubuwan da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada na dokar Patriot; Babu wani fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Democrat da ya ba da shawarar sake dawo da ikon mulkin kama-karya da fadar shugaban kasa ke ikirarin tun daga 9/11. Haƙiƙa Hillary Clinton ta yi nuni da cewa ta fi son ɗaurin kurkuku ba tare da shari'a ba har ma da yin amfani da azabtarwa a wasu yanayi. Kakakin Pelosi, a halin da ake ciki, ya jaddada cewa manyan manufofin dimokuradiyya a cikin majalisa ta 110 za su kasance, da farko, don zaɓar 'ya'yan itacen da ba a saba da su ba, na sake fasalin al'ada (mafi ƙarancin albashi, takardun magani, lamunin ɗalibai da sauransu), sannan a hanzarta zuwa wuce wani 'ƙaddamarwa ajanda' don hi-tech masana'antu. Muhawarar manufofin kasashen waje a cikin majalisar '' godiya ga girman nauyin nauyi fiye da 100 New Democrats da Blue Dogs '' ba za su kai ga ra'ayin bipartisan na Shirin Baker'Hamilton ba ko duk wani sabon salo, dabarun tilastawa Falasdinawa ruwan sha na kasa. Condoleezza Rice ce ta gabatar.
To menene a zahiri kuri'ar yaki da yaki ta lashe? A karshen wannan rana, rashin jin daɗin jama'a game da siyasar Almasihu na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ya ba da hanya don maido da 'Realist' a ƙarƙashin tsarin Baker'Hamilton wanda ya daidaita tsarin manufofin kasashen waje na Bush Senior da Clinton. Zubar da jini a Iraki ya buɗe kowane sarcophagus a kan Potomac, yana lalata rundunonin sojan tsoffin sakatarorin ƙasa da masu ba da shawara kan tsaro na ƙasa (Scowcroft, Eagleburger, Brzezinski da kuma, ba shakka, babban mummy, Kissinger kansa) yana marmarin yin lacca a Majalisa kan 'hankali. ' hanyoyin da za a tilastawa Amurkawa a kan sauran kasashen duniya. Hillary Clinton, ba shakka, ita ce Sarauniyar Masu Gaskiya (sai dai idan ta ci karo da bukatun Isra'ila), kuma sabon rinjaye na Democrat a cikin majalisar ba zai iya yin nisa sosai daga rubutun da aka riga aka bayyana na yakin 2008. A cikin muhawarar nan gaba tare da Rudy Giuliani ko John McCain (wanda kwanan nan ya nada kansa mai ceto na 'nasara' a Iraki), Hillary na shirin zama mai taurin kai ga Jane, tare da yin watsi da duk wata alama ta macho tare da matsananciyar matsananciyar al-Qaeda, Iran. , Falasdinu da Kuba.
Zauren azurfa, idan har akwai, shi ne, jam'iyyar Democrats a Congress, tare da 'yan bakar fata da kawayenta masu fafutukar janyewa, za su fi fuskantar fushin jama'a yayin da tashe-tashen hankula da yakin basasa a Iraki ke ci gaba da korar dukiyar mamayar. . A cikin matsananciyar matsananciyar gamuwa don gamsar da 'yan Sunna da kuma kare wani yanki mai iko a Bagadaza, a halin yanzu gwamnatin Bush tana yin la'akari da wani hari na gaba-gaba ('takaddama' shine matakin sojanta) kan 'yan ta'addar Muqtada al-Sadr. Wani sabon yaki da sojojin Mahdi (wanda ya kara girma da horarwa tun lokacin yakin farko da sojojin Amurka a 2004) zai sake bude wani akwatin Pandora, wanda zai haifar da asarar rayukan Amurkawa maras tabbas da martani mai fashewa daga daukacin duniyar Shi'a. (Ba makawa mu kai hari ta sama kan birnin Sadr zai haifar da munanan al'amura masu tunawa da harin bam da Isra'ila ta kai a kudancin Beirut.)
Idan Condoleezza Rice da Robert Gates suka amince da wannan babban ci gaba, suna da kyakkyawar dama ta kawo wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat a cikin jirgi (ko da yake kusan za su rasa wasu manyan 'yan Republican). Shugaban majalisar dattijai Harry Reid ya riga ya nuna rudaninsa ta hanyar amincewa sannan kuma da sauri ya janye goyon bayan da ake shirin yi na karin sojojin mu 35,000 zuwa Bagadaza. A majalisar dattijai, dan iska Joe Lieberman, wanda aka sake zaba a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa bayan da ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, zai kasance babbar kuri'ar amincewa da ta'azzara. Pelosi, a lokacin rubutawa, yana la'akari da juriya ga sabbin kuɗaɗe don 'girmamawa', amma ba za ta yi la'akari da kudade don matakan sojojin da ake da su ba.
Menene matsayin Pelosi da Reid a ƙarshe suka ɗauka, da kuma yadda a zahiri suke matsawa don 'janyewar lokaci' da aka gabatar a cikin shirin su na Nuwamba na Nuwamba, za a ƙaddara ta hanyar sake farfadowa' ko a'a' '' motsi na yaƙi. Masu jefa ƙuri'a a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata tabbas ba su da ra'ayi kaɗan fiye da 'yan takararsu game da rashin bege na lamarin (kamar yadda zaɓen fitar da gwani ya nuna,' kusan ɗaya cikin biyar masu jefa ƙuri'a sun ce suna tunanin ko dai shugaban or 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat suna da kyakkyawan tsari ga Iraki'), [27] kuma ra'ayin jama'a na iya sake samun mafita mai aman wuta zuwa Majalisa mara ƙarfi. Lallai, zanga-zangar jama'a kawai, ba tare da katsewa daga Realpolitik na Howard Dean da MoveOn.org, na iya canza ma'auni na iko a Majalisa zuwa wata muhimmiyar muhawara kan janyewa.
III. IKON TAMBAYA
Daya daga cikin mafi dadi lokacin zaben Nuwamba shine zaben Nick Lampson zuwa tsohon kujerar Tom DeLay a gundumar 22nd ta Texas. Lampson '' malamin makaranta wanda tsohon dan majalisar wakilai ne daga Galveston '' ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan wadanda abin ya shafa na redistricting DeLay's 2003 na Texas: wani gerrymander na tsakiyar shekaru goma wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba wanda aka samu ta hanyar gudummawar kamfanoni da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba. Shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar ya tura don zaben mafi rinjaye na Republican a majalisar dokokin Texas a shekarar da ta gabata. Godiya ga jajircewar wani babban juri na gida da Travis County da Ronnie Earle, an tuhumi DeLay da yin rantsuwa a watan Satumba na 2005, kuma ba da jimawa ba, a karkashin binciken tarayya na kut-da-kut da dan takarar neman cin hanci da rashawa Jack Abramoff, an tilasta masa yin murabus daga shugabancin da ya fi rinjaye. , sannan kujerarsa ta majalisa.
DeLay, ba shakka, shi ne Robespierre na 1994 'Juyin Jumhuriyar Jumhuriyar', watakila mafi rashin tausayi ga gwamnatin jam'iyya daya a tarihin mu. A matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa abin da ake kira 'K Street Project', [28] tare da Rick Santorum da Grover Norquist, ya yi kaurin suna wajen tursasa babbar gudummawar yakin neman zabe daga masu sha'awar kasuwanci (da kuma alkawuran daukar hayar 'yan Republican kawai) don musanya musu damar rubuta dokokin gop kai tsaye. A matsayinsa na Shugaban Masu rinjaye (ko 'Hammer' kamar yadda 'yan Republican da Democrat suka san shi), ya sanya horon akidar da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a kan gop (har ma ya bijire wa yunkurin Fadar White House na ba da karamin haraji ga iyalai masu karamin karfi) yayin da yake sara a kowane fanni na bangaranci da wayewar koleji. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da m Abramoff, shi ne kuma mai bayar da shawarwari na sleaziest haddasawa a cikin Capitol, jere daga goyon bayan indentured aiki a sweatshop aljanna na Northern Marianas (a mu ƙasa ba tare da kariyar mu aiki dokokin) zuwa karkashin-da. -Tsarin ni'ima ga babban kamfani na Rasha wanda hakanan ya dawo da kuɗi zuwa abubuwan da suka danganci DeLay. [29]
Bayan fiye da shekaru goma na kasancewa kashe-kashe a hanyar DeLay's sleaze-financed campaign juggernaut (tare da Karl Rove a matsayin direban bugun-da-gudu), 'yan Democrat yanzu suna da damar da za su fara jujjuya juyin juya halin Republican'” wanda shine a ce, don wargaza gurbatacciyar kuɗaɗen kuɗi da ikon da DeLay da K Street Project ke aiki. Majalisa, ba shakka, ko da yaushe ya kasance game da 'biya don wasa' da lubrication na siyasa ta hanyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma ba kafin 1994 da 'yan Republican suka yi amfani da irin wannan matsananciyar tilastawa don sanya kansu a matsayin wajibi maimakon kawai ƙungiyar kasuwanci. (A wani ɓangare, wannan martani ne ga nasarorin Demokraɗiyya na jawo tallafi daga bicoastal, sabbin sassan tattalin arziki kamar nishaɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, software, fasahar kere-kere da caca.)
Alkawari mai ban sha'awa na nasarar Nuwamba shine cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Democrat masu sassaucin ra'ayi'"Charles Rangel (Hanyoyi da Ma'ana), Barney Frank (Sabis na Kuɗi), Henry Waxman (Gwamnati), David Obey (Kasuwanci), Ike Skelton (Rundunar Sojoji). ), da kuma John Rockefeller iv (Kwamitin Leken Asiri na Majalisar Dattawa)'”zasu yi amfani da kujerun kwamitocin da suka yi nasara wajen gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da cin hanci da rashawa na Himalayan da hada baki na shekarun DeLay. Tare da ikon sammaci a ƙarshe a hannun 'yan adawa, masu shiga tsakani na musamman da suka mamaye gwamnatin Bush za su fuskanci cikakkiyar fallasa da lissafin da suka yi nasarar tserewa bayan abin kunya na Enron. Lallai, yayin da kwarangwal ke fitowa daga cikin kabad na Republican, kuma jama'a sun fahimci girman girman damfara da zamba a cikin mamayar Iraki, da rashin sake gina New Orleans, 'tsaron cikin gida' ya yi kama da shirin phony Bioshield, da kuma ba da tallafin inshora, masana'antar harhada magunguna da masana'antar mai '' sannan masu jefa kuri'a za su amince da sabon tsarin sa ido na gwamnati, sabunta ka'idojin muhalli da lafiya da aminci, da sake fasalin kudin yakin neman zabe.
Wannan ita ce ainihin damar da 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat za su iya tashi a ka'idar, amma akwai 'yan dama cewa shugabancin su zai ba da damar binciken majalisa don bin kudi da cin hanci da rashawa har zuwa sama. Fatan ci gaba da cewa Majalisa za ta iya komawa zamanin jaruntaka na binciken Thurman Arnold na kin amincewa na ƙarshen 1930s, ko kuma bayyanar da kwamitin Watergate na karya dokokin Republican a cikin 1970s, mafarki ne mai fa'ida a fuskar Pelosi na dagewar cewa za a yi watsi da masu sa ido na Demokradiyya. , a cikin bukatun gina 'centrism'. Ta riga ta fitar da rantsuwar wulakanci daga manyan 'yan jam'iyyar Black Democrats guda biyu masu yuwuwa su girgiza kwale-kwalen 'yan jam'iyyar biyu: tilasta John Conyers (shugaban kwamitin shari'a) ya janye shawararsa na tsigewa ('kasar ba ta so ko kuma ta bukaci wani gurguwar jam'iyyar. gwamnati ', in ji shi kwanan nan) da kuma yin Charles Rangel, wanda ya hambarar da Dick Cheney kamar babu kowa a Majalisa, ya raira waƙa ko biyu na waƙar kamfanin ('Dole ne in ɗauki ra'ayi na jagoranci', ya yi alkawari). [30] Har ma fiye da diabolically, ta sanya Henry Waxman ('White House Enemy No. 1') don tabbatar da (a cikin kalmomin manazarta Brian Friel) cewa sa ido na majalisa ba ya 'bude 'yan Democrat har zuwa tuhuma na toshewa da tsattsauran ra'ayi a gaba. yakin neman zabe'. [31]
Idan babu matsananciyar matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da muhalli, da alama 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat ba za su ji daɗin sha'awar kasuwanci mai ƙarfi da za su yi farin cikin yin nesa da 'yan Republican ba. Tabbas za a yi wasu hisabi tare da Halliburton da zamba a cikin kwangila a Iraki, kuma watakila shari'ar karya na Scooter Libby (shugaban ma'aikatan Cheney da ake tuhuma) za a ji daɗin sabbin wahayi daga Rockefeller da kwamitinsa na leƙen asiri na Majalisar Dattijai game da ƙarairayi na gwamnati da ƙirƙira shaida kan. hanyar zuwa Bagadaza; amma faɗuwar da'irar za ta gamu da turjiya, ba kawai daga 'yan Republican masu fafutuka don kare rayukansu ba, amma daga 'yan Democrat masu ƙoƙarin kare sabunta dangantakarsu da ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni a tushen cin hanci da rashawa. Damar fallasa da sake fasalin za ta kasance mai daidaitawa a kowane mataki ta hanyar jarabar kulla yarjejeniya da tattara gudummawar yakin neman zabe. Kamar yadda Economist cikin rainin hankali amma daidai ya ce, 'sababbin sarakunan gidan ba sa ganin kansu a matsayin masu neman sauyi. Burinsu, bayan haka, ba wai kafa wata manufa ta musamman ba ce, a’a, su shirya fage na zaben shugaban kasa na 2008.’ [32]
Saboda masu fafutuka na kamfanoni suna tsoron ikon sammacin da Rangel da Waxman ke amfani da shi (duk da haka Pelosi ya tilasta su), da farin ciki za su nemi mafaka a kwamitocin yakin neman zaben Demokradiyya. Haɗin kai tsakanin Kamfanonin Amurka da Jam'iyyar Republican ya bayyana ƙasa da dindindin kuma ba ta da tabbas fiye da yadda ta yi shekara guda da ta gabata kuma, kamar yadda Kasuwanci An yi hasashen jim kaɗan bayan zaɓen, 'kamfanoni za su yi gaggawar tattara masu fafutuka masu fa'ida na Demokraɗiyya'. [33] Jagorancin Demokradiyya, a nata bangaren, yana neman tsabar kudi. Zagayowar zaɓe na gaba zai kasance mafi tsada a tarihi, kuma da wuya Hillary Clinton ta sake jin daɗin sauraron ƙarar ‘yan majalisa game da laifuffukan masana’antun harhada magunguna, man fetur da na soja waɗanda za su iya haifar da ramuwar gayya ga kamfanoni a cikin 2008. Ta fuskar dabaru. yana da ma'ana sosai ga 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat su tattara bayanan majalisa a kan ɗimbin ɓangarori na Gudanarwa, yayin da suke sake gina wakilcin wakilci a kan titin K, inda da yawa daga cikin birai masu fuka-fuki suna farin ciki game da 'yantar da su kwanan nan daga DeLay, mugayen mayya na Texas. .
As Kasuwanci masu karatu masu tada hankali, duk wani hali na wuce gona da iri a cikin sabuwar Majalisa za a yi tir da shi ta hanyar miliyoyi, lauyoyin kamfanoni da ’yan kasuwa masu fasahar fasahar kere kere a cikin Dimokuradiyya da kanta, musamman ma kungiyar New Democrat Coalition (Sashen House na Jam'iyyar Democrat) Majalisar Jagoranci) karkashin jagorancin Rep. Ellen Tauscher ta California. 'A cikin kunkuntar Demokradiyya House, Tauscher's band na game da 40 masu matsakaicin tattalin arziki za su yi amfani da m iko don tasiri haraji, kasuwanci da kasafin kudin manufofin.' Haka kuma, ceos ya damu da yuwuwar tuhumar ko kamfanonin da ke tsoron rasa kwangilolinsu na tarayya mai fa'ida na iya yin kira ga sabon abin mamaki na K Street, George Crawford, wanda a matsayin tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Nancy Pelosi ya sanya kansa a matsayin babban mai kulla yarjejeniyar Washington. ('A cikin 'yan watannin nan,' ya bayyana Kasuwanci, 'ya ƙara Exxon Mobil Corp. da Amgen Inc. a cikin jerin sunayen abokin ciniki.') [34]
Bayan batutuwan da ba su da sabani na 'sa'o'i 100', 'yan kaɗan daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka alkawarta waɗanda suka jawo masu jefa ƙuri'a masu ci gaba zuwa ga Democrat suna iya yin gaba ga guguwa mai tahowa na haɗakar kamfanoni da tara kuɗaɗen siyasa da Crawford da sauran 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat suka shirya. Manufofin makamashi, alal misali, na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan jam'iyyar, kuma Sanata Barbara Boxer (sabuwar shugabar kwamitin kula da muhalli da ayyukan jama'a) ta haɗu da babban haɗin gwiwar masana muhalli game da hayaki mai tsanani da ka'idojin tattalin arzikin man fetur na motoci. Amma kamar yadda dan jarida Richard Simon ya ruwaito kwanan nan a cikin Los Angeles Times, Masu kera motoci na Detroit da mazan mai na Texas ba abin mamaki bane. "Muna da yakinin cewa akwai 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat da yawa wadanda suka san mu kuma suka fahimce mu," in ji wani shugaban kungiyar matatun mai na kasa ya shaida masa. [35]
'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu fahimtar juna a cikin majalisa na 110 za su hada da 'yan majalisar dattijai daga jihohi masu fitar da makamashi, irin su Mary Landrieu (Louisiana) da Jeff Bingaman (New Mexico), da kuma shugaban kwamitin makamashi na majalisar, John Dingell (Michigan). , wanda zai yi yaƙi don kare kowane ƙwayar carbon dioxide na ƙarshe da Ford Explorer ko Chevy Suburban ke fitarwa. Nancy Pelosi na iya cire wasu daga cikin ficewar harajin masana'antar mai, amma Barbara Boxer ba za ta taba kwace kudaden Amurkawa masu arziki ba ko rage dogaro da mai na kasashen waje. Komai miliyoyin mutane nawa za su firgita saboda 'gaskiyar da ba ta dace ba' dumamar yanayi, za a sami 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat da za su taimaka wajen fitar da duk wata katuwar hayaki ko jefa kuri'a don kiyaye haƙƙin musamman na masana'antar mai.
IV. RASHIN KARE DA FAMUN KARE
Ya bambanta da yawancin tsarin majalisar Turai, tsarin jam'iyyar Amurka ba shi da wani bangare na 'kasa', kuma tsare-tsare na yanki da na gida suna ba da fifiko na musamman a cikin ayyukan Majalisa. Zaɓen 2006 lamari ne mai ban mamaki a cikin ma'ana: ko da gaske masu jefa ƙuri'a sun koma hagu ko a'a, 'yan majalisa' "a ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ikon ikon yanki a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya'" an koma cikin Blue Coasts. Texas, Florida, Virginia da Jojiya (waɗanda yankunan karkara sune dabarun dabarun juyin juya halin Republican na 1994) sun fita, kuma California da New York (Paahs of the age of Bush) suna cikin. Golden triangle na Wall Street, Hollywood da Silicon Valley yanzu suna mulkin Majalisa.
Ko da yake California da New York (tare da Massachusetts da Washington) hegemonize da ilmi tattalin arziki da kuma mu fitar da fasahohin, nisha da kuma kudi ayyuka, sun zama tsabar kudi saniya ga Regional redistributive Republican manufofin tun 1994. California ne watakila matsananci harka. Shekaru hamsin, daga Lend-Lease har zuwa faduwar katangar Berlin, masana'antun sararin samaniya da na'urorin lantarki na California sun yi ban ruwa ta hanyar ruwa na dala; tun 1990 a ƙarshe, tallafin kasafin kuɗi ya canza hanya kuma California yanzu tana fitar da harajin tarayya zuwa manyan jihohin Republican. Ganin cewa California ta taɓa karɓar $1.15 a cikin kuɗin tarayya na kowace dala da ta biya a harajin tarayya, yanzu tana samun koma baya cents 79 kawai. (Rashin daidaito ya fi muni fiye da wanda aka kwatanta a cikin Table 5, tun da California da New York su ne manyan tashoshin shiga don sabbin baƙi da ayyukan kuɗi waɗanda ya kamata su zama wajibcin tarayya.) Wani ɓangare sakamakon wannan gazawar, babban tushen kimiyya na duniya. Tattalin arzikin yanki yana goyan bayan gurɓacewar gurɓatattun kayan more rayuwa ta zahiri, zamantakewa da ilimi (aƙalla, firamare da sakandare).
Sai dai ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat za su yi fada da kansu, ba ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican kadai ba, idan har suna son sauya koma bayan kudaden gwamnatin tarayya, musamman a garuruwan da suka tsufa na jihohin Bluest. Yayin da sabbin shugabannin Majalisar, musamman Pelosi da Clinton, kowannensu ya yi babban rashi don bukatun gundumominsu da na jahohinsu, sun hada hannu da jam’iyyar tare da sadaukar da kai ga ragi ga kasa da kuma rashin kudi. Ko da yake Iraki da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa sune batutuwa mafi mahimmanci a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a, waccan tsohuwar kukan 'yan Republican "" alhakin kasafin kudi '' shine jigon shirye-shirye na 'Sabuwar Jagoran Amurka'' 'yan Democrat.
Duk da ikirarin a cikin Nation da kuma sauran wurare cewa 'yan Democrat yanzu suna ba da '' populist na ciki ', jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin farin ciki ga 'Rubinomics' "mafi mahimmancin girmamawa kan tsarin kasafin kuɗi maimakon kashe kuɗi na zamantakewa wanda ke nuna mulkin tsohon shugaban Goldman Sachs Robert Rubin a matsayin Sakataren Clinton. na Baitul mali. A aikace, wannan yana fassara ba wai kawai cikin ƙin yarda na Demokraɗiyya don aiwatar da sabbin kashe kuɗi ba, har ma da ƙi yin muhawara kan sake dawo da duk wani dala tiriliyan 1 na Bush na rage haraji ga mawadata. ' Haraji da kashewa, haraji da kashewa, haraji da kashewa', Sanata Kent Conrad (shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi) ya shaida wa New York Times, 'ba za mu je can ba'. [36] Shugaban kasa na iya ba da Baitulmali ga masu arziki da kuma ci gaba da basusuka masu yawa yayin da ya mamaye duniya, amma yanzu an rantsar da ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat zuwa tafarkin kin-Keynesian daidai wanda da zai sa Calvin Coolidge ya bushe.
Lallai mafi yawan 'masu daidaita kasafin kuɗi na Majalisa' (wannan shine bayanin hukuma akan gidan yanar gizon su) sune Blue Dogs, ƙungiyar 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da aka shirya a 1995 cikin kishin Gingrich's Republicans. Hailing yafi girma daga ƙananan birane masu girma da kuma balaguro kamar Merced, Tallahassee da Hot Springs, Blue Dogs suna haɓaka hoton bindigu-da-Littafi Mai Tsarki da bambanci da hula.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi