Kotun koli ta shirya tsai da shari'o'i biyu da za su iya kawo cikas ga 'yancin kada kuri'a - ginshikin dimokuradiyya. Shari'a ɗaya za ta sake nazarin yunƙurin gwamnatin Trump na ƙara tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin ƙidayar 2020. Sauran za su yi la'akari da ko ɓangarorin ɓangarorin tsarin mulki ne. Suna da alaƙa saboda tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa za ta ba da damar 'yan Republican su tsara taswirar taswira mafi tsauri don lalata 'yan Democrat,' New York Times ruwaito.
"Yana da wahala a wuce gona da iri kan mahimmancin ƙidayar jama'a da shari'o'in bangaranci," bisa ga Farfesa Leah Litman ta UC Irvine School of Law, an yi hira da shi a cikin Los Angeles Times. "Karfafa ƙarin tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma yin watsi da duk wani sahihancin shari'a na ɓacin rai zai ba wa 'yan tsirarun Republican damar shigar da ikonsu na siyasa shekaru da yawa."
Bugu da ƙari, Thomas Hofeller, masanin dabarun GOP kuma mai tsara tsarin tambayar ɗan ƙasa, an san shi da "Michelangelo na gerrymandering." Kwarewar Hofeller wajen zana taswirar siyasa na bangaranci "ya tabbatar da rinjayen jam'iyyar [Jamhuriyar] a fadin kasar," Michael Wines rubuta a cikin New York Times.
Ana amfani da wannan kidayar ne domin tantance adadin wakilan da kowace jiha za ta samu a majalisar, da yadda ake raba masu zabe a kwalejin zabe, da yadda za a ware dala biliyan 880 na kudaden gwamnatin tarayya a tsakanin jihohin.
Tambayar Kidayar Jama'a
A cikin Disamba 2017, Ma'aikatar Shari'a (DOJ) ta rubuta a wasika zuwa Sashen Kasuwanci, yana neman ta ƙara tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa ga takardar tambarin ƙidayar 2020. Amma Sakataren Kasuwanci Wilbur Ross ya riga ya yanke shawarar ƙara tambayar kuma shi shirya wasiƙar don ya zama kamar yana amsa buƙatar DOJ.
Ross ya shaida a gaban Majalisa a watan Maris da ya gabata cewa manufar ƙarin ita ce samun "cikakkun bayanai masu inganci don amfani da su wajen tantance yawan shekarun jefa ƙuri'a na 'yan ƙasa don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Zaɓe." Iliya Cummings, shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan sa ido da sake fasalin gwamnati. nuna munafuncin dalilin da'awar Ross, yana mai cewa gwamnatin Trump ta yi "dukkan abin da za ta iya don murkushe zaben."
Hadin gwiwar jihohi, gundumomi da birane suna da'awar a ciki Sashen Kasuwanci v. New York cewa karin tambayar ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Sun tabbatar da hakan zai haifar da ƙima saboda mutanen da ke cikin gidaje waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida za a hana su ba da amsa.
Lallai, Sashen Kidayar Jama'a kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 6.5 za su iya zama ba a tantance su ba idan aka kara tambayar zama dan kasa.
A watan Janairu, wata kotun tarayya da ke New York ta hana gwamnati kara tambayar zama dan kasa. Kotun gundumar ta gano cewa shawarar da Ross ya yanke na sabani ne kuma mai ban tsoro, inda ta kira dalilinsa na Dokar 'Yancin Zabe (VRA).hujja” don wani dalili banda tilastawa VRA. Amma kotun ta ce masu shigar da kara ba su nuna cewa manufar tambayar ita ce nuna wariya ga Latinos da sauran al'ummomin bakin haure masu launin fata ba, wanda ake bukata don keta hakkin daidaitaccen bangaren kariya na Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na biyar.
Kwaskwari na Sha Hudu ya ce, "Za a raba wakilai a tsakanin jihohi da dama bisa ga adadinsu, a kirga dukkan adadin mutanen da ke kowace jiha, ban da Indiyawan da ba a saka musu haraji." Gyaran dai bai takaita kidaya ga ‘yan kasa ba.
A lokacin muhawara ta baka a cikin Kotun Koli a watan Afrilu, alkalan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar ya karkata don tsayar da tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa. Amma a ranar 30 ga Mayu, an gabatar da Kotun tare da sababbin gano shaidar rufawa na haramtacciyar manufar wariyar launin fata don ƙara tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa. Bayan Hofeller ya mutu a cikin 2018, 'yarsa ta sami takardun da ke nuna cewa ya bukaci hada da tambayar don "zama rashin lahani ga 'yan Democrat" da kuma "mai amfani ga 'yan Republican da wadanda ba na Hispanic Whites" a sake rarrabawa.
Don haka, a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, masu shigar da kara na kawancen sun bukaci kotun kolin da ta jinkirta yanke hukunci kan karar. Dale Ho, darekta na ACLU's Rights Rights Project, wanda ke wakiltar masu kara, ya ce, “Ba za a iya misalta muhimmancin wannan harka ba. Ƙididdiga na faruwa sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma kuma babu damar yin abin da ya dace." Ya kara da cewa, "Bai kamata kotun koli ta bar gwamnatin Trump ta kara tambayar zama dan kasa a cikin kidayar jama'a ba bisa ga bayanan da bai cika ba."
A halin da ake ciki, Kwamitin Sa ido da Gyara na Majalisar ya ba da shawarar ga cikakken Majalisar Wakilai cewa a tsare Ross da Attorney Janar William Barr da raina Majalisa saboda ƙin bayar da shaida da takaddun da suka shafi tambayar ƙidayar. Sa'o'i kadan kafin kwamitin ya kada kuri'a, Donald Trump rama ta hanyar ba da damar zartarwa don toshe kayan da aka yi sammaci.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa na Partisan Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering shi ne "hanzari da gangan na iyakokin gundumomi don nuna bambanci ga ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a bisa ga ra'ayinsu na siyasa ko launin fata."
Ko da yake Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da batun nuna bambancin launin fata, ba ta taɓa yarda da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin tsarin mulki na ɓangarorin ba.
Duk jam'iyyun siyasa biyu suna gudanar da harkokin siyasa. Amma a halin yanzu 'yan Republican sun fi amfana da shi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda nasarorin da suka samu a zaɓen majalisar wakilai na 2010, wanda ya ba su damar sake fasalin iyakokin gundumomin House don cin gajiyar 'yan Republican. Sun kuma yi amfani da wasu dabaru don murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a, gami da buƙatun ID na masu jefa ƙuri'a da iyakancewar sa'o'i da wuraren zaɓe.
Vicky Hausman, wanda ya kafa Forward Majority, ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar taimakawa 'yan Democrat samun nasarar 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi. da aka jera a cikin Los Angeles Times Dabarun murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a da yawa GOP ya yi amfani da su. Sun hada da kokarin tsige alkalan da suka kalubalanci taswirori, kwace mulki daga sabbin zababbun gwamnonin Demokradiyya, soke shirin zaben masu jefa kuri’a, zartar da dokokin hana zabe, da kuma yin magudin zabe.
Kotun koli za ta yanke hukunci a kan kararraki biyu da suka shafi rarrabuwar kawuna a karshen watan Yuni. Ɗayan yana ƙalubalantar ɓacin rai daga 'yan Republican, ɗayan na Democrat.
In Rucho v. Dalili na gama gari, Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa shugabancin majalisar dokokin jihar ta North Carolina, ya zana taswirar majalisar dokoki domin yin katsalandan ga ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican na dogon lokaci. Duk da cewa kawai sun sami kusan kashi 50% na kuri'un da aka kada, 'yan Republican har yanzu sun sami mafi yawan kujerun da ake da su a zabukan Midterm na 2018 da wuce gona da iri na 10-3.
Kotun alkalai uku ta soke shirin majalisar da ‘yan majalisar dokokin North Carolina suka zana don maye gurbin wani shiri na baya wanda kotuna suka yi watsi da shi a matsayin nuna bambancin launin fata. Kotun gundumar ta gano shirin maye gurbin ya saba wa Jigon Kariya Daidaitacce, Gyaran Farko da Mataki na I na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kotun Koli za ta sake duba wannan hukuncin.
Benesik v. Lamone ya ƙunshi ƙalubalen ɗan Republican ga daidaitawar Gundumar Majalisa ta Shida a Maryland. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa 'yan majalisar dokokin Demokradiyya sun keta 'yancin kungiyoyin siyasa na Farko ta hanyar yin amfani da tarihin masu kada kuri'a da jam'iyyunsu da gangan don matsar da dimbin masu kada kuri'a na jam'iyyar Democrat zuwa gundumar da kuma yawan masu jefa kuri'a na Republican.
Alkalai uku na kotun daukaka kara sun amince da bukatar masu shigar da kara na a ba su umarnin dindindin a kan taswirar zaben. Kotun koli za ta yanke hukunci ko za ta amince da wannan umarnin kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa ɓangarorin jam'iyyar Democrat ya sabawa tsarin mulki.
Alkalan Ginsburg, Breyer, Kagan da Sotomayor sun nuna aniyar su matsa ƙasa a bangaren gerrymandering. A gefe guda kuma, alkalai Thomas, Alito da Gorsuch suna adawa da iyakokin tarayya game da nuna bangaranci. Kavanaugh bai yanke hukunci a kan wani babban shari'a na gerrymandering ba amma rikodinsa kan haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a shine damuwa. Kuma Babban Mai Shari'a Roberts ya kira ka'idoji don auna tasirin gerrymandering "sociological gobbledygook. "
Idan har kotun koli ta ki amincewa da kaddamar da gundumomi bisa laifin nuna bangaranci, to zai rage ga kotunan jihohi su saurari kalubalen da ake fuskanta bisa karya dokokin jihar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Amma tilastawa za ta kasance tabo kuma za a ci gaba da yin ɓangarorin bangaranci a jihohi da yawa.
daga Shelby County v. Mai riƙe, wanda ya rushe muhimman tanade-tanaden Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe, zuwa Citizens United da FEC, wanda ke ba da damar kuɗi mara iyaka a zaɓe, babbar kotun ta ci gaba da narkar da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a. Tambayar kidayar jama'a ta kidayar jama'a da hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar GOP na haifar da karin barazana ga 'yancin yin zabe, da kuma ga dimokradiyya kanta.
Marjorie Cohn farfesa ne Emerita a Makarantar Shari'a ta Thomas Jefferson, tsohon shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasa, mataimakin sakatare-janar na kungiyar lauyoyin dimokuradiyya ta kasa da kasa kuma memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Tsohon soji don Zaman Lafiya. Littafinta na baya-bayan nan shine Jirage masu saukar ungulu da Kisan da aka yi niyya: Lamurra na Shari'a, Dabi'a, da Siyasa.
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