Source: Links
Wannan labarin wani yanki ne daga babin Jenny Chan mai suna "Ma'aikata Tsara a China: Kalubale da Dama", a cikin Robert Ovetz (edita), Binciken Ma'aikata da Gwagwarmaya a Duniya: Dabaru, Dabaru, Maƙasudai , Latsa Pluto, 2021
A kasar Sin, kamar yadda ake yi a kasashe da dama, doka ta tanadi hakki ta yadda ake sa ran ma'aikata su yi aiki kamar haka "ma'aikatan kashe gobara" wadanda suke aiwatar da hakkinsu da kansu ta hanyar yin sautin "kashe gobara” a sassan ma’aikata da kotuna don tilasta wa manyan jami’ai kiyaye ka’idojin aiki. Idan ma'aikata sun yi ƙararrawa ta hanyar shigar da ƙara kuma gwamnati ta ci gaba da aiwatar da kariyar ma'aikata, masu ɗaukan ma'aikata na iya tsammanin haɗarin jayayya kuma su guje wa matsalar. Amma idan aiwatar da aiki ya kasance mai sauƙi kuma hukunci yana da sauƙi, saboda sau da yawa ƙananan hukumomi suna ba da fifiko ga jawo jari fiye da aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idoji, masu daukan ma'aikata za su yi watsi da harafin da kuma ruhin doka, kuma rikici zai yi yawa. Tsarin dagewa shine ko da yake ma'aikata masu matsananciyar ƙararrawar wuta, matsaloli masu tsanani kamar rashin biyan albashi da cin zarafi ta hanyar gudanarwa suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba a warware su ba. "A tsakiyar mummunan yanayin aiki, "Eli Friedman da Ching Kwan Lee sun nuna, shine ainihin rashin daidaituwa na iko tsakanin ma'aikata da masu daukan ma'aikata a wurin samarwa.
A karkashin dokar kungiyar kwadago ta kasar Sin, doka ta 10 ta nuna cewa, dukkan nau'o'in kamfanoni masu ma'aikata 25 ko fiye da haka ya kamata su samu. "kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na asali” a kan bene. Koyaya, shirya ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu haramun ne. Dole ne ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta sami amincewar ƙungiyar kasuwanci mafi girma ta gaba. A cikin wannan tsari mai zaman kansa, kungiyar Kwadago ta kasar Sin (ACFTU) ta mallaki ikon wakilcin kungiyar ta hanyar dora ikonta a kan kowane rukunin ma'aikata da ke kan shagon.
ACFTU na aiki ne a karkashin jam'iyyar gurguzu mai mulki kuma ita ke yi wa jihar hidima'bukatun don kiyaye zaman lafiyar masana'antu da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa. Tun daga shekarar 2003, sabanin yadda ake sake fasalin sana’o’i da kuma asarar tsofaffin mambobi, kungiyar ACFTU ta kara zama mambanta ga ma’aikatan da suka yi hijira daga yankunan karkara, wadanda ake kara daukar ma’aikata a sassan gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, ma'aikata suna da dalilin rashin amincewa ga ƙungiyoyin kwadago na hukuma. Binciken shugabannin ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni ya nuna a kai a kai cewa yawancin shugabannin ma'aikata ne a lokaci guda ko kuma manyan manajoji waɗanda galibi ke tsayawa tare da gudanarwa maimakon ma'aikata.
Jami'an kasar Sin sun kasa kare ma'aikata akai-akai' haƙƙin ƙungiyar daga ramakon gudanarwa. Misali na yau da kullun shine ci gaba da sarrafawa ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Foxconn. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, wata babbar manaja ta mata ta jagoranci ƙungiyar ta Terry Gou, wanda ya kafa kamfani. Bayan yawaitar kashe kansa na ma'aikata a cikin 2010, Foxconn yayi ƙoƙarin inganta sadarwa tare da ma'aikata ta hanyar buga jaridun kamfani kyauta, tallafawa ayyukan zamantakewa da nishaɗi, sama da duk faɗaɗa membobin ƙungiyar. Koyaya, Auret van Heerden, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Gaskiya'Shugaban da Shugaba (2003-13) da Apple's commissioned auditor (2012-13), ya gano cewa "kungiyar Foxconn tana gudanar da zabuka amma yawancin 'yan takarar ana gabatar da su a matsayin gudanarwa. A cikin 2015, an zargi masu kula da Foxconn da yin magudi a zabukan kungiyar ta hanyar ba wa ma'aikata umarnin kada kuri'unsu ga wadanda aka zaba. Saboda tsoron daukar fansa, ma'aikata sun bi umarnin. A bayyane yake, sabon zagaye na "zaɓen” na shugabancin ƙungiyar a Foxconn an yi shi azaman tsari wanda zai bar tsarin ikon ƙungiyar. Wasu ma’aikatan sun sami labarin wanzuwar kungiyoyinsu ne kawai a lokacin da suka karbi kayayyakin tunawa, kamar kwalabe na ruwa mai dauke da tambarin kungiyar daga ma’aikatan kungiyar.
A yayin da ake fama da rikice-rikicen ma’aikata, ACFTU sannu a hankali tana sake fasalin kanta don samun karbuwa ga ma’aikata. Jami'an kungiyar kwadago, tare da alkalai da lauyoyi, sun shiga tsakani da himma wajen tattaunawa da shugabannin kamfanoni da wakilan ma'aikata a kokarin cimma matsaya cikin gaggawa a wurin. Misali, komawar wani kantin sayar da Walmart da ke kusa da birnin Changde na lardin Hunan ya haifar da wata yarjejeniyar rufe baki daya karkashin jagorancin kungiyar a watan Yunin 2014, inda ta samu biyan sallamar dukkan ma'aikatan da abin ya shafa. A wasu ƴan lokuta, ƙungiyoyin larduna da na gundumomi sun shiga tsakani don sauƙaƙa sake zaɓen shugabannin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata yayin tattaunawar bayan yajin aikin. Duk da haka, zaɓaɓɓun wakilan ma'aikata da membobin kwamitin ƙungiyar sun kasance ana tursasa su ko da ma gudanarwa ta kora daga baya.
Yajin aikin da kungiyar kwadago ke shiryawa daga kasa
Mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin sanin ma'aikatan da suka shirya kansu' ƙungiyoyi. Abin mamaki, a shekara ta 2006, bayan wani yajin aikin da aka yi na nuna rashin amincewa da rashin biyan mafi karancin albashi da kuma rashin samar da kwangilar aiki a masana'antar lantarki ta Ole Wolff, ma'aikata sun yi nasarar kafa wata kungiya ta hanyar zabe don daukar al'amura a hannunsu. Sun nuna ma'aikata a fili' sanin halin da ake ciki da kuma sanin kungiyar kwadago. Haihuwar zaɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar ƙwadago a wurin aiki ya nuna sabon shafi na gwagwarmayar ƙwadago. A cikin faffadar mahallin, ACFTU ta haɓaka yunƙurinta na haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar amincewa da Ole Wolff zaɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar ƙwadago a wurin aiki da kuma kai ga ma'aikata a manyan kamfanoni masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje.
Abin sha'awa, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Yantian International Container Terminal "ɓullo da tsarin ciniki na shekara-shekara" bayan yajin aikin 2007 a birnin Shenzhen na Guangdong. Rushewa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga haɗin kai na sama da ƙasa na duka kayan aiki da sarkar sufurin ruwa da na ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimmancin abu a cikin ma'aikatan dogon teku' Nasarar ita ce gwagwarmayar masu aikin crane-maza maza masu matsakaicin shekaru masu ƙaura waɗanda ke da ƙarancin canji- waɗanda ke nuna babban matakin ciniki a ɗaya daga cikin duniya.'mafi yawan tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin babban babban yanki a Kudancin China. Zaɓaɓɓun shugabannin ƙungiyar wurin aiki suna hidimar ma'aikatan jirgin' sha'awar yin shawarwari tare da gudanarwa akai-akai, maimakon sau ɗaya, akai-akai. Ta hanyar sa hannu a cikin yarjejeniyar gama gari, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna amfani da ikon haɗin gwiwa yayin da suke karɓar kulawar hukumomi na ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi a matakai daban-daban.
Duk da haka, ƙungiyar wakilan matakin kamfanoni ta kasance na musamman a cikin tattalin arzikin siyasar kasar Sin. Dukansu gudanarwa da gwamnati suna kiyaye ayyukan ma'aikata tare da ba da fifiko ga riba da kwanciyar hankali. Ma'aikata' Kasancewa cikin matakan yanke shawara na ƙungiyar kwadago ya kasance cikin ƙuntatawa sosai. Saboda haka, ma'aikata sukan ketare ƙungiyoyi kuma suna neman taimako daga ƙungiyoyin da ba na jiha ba yayin da suke neman sasantawa tsakanin ma'aikata ko shiga yajin aiki.
Samuwar kungiyoyin kwadago na asali
Tun daga shekarun 1990, tare da zurfafa cudanya da zamantakewar al'umma ta kasa da kasa da ke da nasaba da tsarin dunkulewar duniya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Hong Kong da na kasar Sin sun bullo da su don tinkarar bukatu da ma'aikata ke ci gaba da shiryawa. Jaridar Labour ta kasar Sin mai hedkwata a Hongkong, wacce dan gwagwarmayar kasar Sin kuma mai shirya kungiyar mai zaman kanta Han Dongfang ya kafa a shekarar 1994 (wanda aka daure a gidan yari saboda shiga cikin yunkurin dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1989), yana daga cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na farko da suka inganta da kare ma'aikata.' hakkoki a kasar. Sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu hakkin ƙwadago da suka yi rajista a Hong Kong (kamar Cibiyar Sadarwar Matan Ma'aikata ta Sin da Action Action China), waɗanda suka haɗa da ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, masana ilimi, lauyoyin motsi, da sauran waɗanda abin ya shafa, sun kuma taka rawar farko wajen gina aji mai tasowa. tushen rundunar kasar Sin ta hanyar hadin kai na gida da na duniya baki daya.
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ma'aikata, ta hanyar ma'aikatansu' cibiyoyi ko hanyoyin sadarwar al'umma, yawanci suna ba da sabis na zamantakewa da al'adu, shawarwarin doka, horar da jagoranci, da taron wayar da kan 'yancin jinsi ga ma'aikata maza da mata a manyan gundumomin masana'antu. Masu fafutuka na ma'aikata, wasu daga cikinsu sun ji rauni a hatsarin wurin aiki ko kuma ta hanyar cututtuka na sana'a, sun shiga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a matsayin masu sa kai ko membobin ma'aikata don jaddada aminci da kariya ta lafiya ta wurin ma'aikatan da suka ziyarci.' dakunan kwanan dalibai da asibitoci. Har ila yau, sun yada ilimin shari'a da sanin ilimin aiki don tallafa wa ma'aikata don samun ladan raunin da ya shafi aiki da albashin da ba a biya ba, don haka samun amincewa da amincewa daga ma'aikata da iyalansu.
A matakin wurin aiki, wasu ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ma'aikata sun gwada haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa (irin su Reebok da HP) don daidaita shirye-shiryen alhakin zamantakewa don haɓaka aikin samar da kayayyaki, zamantakewa, da gudanar da muhalli. Ana ƙarfafa tattaunawa tsakanin ma'aikata da masu ɗaukan ma'aikata a masana'antun masu samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin sa kai mai zaman kansa na son rai. A wasu lokuta an gudanar da zabukan kungiyoyin kwadago kai tsaye a gaban masu sa ido da tantance masu zaman kansu. Amma faɗaɗa irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ƙwadago na haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanayin samar da ƙasashen duniya ya kasance mara tabbas. Kasuwanci da tallace-tallace na ayyukan horarwa a gefe, sakamakon sa hannu a cikin shago zai dogara sosai ga ma'aikata.' hukuma da juriya na gamayya, da kuma ci gaba da sa ido da ayyukan hadin gwiwa na kungiyoyin kwadago na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa.
Bayan tsarin mulkin da kamfanoni ke jagoranta, an sami wasu lokuta da masu fafutuka masu zaman kansu suka shiga yajin aikin da zanga-zanga kai tsaye. Maimakon jagoranci ko shirya ayyuka masu tayar da hankali, duk da haka, galibi sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su haɓaka ta hanyar warware rikicin ma'aikata ta hanyar halal, hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba, kamar bayar da shawarwari masu ma'ana a cikin tattaunawar gama-gari tare da masu ɗaukar ma'aikata. Hakika, jami'an gwamnatin larduna sun ba da damar yin ciniki tare ta hanyar aiwatar da sabbin dokokin kwadago da nufin kiyaye samarwa da zaman lafiyar jama'a a Guangdong, wanda ya dade yana fama da manya da kanana ayyukan kwadago. Koyaya, don mayar da martani ga adawa mai ƙarfi daga masu ɗaukar ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, gwamnati ta raunana manyan tanade-tanade a cikin shirye-shiryen da suka biyo baya na abin da ya zama ka'idojin kwangilar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci a Guangdong, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015. Mataki na 18 ya nuna cewa sama da 50 kashi dari na ma'aikata dole ne su amince da kiran da aka yi na tilas a yi tattaunawa, babban cikas ga ayyukan ma'aikata.
A ganawarsa da shugabannin kungiyar a nan birnin Beijing, shugaba Xi ya nanata cewa "ya kamata ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago su bi tsarin aiki wanda ya shafi ma'aikata; mayar da hankali kan mafi mahimmanci, mafi yawan batutuwan gaggawa waɗanda suka fi damuwa da ma'aikata; da cika wajibcin kiyaye ma'aikata' hakkoki da bukatu da kuma sadaukar da kai ga ma’aikata da jama’a”. A yayin da take fuskantar matsin lamba daga sama da kasa, kungiyar ACFTU ta fara kulla yarjejeniya da zababbun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu domin kai ayyukan jin kai da shari’a ga ’yan gudun hijira, kamar mata masu aikin ci-rani, kananan yara, matasa da kuma tsofaffi, domin gina al’umma mai jituwa. Wannan hanya ce mai shiga kuma mafi dabara don cimmawa "gudanar da zamantakewa” a matakin al'umma. Haka kuma an dunkule kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu ra'ayin motsi ana kora su a karkashin kasa.
Masu shirya ƙwadago sun horar da ma’aikata da su ɗauki matakan ɗaiɗaiku, maimakon zanga-zangar gama-gari, don yin roƙon gaggawa. Wannan dabarar bibiya ce ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin kai don magance mahimman barazanar rayuwa daga tsira da rashin adalci. A cikin tsarin kare haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi, shugabannin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun ba da tallafin da ake buƙata ga ɗaiɗaikun ma’aikata a bayan fage, sun tsara matsalolin, da kuma tsara dabarun watsa labarai don matsawa neman diyya ta tattalin arziƙi don korafe-korafensu. A lokuta masu nasara, masu da'awar ma'aikata sun nuna wayewar ajinsu ta hanyar canza kansu zuwa manyan membobin don tallafawa abokan aiki ta hanyar raba nasu gogewa.
A cikin manyan tashe-tashen hankula, duk da haka, da wuya a iya rufe tsarin aiki. Rikice-rikice a kan guba mai guba, rashin biyan albashi, da korar ma’aikata ba bisa ka’ida ba, ga wasu ‘yan misalai, galibi kan hada da dimbin ma’aikata. Halin gama kai na rashin jin daɗin aiki yana buƙatar ingantacciyar haɗaɗɗiyar kan layi da ta layi, wanda ke sa shugabannin ma'aikata su fi wahalar ɓoyewa daga hukuma. Bayan harin da jihar ta kai kan kungiyoyin mata a watan Maris na 2015 da kuma kan lauyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a watan Yuli, an kama wasu masu fafutuka daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama a Guangdong a watan Disamba. Meng Han, wanda ya taimaka wa gungun ma'aikatan masana'antar takalma don dawo da inshorar zamantakewa da ba a biya ba kafin masana'anta'An daure wasu masu fafutuka na Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Hijira ta Panyu guda uku a gidan yari na tsawon watanni 21. Wannan karin iko da kungiyoyin farar hula ke nunawa gwamnati'Babban abin damuwa shine ci gaban tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, maimakon samun babban haƙƙin gamayya ga 'yan ƙasa.
Dangantaka tsakanin jihohi da ma'aikata a kasar Sin
Ainihin, da "babu wakilci” ya rage bai cika ba. Ma'aikata ba sa ganin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin da gwamnati ke kula da su a matsayin amintacciyar amintacciyar amintacciyar ƙungiyar. Lokacin da babban yajin aiki ya faru, ko dai masu daukar ma'aikata ko jami'an gwamnati suna buƙatar ma'aikata su zaɓi wakilai, gabaɗaya iyakance ga biyar, don shiga tattaunawa. Da zarar an zaɓi wakilan ma'aikata, kamfanin yana motsawa don ɗaukar ikon tattaunawar. Wannan saɓanin galibi yana nuna farkon rarrabuwar kawuna, haɗin gwiwa, da murkushe ikon ma'aikaci.
Don hana ɗaukar fansa na kamfani, ma'aikatan da ke zanga-zangar sun koyi ta hanyar gogewa mai ɗaci don kare juna a cikin tarin da ba a gabatar da shugabanni na bayyane. A wasu lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, an gano shugabannin ma'aikata cikin sauri. Yanhua Deng, Kevin O'Brien mayar da hankali kan "danniya” a matsayin dabara don sarrafa zanga-zangar. Ta hanyar tursasa iyalai, dangi, abokai, da sauran manyan masu zanga-zangar da aka yi niyya, hukumomi suna yin amfani da su "zamantakewa dangantaka” da "ji na ƙauna” don kawar da zanga-zangar gama gari kafin ta tsananta. Wannan aiki-m tsari na "tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali” ya ƙunshi matsananciyar matsin lamba da ake yiwa waɗanda ke neman adalci.
Danniya mai nauyi wani bangare ne na mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin, daidai saboda "taushi” na nufin shayar da zanga-zangar da sauran nau'ikan ƙullawa jama'a ba koyaushe suke aiki ba. "Kashe kuɗin kuɗi ko wasu fa'idodin kayan don musanya don bin bin doka" na iya tafiya zuwa yanzu, musamman lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka ƙi ja da baya ta hanyar karɓar kuɗin. Inda ba za a iya cimma matsaya ba, jami'ai masu hankali na iya tsare adadi mai yawa "haifar da matsala" 'yan ƙasa don hana ƙarin aiki.
Wasu jiga-jigan masu fafutuka da masu shirya shirye-shiryen sun ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da gajiyawa ba, da karfin gwiwa suka kafa kungiyoyinsu bayan an kore su ko kuma aka sake su daga gidan yari, al’adar da Feng Chen da Xuehui Yang suka kira. "fita da murya." Wadannan shugabannin kwadago sun ci gaba "’yan asali” kungiyoyin don bayar da shawarwari ga ma’aikata' haƙƙoƙin ta hanyar daidaitawa da sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki da siyasa. A cikin 2016, alal misali, wasu tsoffin ma'aikatan Walmart guda biyu sun jagoranci yin gangami don adawa da aiwatar da tsarin kamfanoni na tsarin sa'a mai sassauƙa da raguwar albashi mai mahimmanci ta hanyar dabarun kan layi. Sun gudanar da taron dandalin intanet a karkashin tutar Ma'aikatan Sinawa na Walmart' Ƙungiya, numfasawa sabuwar rayuwa a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ta tsara kai da ke haɗa ma'aikatan Walmart a cikin birane da yawa a China. Yayin da motsin motsin ya mutu sakamakon rarrabuwar kawuna kan dabarun ma'aikata, hade da hare-haren gudanarwa da kuma tsoratar da gwamnati, kwarewar ba ta da kyau. Ma'aikatan Walmart cikin ƙwazo sun yi muhawara kan lokaci da tasiri na yajin aiki, a tsakanin wasu muhimman tambayoyi game da tara kuɗi da haɗin kai, suna nuna rawar da suke takawa, da juzu'i, da ƙarfin ƙirƙira dabarun nasu, dabaru, da ƙungiyoyi.
Wani sabon tashin hankalin ma'aikaci ya biyo baya ba da jimawa ba. A watan Yulin 2018, jihar ta auna wasu gungun ma'aikata da suka shirya kafa kungiyar kwadago a masana'antar kera walda ta Jasic da ke Shenzhen. ‘Yan sandan sun tsare mutane 30 da suka hada da ma’aikata da iyalansu da abokansu da kuma wata dalibar jami’a guda a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli. an tursasa, kuma ya yi gargadin da a gaggauta daina shiga cikin "ayyukan haram” ko kuma fuskantar tuhuma. Yayin da aka saki akasarin masu zanga-zangar 80 daga baya, an kama ma’aikata hudu a hukumance.
A lokacin zangon karatu na bazara da lokacin sanyi na 2018, jami'an tsaron kasa da jami'o'insu na jami'o'i sun rufe kungiyoyin nazarin Markisanci da kungiyoyin dalibai masu alaka da su a kokarinsu na kawar da tallafin hukumomi ga ma'aikatan Jasic da abokansu. Kamar yadda Au Loong-Yu ya lura a takaice, "Ko da yake Xi Jinping na ci gaba da neman jama'a su yi koyi da Marxism-Leninism da Mao'A tunaninsa, jihar na ci gaba da murkushe duk wani kokari mai zaman kansa da na hadin gwiwa wajen yin nazari sosai a kan manyan litattafai na hagu-da kuma murkushe har ma da karfi lokacin da wadannan kokarin ke da muradin tausaya wa ma'aikata."
An kiyasta cewa, tsakanin Janairu da Mayu 2019, fiye da masu fafutuka goma sha biyu (daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda takwas, kungiyoyin aikin jin dadin jama'a, cibiyoyin sabis na al'umma, da kuma lauya) an tsare ko kama su, ko da yake ba a nuna alamar suna da alaka da su ba. gwagwarmayar aiki na Jasic. Don kawar da kawancen da ke kunno kai a tsakanin ma'aikata da masu fafutuka, a fili gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da damar yin amfani da yanar gizo don dakile da murkushe nau'o'in kungiyoyin zamantakewa da na ma'aikata daban-daban. A karkashin irin waɗannan yanayi, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta kasance cikin rarrabuwa da iyakancewa duk da cewa tana ci gaba da yaɗuwa.
[Za a iya samun nassoshi da tushe a babin Jenny Chan mai suna "Ma'aikata Tsara a China: Kalubale da Dama", a cikin Robert Ovetz (edita), Binciken Ma'aikata da Gwagwarmaya a Duniya: Dabaru, Dabaru, Maƙasudai, Pluto Press, 2021. Jenny ta yarda Federico Fuentes, Robert Ovetz da James Kelly don goyon bayansu.]
Jenny Chan, Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Hong Kong da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya's Kwamitin Bincike kan Ma'aikata
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