Source: Chicago Sun Times
Hoto ta mark reinstein/Shutterstock.com
Lahadi, 17 ga Mayu, bikin cika shekaru 66 da yanke hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1954. Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi. Shawarar Brown ta magance batutuwan da suka haɗu daga shari'o'i huɗu daban-daban - a Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware da Virginia - waɗanda suka haɗa da wariyar launin fata.
Earl Warren, sabon shugaban alkalan jam'iyyar Republican Dwight Eisenhower ne ya rubuta ra'ayin bai ɗaya na Kotun. Kotun ta bayyana cewa tilas a raba yara a makarantun gwamnati ya saba wa ka’idar da ta dace na gyara na 14 don haka ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki.
Amma Brown yana da kusan fiye da makarantu. Ya kasance kisa ga mulkin wariyar launin fata na doka a Amurka, wanda aka fara sanyawa takunkumi a cikin Dred Scott yanke shawara na 1857, kuma an tsara shi a cikin M v v. Ferguson a cikin 1896. Shawarar Brown ta kafa ba tare da shakka ba cewa Amurkawa na Afirka suna da haƙƙi daidai a Amurka.
Yayin da Kotun Koli ke yanke shawarar menene doka, ba za ta iya aiwatar da doka a zahiri ba. Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun galibi suna bin ra'ayin jama'a ne maimakon jagorantar ta. Amma shawararsa na iya ba da ƙarfi da halasta, ko nagari ko mara kyau.
A cikin 1896, Kotun Koli ta ɗauki Plessy v. Ferguson, wanda ya haɗa da takaddama game da jigilar jirgin ƙasa a Louisiana. Homer Plessy, Ba’amurke mai launin fata wanda zai iya “wuce” don farar fata, ya sayi tikitin aji na farko kuma ya hau kujerarsa a cikin motar jirgin kasa mai farar fata kawai. Sa’ad da ya ƙi ya zauna a cikin “motar datti” da aka tanadar don baƙar fata, an kama shi kuma aka daure shi.
Kotun koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa masauki daban-daban a kan jiragen kasa da sauran wuraren zama na doka ne, muddin dai wuraren sun yi daidai da gaske. Don haka, an haifi wariyar launin fata da fari a Amurka. Mai shari'a John Marshall Harlan, wanda tsohon mai mallakar bawa ne ya gamu da shawarar yanke hukuncin, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa "raɓawar 'yan ƙasa bisa ga kabilanci alama ce ta bautar da ba ta dace da ... daidaito a gaban dokar da aka kafa ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki.”
Harlan murya ce kadaici a lokacin. An riga an riga an yi mummunar "Sakamako na 1877", janye sojojin tarayya daga Kudu da kuma kawo karshen sake ginawa. Shari'ar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1883 sun rushe Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 yadda ya kamata, kuma yakin ta'addanci na Ku Klux Klan ya lalata ɗan gajeren lokaci na 'yanci a Kudu bayan yakin basasa.
A cikin mahallin guda ɗaya, Plessy wani lamari ne game da launin fata da jigilar jama'a. A wani yanayi kuma, mafi tsananin damuwa, lamarin Plessy ya nuna alamar wani abu mai tsanani. Kotun Koli ta ba da ikon doka ga dokokin Jim Crow a Kudu. Wuraren keɓancewa - waɗanda ba za su taɓa zama daidai ba, a zahiri, sun zama ƙa'ida, maimakon banda.
Lokacin da Babban Mai Shari'a Warren ya ba da ra'ayi bai daya na Kotun a Brown, ya rubuta cewa "… a fagen ilimin jama'a rukunan daban amma daidai ba su da wuri," kamar yadda makarantun keɓaɓɓu "ba su daidaita ba." Hukuncin nasa ya cire wariya daga ikon da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba shi da kuma takunkumin da bai dace ba. Kuma ya shafi fiye da makarantun gwamnati.
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a na haɓaka, wanda shawarar ta motsa, ya tura don haɗa duk wuraren jama'a. A cikin 1955, Rosa Parks ya ƙi zama a bayan motar bas. A ƙarshe, tare da nassi na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965, da Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya ta 1968, dokar ta sake farfado da manufar 13th, 14th da 15th gyare-gyare. Wadannan gyare-gyaren da aka yi bayan yakin basasa, sun bayyana cewa kowa yana da 'yancin yin adalci a karkashin doka, kuma waɗannan haƙƙin sun shafi jihohi, haka nan.
Yanzu muna fuskantar sabon juriya ga daidaiton adalci da daidaito. A cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2013 a Shelby County v. Holder, Kotun, ta hanyar kuri'a 5-4 (tare da alkalai biyar na dama a cikin mafi yawan rinjaye), sun lalata Dokar 'Yancin Zabe. Hukuncin abin kunya da babban mai shari’a John Roberts ya yanke ya soke sake amincewa da dokar da Majalisa ta yi, yana mai cewa kasar “ta canza” kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a zaben ba ta da matsala a Kudancin kasar.
Hukuncin rashin hangen nesa a Shelby yana da fa'ida sosai. A duk faɗin Kudanci, da ƙara a sauran ƙasar, 'yan Republican sun zartar da sabbin takunkumi kan jefa ƙuri'a - iyakance jefa ƙuri'a da wuri, share rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a, buƙatar tsauraran dokokin ID na masu jefa ƙuri'a, rufe wuraren jefa ƙuri'a - duk suna tasiri ga tsirarun masu jefa ƙuri'a.
Ba da jimawa ba an jima ana gudanar da zanga-zangar bangaranci, kuma a yau, adawa hatta da jefa kuri'a ta hanyar wasikar ta bulla. Shawarar Shelby ta ba da sabon kuzari ga ƙoƙarin dawo da ci gaban da aka samu a zamanin 'Yancin Bil'adama.
A cikin halin da ake ciki na annoba da ke kunno kai, bikin tunawa da Brown v. Board of Education ya wuce ba tare da sanarwa ba. Amma bai kamata mu manta da yadda wannan shawarar ta kasance mai tarihi ba - da kuma yadda yanke shawara na "ƙungiyar biyar" a Shelby ta ci gaba da raunana ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam wanda ya sami haƙƙin mallaka daga Brown.
Hukuncin Brown yana tunatar da mu cewa Kotun Koli na iya zama kuma ya kamata ta kasance mai karfi don daidaito. Kada mu manta da haka.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi