"Ya kasance mafi kyawun lokuta, shi ne mafi munin lokutan..."
Charles Dickens
Juyin juya halin neoliberal, wanda ya fara a cikin 1970s, ya haifar da rashin daidaiton da ba a gani ba tun lokacin da aka yi nisa.1 Daga kusan 1942 zuwa 1978, kashi 10 cikin 33 na gidaje sun mallaki kusan kashi 10% na dukiyar al'ummar. Har ma fiye da ban mamaki, manyan 47% (0.1 a cikin 1) na gidaje sun karu kason kudin shiga daga kasa da 1,000% a 1 zuwa kusan 1978% a 5.2 Manufofin da suka haifar da wannan rarrabuwar kawuna, da suka hada da mayar da hannun jari, rugujewa, da inganta zaman lafiyar tattalin arziki, sun jawo hankulan masu suka da kuma jinjinan masu neman gafara. A cikin jawabai na yau da kullun, encomia na kasuwa kyauta da pabulum masu adawa da gwamnati abubuwan buƙatu ne.3 Ana ɗaukar ta alama ta nagarta don ɗaukar imani na sufa game da kaddarorin thaumaturgical na kasuwa mai kyauta. Tabbas, barin ether na platonic, duka masu ci gaba da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna son ingantaccen na'ura mai ƙarfi da yanayin shiga tsakani. Masu ci gaba sun fi son a yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don ƙirƙirar daidaito mafi girma; masu ra'ayin mazan jiya cewa suna ba da damar samun kudin shiga zuwa sama.4
Masu sukar tsarin mulkin neoliberalism sun rubuta ayyuka marasa adadi da ke bayyana munanan sakamakon tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da ke da alaƙa da manufofin neoliberal.5,6,7 Yawancin masu ci gaba sun saba da waɗannan zargi kuma suna amfani da su a cikin tattaunawa, shafukan yanar gizo, labarai, da littattafai. Abin baƙin ciki, akwai sauran lacuna a cikin ci gaba da sukar da ke ba masu neman afuwar damar zama masu kare bangaskiyar da ba su da tushe: ba a tantance sakamakon tunani na manufofin neoliberal ba-a wajen ƙwararrun mujallu.8 Sakamako a kaikaice: mai son neman sassaucin ra'ayi ya yarda da gaskiyar tattalin arziki amma ya tabbatar da cewa karuwar 'yanci, son kai, da wadata fiye da kima. Tabbas, ƙananan ma'aikata da marasa ƙwarewa sun fi muni fiye da shekaru 30 da suka wuce, amma wa ya damu? Mai neman afuwar sai yayi kakkausar murya kan kayan masarufi marasa misaltuwa wadanda ke samuwa don siye. Shi (ko ita) ya ƙare da zaren game da maƙwabcinsa mai aiki wanda ya mallaki wayoyin hannu guda 2 da talabijin mai lebur. Idan irin wannan hujjar tana da inganci fa? Idan bayanan da aka tattara a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata sun ba da shaidar cewa 'yan ƙasar Amurka sun fi farin ciki da koshin lafiya fiye da kowane lokaci, hakan zai sa yanke hukunci mai tsauri na neman sassaucin ra'ayi da wahala. Sabanin haka, idan bayanan sun ba da shaida na ƙaruwar rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki, wannan zai sa ya zama da wahala a faɗi salubriousness na neoliberalism.
Dabarun Neoliberalism
"Farin ciki shine ma'ana da manufar rayuwa, dukan manufa da ƙarshen rayuwar ɗan adam."
Aristotle
Neoliberalism da Farin Ciki
Masu fafutuka na Neoliberal sau da yawa suna yin nuni ga karuwar wadata, yanci, da zaɓin mabukaci don tabbatar da alamar kasuwancinsu. Mahimmanci a cikin wannan hujja shine zato, wanda aka bari a fili ba a gwada shi ba, cewa zaɓin mabukaci da dukiya, bisa ga larura, hanyoyin farin ciki ne. Komawa ga binciken masana, gaskiya ne cewa manyan matakan samun kudin shiga tsakanin kasa da kasa suna da alaƙa da ƙarin farin ciki. Alal misali, masu bincike sun sami matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa (tsakanin .50 da .70) tsakanin kuɗin shiga kowane mutum da matsakaicin jin daɗin rayuwa a cikin ƙasashe.9 Koyaya, da zarar samun kudin shiga ya kai matsakaicin matsakaici (kimanin dalar Amurka 10,000 ga kowane mutum), tasirin ƙarin samun kudin shiga akan farin ciki ba shi da iyaka ko babu.10,11 A cikin Amurka, ma'anar farin ciki ya kasance a kwance tun ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da adadin Amurkawa da ke ba da rahoton farin ciki ya ragu sosai a cikin 1960s (duba hoton da ke ƙasa).12,13,14
Myers, D.G., & Diener, E. (1995). Wanene yake farin ciki? Kimiyyar Halitta, 6, 10-19. shafi 13. An sake bugawa tare da izinin APA.
Masu ba da shawara na Neoliberal daidai ne wajen tabbatar da cewa jin daɗin 'yanci yana ƙara jin daɗin rayuwa; Ba daidai ba ne a ɗauka cewa manufofin neoliberal suna haɓaka ƴancin da ake gani.15 Manufofin Neoliberal suna haɓaka rashin daidaituwa wanda ke rage yanci da aka sani kuma yana da alaƙa da tarin cututtuka na zamantakewa (cikakken bayani a kasa). Bugu da ari, al'ummomin da suka mallaki mafi girman gamsuwar rayuwa-Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, da Switzerland-duk sun fi Amurka daidaito da ra'ayi.16 Wannan ya yi daidai da bincike da ke nuna cewa ƙarin manufofin jindadin jama'a suna da alaƙa da manyan matakan farin ciki.17 Akwai wasu dalilai guda biyu waɗanda ingantattun ƙasashe masu ra'ayin jama'a tare da manufofin jin daɗi masu karimci sukan fi farin ciki fiye da na Amurka Na farko, a cikin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun jama'a, gasa na zamantakewa, samun kudin shiga ya zama babban buri na zamantakewa yana sa mutane su wuce gona da iri wajen samar da walwala. da kuma rasa ganin abubuwa masu mahimmanci.18 Na biyu, yayin da mutane gabaɗaya suka fi son zaɓi, akwai shaidar cewa zaɓin da yawa yana da lahani ga jin daɗi. An ba wa wannan al'amari lakabi mai ban sha'awa paradox na zabi.19 Misalin abin da ake so, yi tunanin tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa babban kanti. Shin man goge baki iri-iri ne ya mamaye ku? Menene bambanci tsakanin ci-gaba mai haske fluoride da iso-active fluoride? Ya kamata ku yi amfani da fluoride ko peroxide ko soda burodi ko duka uku? Rikicin zaɓi yana faruwa ne saboda muna son yin zaɓi na hankali amma muna da iyakacin lokaci da albarkatu. Yawancin lokaci ba shi yiwuwa a tattara isassun bayanai don zaɓi mafi kyau. Don haka, muna cike da kayan masarufi waɗanda ba sa ƙara farin ciki kuma da yawa don ƙara damuwa. Matsakaicin neoliberalism yana haɓaka sha'awar amfani, yana yiwuwa ya rage jin daɗin rayuwa.
"Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi muni a cikin dukkanin Jamhuriyar." Plutarch
Rashin daidaito da Ayyukan Ilimin Halitta
Rashin daidaituwa ya karu sosai a zamanin neoliberal-ko da mafi yawan masu neman afuwa ya yarda da haka. Masana ilimin Pollyannaish suna jayayya cewa rashin daidaituwa ba shi da mahimmanci muddun al'umma na samun wadata cikin cikakkiyar ma'ana. Suna kuma jayayya cewa rashin daidaito shine farashin da aka biya don 'yancin yin amfani da basirar mutum. Binciken kimiyya, duk da haka, yana ba da labari daban-daban. Daruruwan karatu sun nuna cewa rashin daidaito yana lalata zamantakewa da tunani.20,21,22 Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da tasirin rashin daidaituwa akan zaɓin sakamakon zamantakewa da tunani.
Bayanan Bayani na 23-27. Lura: sama arrow = nuna alama yana ƙaruwa tare da mafi girman rashin daidaituwa. down arrow = nuni yana raguwa.
Kallo da sauri a teburin yana nuna cewa rashin daidaito yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin lafiyar jama'a da lafiyar hankali gami da tarin matsalolin zamantakewa. Ko da motsi na zamantakewa, dalilin célèbre na neoliberal aficionados, yana da alaƙa mara kyau tare da rashin daidaituwa (watau, mafi daidaito tsakanin al'umma, mafi girman motsin zamantakewa). Wadannan bayanai sun kara taimakawa wajen fahimtar rashin dangantaka tsakanin kowa da kowa samun kudin shiga da farin ciki: Ba kudin shiga ba ne ke da mahimmanci kamar rarrabawar dangi.
“Mu ne tsakiyar yaran tarihi…. babu manufa ko wuri. Ba mu da Babban Yaƙi, Babu Babban Bacin rai. Babban yakinmu yaki ne na ruhaniya. Babban bakin cikinmu shine rayuwarmu. "
Ku yãƙi Club
Sakamakon Girma Neoliberal
Generation X da tsararraki masu tasowa, a cikin hanya mai ban tsoro, aladun Guinea na tarihin neoliberal. Idan masu fafutukar neman yanci sun yi daidai, ya kamata wadannan tsararraki su sami albarka da farin ciki da karfin tunani da ba a ba wa al'ummomin da suka gabata ba. A gefe guda, idan damuwa na masu suka ya fi kusa da alamar, ya kamata mu ga abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin gwiwa a kan ɗimbin sakamako na tunani da zamantakewa waɗanda ba su cikin hanyar da ake so. Anan, kamar yadda Mike Males ya yi nuni da fa'ida, dole ne mu yi taka tsantsan kada mu yi watsi da samari.28 Dole ne mu yi tsayayya da akasin jaraba-Maza sun zo kusa da rubuta abin da ya dace da hagiography.29
A baya, duk abin da za mu iya dogara da shi don samar da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru na tsararraki shine raye-rayen da aka jefa kan ƙarami daga kujerar hannu na manya. Tabbas, waɗannan ba su cancanci matsayin shaida mara son zuciya ba. Abin farin ciki, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Jean Twenge da abokan aikinta sun fara yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don tantance yanayin tsararraki da gaske.30,31 Maƙasudin wannan hanyar ita ce tattara ƙididdiga akan bincike gwargwadon yadda bayanan ke ba da izini. Misali, zamu iya tattara maki daliban koleji akan sikelin auna girman kai daga 1976 zuwa yanzu. Daga nan za mu iya ɗaukar matsakaicin maki na ɗaliban koleji daga 1976 kuma mu kwatanta su da ɗaliban kwaleji na 1977 da sauransu har zuwa bayanan da aka buga kwanan nan. Haskakar wannan hanyar ita ce za mu iya yin kowane irin kididdiga na kididdigar kwatanta ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban koleji kuma za mu iya ƙididdige abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Yana iya zama ɗan ƙalubale fiye da yin fa'ida a zahiri, amma yana da fa'idar ingantaccen kimiyya.
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da zaɓaɓɓen samfuri na alamomin zamantakewa da tunani (watau, bayyananniyar ƙwaƙƙwaran ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da jin daɗin zamantakewar zamantakewa) da kuma yanayin giciye na lokaci-lokaci. Teburin kuma yana gabatar da shekarun ƙungiyar (misali, ɗaliban koleji) ana ɗaukar bayanan da kuma tsawon lokaci (misali, 1976-1993).
Bayanan Bayani na 32-44. Lura: sama arrow = nuna alama ya ƙaru sama da lokacin da aka jera a cikin 'Shekarar Trend'. down arrow = nuna alama ya ragu. Misali yana nufin shekarun ƙungiyar da aka yi nazari.
An sami raguwar jarin zamantakewa tun tsakiyar shekarun 1960 a duk ƙungiyoyin shekaru. Wannan yana bayyana a cikin komai daga raguwar fitowar masu jefa ƙuri'a zuwa ƙarancin tattaunawa da maƙwabta. A cikin ƙungiyoyin samari akwai ɗabi'a zuwa ga narcissism na ɗaiɗaiku kamar yadda aka nuna ta haɓakar giciye na ɗan lokaci a cikin kyakkyawan ra'ayin kai, girman kai, da halayen narcissistic. Wato, matasan wannan zamani sun fi girma akan ma'aunin ma'auni fiye da matasa shekaru 10 ko 20 da suka wuce. Duk da yake girman kai gabaɗaya abin sha'awa ne, ba lokacin da ya zama ba tare da jin daɗi daga cim ma waje ba. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu, yana haifar da buri maras kyau, gasa, kariya, da ɓatanci. Haka ya shafi, a fortiori, zuwa tabbataccen ra'ayin kai. Tabbas, yana da kyawawa don kallon kanku a cikin haske mai kyau. Duk da haka, idan kun yi imani cewa kai ne mafi hankali, kyakkyawa, kuma mai wasan motsa jiki a cikin duniyar da aka sani, ba za ka iya zama mai haɗin kai ba kuma mai son kai.
Abin sha'awa, duka wuraren sarrafawa na waje da kuma imani na duniya sun tashi tun daga 1970s. Wurin sarrafawa na waje yana nufin imani cewa yawancin sa'a ne ke ƙayyade yawan mutum a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka yi ƙima a kan wuraren sarrafawa na waje suna zama masu izgili saboda ba su yi imani da ayyukan nasu ba na iya yin tasiri wajen samar da kyakkyawan sakamako. Don haka, tare da haɓaka wurin sarrafawa na waje, mai yiyuwa ne ɗorewar gwagwarmaya ta ragu. Imani kawai na duniya yana nufin sha'awar gaskata cewa duniya tana da gaskiya kuma mutane suna samun abin da suka cancanta. Mutanen da suka mallaki imani kawai na duniya suna tabbatar da halin da ake ciki kuma suna zargin wasu don gazawar su-ko da waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na waje (misali, canje-canjen tsarin tattalin arziki, rashin lafiya mai tsanani). Don haka, matasa a yau sun fi tabbatar da halin da ake ciki da kuma zargin wadanda abin ya shafa fiye da yadda suke a shekarun 1970.
Idan aka ɗauka gabaɗaya, binciken da aka taƙaita a cikin teburin da ke sama yana da illa ga masu fafutukar neman yancin ɗan adam. Matasa a yau suna fama da ƙarin damuwa, damuwa, da tabin hankali; baje kolin ra'ayoyin kai da rage jin kai; yi imani kudi ya fi al’ummomin da suka gabata muhimmanci; kuma suna da yuwuwar yarda da halin da ake ciki tare da yarda da rashin kunya. Wadannan dabi'un tunani suna kamanta ta hanyar ci gaba da raguwa a cikin zamantakewar jama'a da haɓakar son abin duniya.45 Dole ne mu yi taka tsantsan don kada mu zargi matasa game da waɗannan abubuwan. Ana haifar da su ta hanyar abubuwa da sauye-sauye na al'adu, ba ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin ilimin halin dan adam ba. Waɗannan su ne sakamakon al'adun da aka ƙaddara akan ƙimar abin duniya da ɗabi'a. A taƙaice, waɗannan su ne sakamakon da ake iya faɗi na manufofin neoliberal.
Ƙarshe: Neoliberalism Haɗarin Lafiya ne
"Sun yi wani kango kuma suka kira shi zaman lafiya."
Tacitus
Shaidar da aka gabatar a sama an ɗauka cikin toto yana da yawa kuma yana nuni ga ƙarshe ɗaya: 'Yan sanda Neoliberal haɗarin lafiyar jama'a ne. Kamar taba sigari, farfagandar neoliberal yakamata ta zo tare da Babban Gargaɗi na Likita: Neoliberalism na iya haifar da baƙin ciki, damuwa, cynicism, kuma an danganta shi da raguwar jarin zamantakewa. Masu sukar ci gaba na neoliberalism yakamata suyi amfani da waɗannan binciken a cikin shafukan yanar gizo, labarai, da tattaunawa. Yana da wuya a yarda cewa yawancin Amurkawa za su amince da manufofin neman sassaucin ra'ayi idan suna sane da sakamakon.
Ana fatan cewa wannan shaida ta cika lacuna da aka tattauna a farkon. Babu wani dalili da zai sa mu yi watsi da ilimin halin ɗan adam lokacin yin muhawara game da manufofin zamantakewa. A gaskiya ma, ta hanyar tasirin waɗannan manufofin akan nama da na jini ne kawai muke sukar su. Masu ci gaba, a wasu lokuta, sun nisanta daga ilimin halin dan Adam. Abin baƙin cikin shine, masu neman afuwa na Neoliberal sun yi amfani da wannan don amfanin su: Yayin da suke yin la'akari game da kyawawan halaye na kasuwanni masu 'yanci da zabin masu amfani, masu ci gaba, a mafi yawancin, suna mayar da martani tare da busassun ƙididdiga game da rashin daidaito da rashin aikin yi. Ba shi da wahala a ga wanne ne ya fi dacewa da matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa. Suna dauke da bayanai daga ilimin halin dan Adam, masu ci gaba na iya mayar da martani tare da kwatancen raɗaɗi na ƙara rashin lafiyar hankali.
Duk da yake ba mu da wata hikima ta musamman don ba da shawarwari masu fafutuka, yana da mahimmanci mu tuna cewa ba a rubuta tsarin neoliberalism a cikin taurari: Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban.
[Ben Winegard ɗalibi ne da ya kammala karatun digiri yana nazarin ilimin juyin halitta da haɓakawa a Jami'ar Missouri. Ya buga labaran da aka yi bita na tsararraki akan fandom na wasanni da rashin gamsuwar jikin mace. Yana kuma da sha'awar siyasa da fafutuka. Za a iya samun Ben a: [email kariya]. Cortne Jai Winegard yana da Digiri na biyu a cikin ci gaban al'umma da tsara birane. Tana aiki a Columbia, yankin Missouri don haɓaka rayuwa mai sauƙi da keke. Ita ma tana sha'awar siyasa da fafutuka. Ana iya samun Cortne a:[email kariya]]
References
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3. Bo Winegard (Maris 31, 2011). Synecdoche Wisconsin: Neoliberalism da Inequities na Tattalin Arziki a Amurka. Muryar 'yan adawa a http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/synecdoche-wisconsin-neoliberalism-and-economic-inequities-in-america/
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22. Akwai tarin bayanai da takardu masu goyan bayan takamaiman da'awar game da illar rashin daidaito a The Equality Trust, ƙungiyar sa-kai a http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/
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