A karon farko a cikin tarihi, wanda aka keɓe farkon karni na 21, babban kamfani a duniya ba damuwa mai ba ne ko mai kera motoci ba, amma Wal-Mart, babban kanti. Alamar darajar wannan gaskiyar tana da nauyi kamar yadda take murkushe abubuwan: shine "nasara" na wanda ba a san shi ba, maye gurbin hanyar gargajiya ta hanyar samun abin da muke bukata don ciyar da kanmu, kula da gidajenmu, kayan aiki har ma da magani, bisa ga al'ada da ke da alaƙa tsakanin mutane, don sabon wanda aka daidaita, "mercantilized", da kuma inda muka san ci gaba kadan game da wane, a ina da ta yaya ko kuma a cikin wane yanayi abin da muke saya ake samarwa. Yanzu, zamu iya siyan duk abin da ke ƙarƙashin rufin guda ɗaya, kuma ko da yake kayayyaki suna da rahusa, wanda a zahiri mafarki ne, duk yanayin zai iya ƙarewa yana da tsada sosai. Siye a yau a Wal-Mart na iya nufin rasa aikinku ko bayar da gudummawa ga asarar wani a cikin danginku ko al'ummarku wani lokaci a kan layi.
Manufar Wal-Mart na ƙarancin farashi ana kiyaye shi yayin da akwai sauran wuraren siyayya a cikin al'umma ɗaya. Lokacin da sauran shagunan suka shiga ƙasa, ba su iya yin gasa, babu abin da zai hana Wal-Mart haɓaka farashin su, wanda kamfanin ke ƙarewa koyaushe. Wal-Mart ya yi mummunar tasiri a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin inda ya bayyana, kuma a cewar Wal-Mart Watch, ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da manufofin kamfanin ya shafa, ga kowane ayyuka biyu da aka samar lokacin da ya shiga cikin al'umma, uku sun kasance. rasa.
Wal-Mart shi ne na 19 a cikin kasashe 100 mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya – 49 kawai daga cikinsu a yanzu kasashe ne. Gwauruwar Sam Walton da ’ya’yansu maza hudu ne ke kula da kashi 38 na hannun jarinsa. A shekara ta 2004 sun kasance na shida a cikin masu arziki a duniya, tare da kusan dala biliyan 20 kowanne. Idan Sam Walton yana raye zai ninka Bill Gates mai arziki sau biyu, wanda shi ne na daya a jerin da ke da biliyan 46. Dukansu suna bayyana a sarari na megamonopoly na zamani da kuma ikon da suke aiwatarwa akan masu amfani. Waɗannan masu mulkin mallaka tabbas suna da niyya don haɓaka ikonsu. Wal-Mart, ana iya jayayya, yana da babban tasiri, yayin da yake siyar da irin wannan nau'in samfura da yawa kuma yana da iko mai girma akan masu samar da kayayyaki - da 'yan siyasa.
Ita ce babbar sarkar tallace-tallace kai tsaye ga mabukaci a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin Amurka tana da shagunan Wal-Mart sama da dubu uku da kayayyaki na Sam's Club 550. A Mexico ta riga ta mallaki kashi 54 na kasuwa, tare da shaguna 687 a cikin biranen 71, gami da Wal-Mart, Sam's Club, Bodegas Aurrera, Superama da Suburbia, baya ga sarƙoƙin gidan abinci Vips, El Porton da Ragazzi. Ya riga ya mallaki manyan sassan kasuwa a Kanada, Burtaniya, Brazil, Jamus da Puerto Rico, kuma tasirinsa yana karuwa a wasu da yawa, misali Japan.
Ita ce babbar ma'aikata mai zaman kanta a Amurka da Mexico. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ta kasance ta tara tarihi mai ban mamaki na tuhumar da ake yi masa saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da hana haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatanta ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma kusan duk wani abin da ake tsammani na take haƙƙin ma'aikata: wariya ga nakasassu, wariyar jinsi. , aikin yara, rashin ɗaukar hoto na kiwon lafiya, da rashin biya akan kari. A Amurka kashi 38 cikin dari na ma'aikatanta ba su da kiwon lafiya, kuma albashin da yake biya ya kasance, a matsakaita, kashi 26 cikin 2003 ya yi kasa da ka'idojin masana'antu. A cikin Disamba 39 an sami ƙararrakin matakin aji 30 da ke gaban kan kamfanin a cikin jihohi 2003 daban-daban na Amurka saboda keta dokokin kan kari. A wani zagaye da aka yi a watan Oktoba, 250 gwamnati ta gano ma'aikatan kasashen waje 2004 da ba su da takardun aiki, wadanda ba shakka suna aiki cikin mawuyacin hali. A cikin watan Yunin 1,600,000 Wal-Mart ya yi asarar ƙarar matakin aji mafi girma a tarihi, inda mata 1998 suka tabbatar da cewa suna fuskantar wariyar jinsi a matsayinsu na ma'aikatan kamfanin tun XNUMX.
Sai dai karancin farashin kamfanin bai dogara ne kawai kan cin zarafin ma'aikatansa a kasashen da yake gudanar da ayyukansa kai tsaye ba. Farashin shine sakamakon kai tsaye na tsarin amfani da "maquiladoras" a cikin yanayin matsanancin amfani. Wata ma'aikaciyar ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, da ke Bangladesh, ta gaya wa jaridar Los Angeles Times a cikin 2003 cewa aikinta na yau da kullun yana daga 8 na safe zuwa 3 na safe, kwanaki 10 ko 15 a jere. Wannan shi ne abin da aka ɗauka don samun tsira idan aka yi la'akari da albashin da ake biya. Amma a cikin wannan labarin, manajan kamfanin ya koka da cewa dole ne su kara inganta, saboda Wal-Mart yana barazanar kai kayan da ake nomawa zuwa kasar Sin, inda za ta iya samun farashi mai rahusa.
Ko da yake yana da matukar muni, cin gajiyar aiki ba shine kawai tasirin "Wal-Mart" ba. Akwai wasu da yawa, ciki har da amfani da sabbin fasahohi don bin diddigin sayayyar mutane ko da sun bar babban kanti. Sarrafa alama shine sunan wasan a cikin "Walmartization" na duniya.
Ciyar da Babban Brother.
Manyan kantunan yanki ne na sarkar abinci wanda ke motsa mafi yawan jari. A cewar wasu manazarta tasirin tasirinsu ya wuce gona da iri kuma suna iya cinye duk wata hanyar da ta gabata a cikin sarkar, kamar masu samar da abinci da abin sha, masu rarrabawa, da masu samar da noma.da masu samarwa. Ko sun gama shiga cikin wadannan sassa na sarkar zai dogara ne akan tattalin arzikin wasan, ta yadda idan aka samu rahusa a bar wasu kamfanoni su yi takara a tsakanin su, ba za su shiga ba. Tasirin, duk da haka, iri ɗaya ne: ƙaddamar da iko da iko a cikin ƙananan hannaye. Wannan ba'a iyakance ga Wal-Mart ba amma kuma ya haɗa da wasu ƙattai kamar Carrefour, Ahold, Costco ko Tesco.
Amma Wal-Mart ya yi fice musamman saboda, ban da kasancewarsa babban kamfani a duniya, kuɗin da yake samu ya ninka na mafi girman fafatawa da shi sau huɗu, kuma ya fi na gaba huɗu girma a hade. Domin ita ce babbar mai sayar da kayan abinci a matakin duniya yana da tasiri mai yawa akan me da yadda ake samar da abinci. Ya rigaya ya fara aiki, alal misali, a cikin aikin noma ta hanyar kwangila kai tsaye tare da masu noma. Hakanan shine na uku a cikin tallace-tallace a cikin magunguna.
Kamar dai bai isa ya zama irin wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin ba, galibi saboda girman ikonsa, Wal-Mart ya fara, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, don amfani da sabbin fasahohi don samun bayanai kan tsarin siyan mutane. An riga an gwada, a cikin birane uku na Amurka, musanya lambobin mashaya don tsarin tantancewa ta mitar rediyo. Wannan tsarin “lakabi” ne da ke amfani da guntu na lantarki, wanda bai fi hatsin shinkafa ba kuma mai yuwuwa ya fi ƙanƙanta, mai ɗauke da bayanai game da samfurin, wanda ake watsa shi ba tare da waya ba zuwa kwamfuta. Wannan guntu yana da ikon adana bayanai da yawa fiye da lambar mashaya. Matsalar ita ce siginar sa yana bin mai siye a wajen kofofin babban kanti. A cewar Wal-Mart, mabukaci zai sami zaɓi na tambaya a wurin biya cewa a kashe guntu, sai dai ba shi da shirin tallata wannan yuwuwar.
Ya riga ya gwada ta yin amfani da samfurori daga Gillete da Procter & Gamble, da sauransu kamar Coca Cola, Kodak, Nestle da sauran su.
A farkon 2004 Wal-Mart ya gaya wa manyan masu samar da kayayyaki 100 cewa dole ne su kasance a shirye don samar da wannan fasaha a cikin Janairu, 2005,
Tsarin zai fara, a farkon, kawai a matsayin hanyar bin diddigin jigilar kayayyaki, wato, ba lallai ba ne kai tsaye da alaƙa da marufi da mabukaci ya kai gida. A watan Nuwamba ta ba da sanarwar cewa yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki, da ƙarin 37 da aka ƙara zuwa jerin asali za su kasance a shirye. Yanzu lokaci ne kawai har sai farashin chips ɗin ya ragu sosai kafin a haɗa shi cikin duk abin da mabukaci ya saya.
A aikace, wannan yana nufin, alal misali, masu amfani waɗanda suka yi rajistar katunan kuɗi a lokacin shiga kantin sayar da kayayyaki za su iya biyan kuɗin siyan su da gangan ba tare da sun shiga ta hanyar mai karbar kuɗi ba, saboda samfuran za su yi rajista ta atomatik lokacin fita. Amma Wal-Mart da sauran masu amfani da fasahar za su sami ainihin bayanai game da wane, menene, yaushe, nawa da kuma inda aka yi amfani da samfuran.
Ko da yake Wal-Mart ba shine kaɗai ke gwada fasahar ba - akwai Tesco a Burtaniya, da Metro, Carrefour da Depot Home a wasu wurare, shine babban ƙarfin ci gabansa. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ce ta fara haɓaka da kuma aiwatar da wannan fasaha.
Dole Orwell yana jujjuyawa a cikin kabarinsa. Waɗannan ƙananan tsarin sarrafawa, “ƙanana ’yan’uwa”, idan za ku so, za su yi gaba fiye da Babban Ɗan’uwa da ya yi hasashe.
Halin Walmartization zuwa "duniya mai farin ciki" da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa ke busa kaho na bukatar jahilcinmu da halin ko in kula don cin nasara. Abin takaici, waɗanda suka rage ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da katin kiredit ko zare kudi ba – a wasu kalmomi, yawancin mazaunan duniyar za su kasance ba tare da isar wannan tsarin sarrafawa ba. Tare da dukan ikonsa, Wal-Mart da na ƙasashen duniya suna buƙatar mu tsira. Ba ma bukatar su.
Silvia Ribeiro mai bincike ne tare da Grupo ETC.
Daniel Morduchowicz ya Fassara daga Mutanen Espanya
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Bada Tallafi