A cikin 1989 na tashi daga San Francisco don ziyarci kwarin Napa awa daya da rabi arewa. A kan hanyata ita ce ziyarar Glen Ellen Winery da Jack London State Park na kusa. Na kuma ɗokin ziyartar kantin sayar da littattafai na Jack London da ke cikin ƙaramin garin Glen Ellen mai nisan mil ko makamancin haka daga wurin shakatawa na jihar. Kwanan nan na kasance a London na karanta hayyaci, na cinye komai daga ciki The Call na Wild da kuma Martin eden to Karfe Karfe da gajerun labarai masu mantawa kamar “Don Gina Wuta” da “Masu Ridda”.
Na soma sha’awar rayuwar marubuci bayan na karanta Clarice Stasz’s Mafarkin Amurka (St. Martin's Press, 1988), tarihin rayuwar London da matarsa, Charmian Kittredge. A wurin shakatawa na jihar, na zagaya tsohuwar kiwo na London; ya dubi rugujewar Gidan Wolf, gidan da yake ginawa wanda a asirce ya kone kwanaki kadan kafin a kammala shi; kuma ya ziyarci kabarin marubucin, wanda ba a yi masa ado ba kawai.
Daga baya, na shiga cikin Glen Ellen don ziyarci kantin sayar da littattafai na Jack London da Russ da Winnie Kingman suke gudanarwa. Marigayi Russ Kingman ya kasance daya daga cikin kwararu na duniya kan harkokin rayuwa da kuma sana'ar London. Abin sha’awa, kantin sayar da littattafai har yanzu yana ba da hanyar haɗin kai kai tsaye ga marubucin, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1916 yana ɗan shekara 40. Zama a wuraren da aka makala ɗaya ce daga cikin ’ya’yan Landan, Becky, wadda a lokacin ta cika shekara tamanin. Tattaunawar 'yan mintoci kaɗan da masu kantin sayar da kayayyaki sun tabbatar musu cewa ni masoyin marubucin ne, kuma binciken da na yi cikin ladabi game da jita-jita na 'yar London da ke zaune a kusa ya kai ga gayyata gayyata zuwa ɗakin bayan gida.
A can na sadu da Becky London, wata mace mai sada zumunci da fuskarta har yanzu tana da kama da sanannen mahaifinta. Na ji daɗin yadda ta ji daɗin cizon yatsa na baƙi da Sarkiman ya gabatar mata. Ta tambayi abin da na karanta a wurin mahaifinta kuma muka yi taɗi na ƴan mintuna akan littattafai. "Daddy zai so jiragen sama," Na tuna da cewa ta yi a wani lokaci. "Ina tsammanin zai so ya tashi. Yana da sha’awar sababbin ƙirƙira.” Shekaru bayan haka fuskarta har yanzu tana annuri yayin da ta tuno da wannan sanannen mutumin da ya taɓa rayuwarta.
Daga baya, na yi tunani game da furucinta game da sha'awar mahaifinta ga ƙirƙira, wanda ya fito daga cikin duhu. Ya yi cikakkiyar ma'ana. Ga abin da Jack London marubuci ne idan ba masanin tunanin tunani ba, mai ƙirƙira mai mahimmanci. Ga wani mutum wanda zai iya jujjuya kalmomi zuwa aiki mai ban mamaki tare da ƙarfin ma'aikacin ranar da ya taɓa zama-ko kuma ya taɓa zuciya da hotuna masu taushi don sa ku gaskata cewa zai iya zama ɗan adam mafi tausayi da kuka taɓa saduwa da shi.
Lyricism a cikin yanayi
Yi la'akari da ɗan gajeren labari, "All Canyon Gold," alal misali. An rubuta shi a cikin 1905 kuma an fara buga shi a cikin Sabon Karni mujallar. Ba a san shi ba musamman. Amma duk da haka labarin ya fara da wani kyakkyawan wuri mai ban sha'awa na yanayi, ɗayan mafi kyawun da na taɓa karantawa. Kamar yadda Kingman ya kwatanta, wannan “labari na haɗama, zinare, da mutuwa” a cikin tsaunin Saliyo Nevada yana ba da wasu “bayyani na waƙar London game da kyawun jejin makiyaya.”
Ga yadda abin ya fara:
“Korewar zuciyar kwarin ce, inda ganuwar suka bijire daga tsattsauran shirin suka sauke tsattsauran layin da suke yi ta hanyar yin ƙugiya mai ƙayatarwa tare da cika shi da zaƙi da zagaye da laushi. Anan komai ya huta. Ko da kunkuntar rafin ya daina rugujewar kasa-gudu tsawon isa ya samar da wani tafki shiru. Zurfin guiwa a cikin ruwa, tare da faɗuwar kai da idanu masu rabin-rufe, ya nutsar da wani jajayen rufaffiyar ƙugiya mai yawa.
“A gefe guda, wanda ya fara daga leɓen tafkin, wani ɗan ƙaramin makiyaya ne, wani wuri mai sanyi, mai juriya na kore wanda ya miƙe zuwa gindin bangon da ya murtuke. Bayan tafkin sai wani tattausan gangaren ƙasa ya tashi ya haura zuwa bangon da ke gaba da juna. Ciyawa mai kyau ta rufe gangaren - ciyawar da aka yi da furanni, tare da nan da can faci na launi, orange da purple da zinariya. A ƙasa, an rufe canyon a ciki. Babu kallo. Ganuwar ta jingina tare ba zato ba tsammani kuma kogin ya ƙare da hargitsi na duwatsu, da gansakuka ya lulluɓe da wani koren allo na inabi da rarrafe da rassan bishiyoyi. Sama da canyon ya tashi tsaunuka masu nisa da kololuwa, manyan tuddai, mai lulluɓe da kuma nesa. Kuma a can nesa, kamar gajimare a kan iyakar sararin sama, hasumiyar minare na fari, inda dusar ƙanƙara ta Saliyo ta mamaye da tsananin zafin rana.
“Babu kura a cikin kwarin. Ganye da furanni sun kasance masu tsabta da budurci. Ciyawa ta kasance ƙaramin karammiski. A saman tafkin akwai itatuwan auduga guda uku sun aika da dusar ƙanƙara suna ta kaɗa iska. A kan gangaren furannin manzanita na itacen inabi sun cika iska da ƙamshi na lokacin bazara, yayin da ganyen, masu hikima tare da gogewa, sun riga sun fara jujjuya su a tsaye a kan busasshiyar bazara. A cikin buɗaɗɗen wuraren da ke kan gangaren, bayan inuwar mafi nisa na manzanita, lilies na mariposa, kamar yawancin jirage na asu jauhari an kama su ba zato ba tsammani kuma suna kan hanyar sake yin rawar jiki. Anan da can wannan itacen harlequin, madrone, ta ba da izinin kama kanta a cikin aikin canza gangar jikin fis-kore zuwa mahaukaci-ja, tana hura kamshinsa a cikin iska daga manyan tarin karrarawa. Waɗannan karrarawa masu launin fari ne masu siffa kamar furannin lili na kwari, da ƙamshin turare na lokacin bazara.
“Babu wani numfashin iska. Iska ta yi bacci da nauyin turare. Wani dadi ne da zai kasance yana toshewa da iskar tayi nauyi da danshi. Amma iska ta kasance mai kaifi da sirara. Ya kasance kamar yadda hasken tauraro ke jujjuya shi zuwa yanayi, an harbe shi kuma ya dumi ta hanyar hasken rana, kuma fure-fure mai cike da zaƙi.
“Wani malam buɗe ido lokaci-lokaci yana shiga da fita ta cikin facin haske da inuwa. Kuma daga duk game da tashi da low da kuma barci hum na dutse ƙudan zuma - liyafar Sybarites cewa jostled juna da kyau-naturedly a jirgin, kuma ba sami lokaci ga m discourtesy. Don haka cikin nutsuwa sai ƙaramin rafin ya ɗigo ya birkice hanyarsa ta cikin rafin da yake magana kawai a rame da gurgujewar lokaci. Muryar rafin ta kasance kamar wani raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, wanda aka taɓa katse shi ta hanyar dozing da shuru, sake ɗagawa a cikin farkawa.
“Motsin duk wani abu ya kasance yana yawo a cikin zuciyar kwarin. Sunshine da malam buɗe ido sun shiga ciki da waje a cikin bishiyoyi. Haushin ƙudan zuma da raɗaɗin rafi sun kasance suna zazzagewar sauti. Kuma sautin da ke yawo da launin shuɗi ya yi kama da yin saƙa tare da yin ƙayataccen masana'anta da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda shine ruhin wurin. Ruhi ne na zaman lafiya wanda ba na mutuwa ba ne, amma na rayuwa mai santsi, na shuru ba shiru ba, motsi wanda ba aiki ba ne, natsuwa mai saurin wanzuwa ba tare da tashin hankali da gwagwarmaya da wahala ba. Ruhun wurin shine ruhun zaman lafiya na masu rai, mai jin daɗi tare da sauƙi da abun ciki na wadata, kuma ba a damu da jita-jita na yaƙe-yaƙe masu nisa ba…. "
Wannan aikin ƙwararren mai fasaha ne na musamman. Lallai, gadon adabin London ya ƙunshi wasu manyan labarai da litattafan adabin Amurka. Amma kuma ya fi shaharar marubucin kasada The Call na Wild da kuma Fang Fang. A cikin littattafai kamar Martin eden da kuma Karfe Karfe da gajerun labarai irin su "South of the Slot" da "The Dream of Debs," London ta binciko jigogi na rashin daidaituwa da adalci na zamantakewa, zamantakewa da makomar bil'adama. Littafinsa na 1912, John Barleycorn, memoir na sirri, shine magani na farko game da batun shaye-shaye daga wani babban marubucin Ba'amurke. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya fara bincika sabbin ra'ayoyi game da ilimin halin ɗan adam daga Carl Jung. Ya kuma rubuta fiction kimiyya.
A ƙarshe, Landan ɗan jarida ne. Labarin mutum na farko, Jama'ar Azzalumai, ya ba da labarin makonnin da ya yi a ɓarna a matsayin wani baƙon da ya makale a ƙauyen London. Misalin farko ne na salon aikin jarida na mutum na farko daga baya wanda irin waɗannan marubuta kamar George Orwell, Tom Wolfe, da Hunter Thompson suka shahara.. "Babu wani littafi nawa da ya dauki zuciyata da hawaye kamar wannan binciken na tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin talakawa," in ji London na littafin. Rahoton da ya bayar daga Hawaii ya gabatar da wasan motsa jiki na tsibirin da ba a sani ba ga masu karatu na Amurka. Shi ne kuma marubucin irin waɗannan gajerun labarai masu ɗorewa kamar su "Ƙaunar Rayuwa," "Don Gina Wuta," da sauransu da yawa.
A Complex Legacy
Gadon London a matsayin marubuci da mutum ɗaya abu ne mai rikitarwa. Ya kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu, kuma yana sha'awar samun dukiya. An san shi a wasu lokuta don ba da ra'ayi na launin fata na zamaninsa, duk da haka a cikin rubuce-rubucensa na Kudu Seas sau da yawa 'yan asalin ƙasar ne ke wakiltar mutuncin ɗabi'a a kan turawan mulkin mallaka da mishan. Lallai hankalinsa a koda yaushe yana karkata zuwa ga wanda aka zalunta. Sunansa ya kasance a kullum ana neman taimako daga tsofaffin fursunoni da ma'aikata na kasa da kasa. Kuma zai taimaka.
Abin mamaki, Jack London ya ɗanɗana alli mai ɗaci na kusan ƙima da ɗari shida da masu wallafa suka yi kafin a taɓa buga labarin mujallarsa na farko. Bayan 'yan shekaru kadan ya kasance marubuci mafi yawan albashi a duniya. A cikin mafi kyawun aikinsa, rubuce-rubucen London nuni ne na sha'awar rayuwa da ƙaunar ɗan adam. Ko da a cikin labarai na sirri ko na ciki ko da yaushe ido yana kallon waje, koyaushe wannan ma'aunin ƙwarewar ɗan adam wanda ke aiki kamar radar a cikin hazakar sa. Yana da iyawa, kamar yadda Henry Miller ya taɓa yin sharhi game da manyan marubuta, don manta da kansa a cikin aikinsa, yana ba da damar zurfafawa daga wasu zurfafan rijiyoyin basirarsa.
In Hakkin Rubutu (Tarcher, 1999), kocin marubuci Julia Cameron ya bayyana tsarin “samun kan kaina,” barin barin abubuwan da ke damun kai a rubuce. London yana da irin wannan kyauta. Amma a manta da kansa a cikin aikinsa shi ma zai sami kansa - da mu, jama'arsa. A mafi kyawun aikinsa na London ya yi magana fiye da kunkuntar tarurruka na rana, zuwa zurfafa, gaskiya maras lokaci kamar yadda aka kama a cikin labarun da suka dace da jin daɗin duniyar halitta da wasan kwaikwayo da mafarkai na jama'a.
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