A Tsohuwar USSR, mutane sun san cewa jaridar gwamnatin ƙasar Pravda zai yi dirar mikiya a layin Moscow, ko ta yaya karya karya. George W. Bush ba zai iya yin fahariya cewa jam'iyyar Republican ta mallaki jaridun kasar, gidajen talabijin ko gidajen rediyo. Amma har yanzu yana iya dogaro da latsawa wanda ya kusan yin biyayya kamar Pravda.
Komai yawan karyar da George Bush ya yi game da "barazana" na Iraki ga Amurka, kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni ba za su yi masa tambayoyi masu wuya ba. Bush da gwamnatinsa sun san cewa za su iya dogara da "kishin kasa" na 'yan jarida - wanda zai ba da rahoto game da yakin da ke zuwa kamar mai ba da rahoto na wasanni na gida wanda ya samo asali ga tawagar gida. Kuma Bush – ba kamar sarakunan tsohuwar USSR ba – ba zai ma bayar da kowane umarni ba ko nada wasu masu tace labarai. Wannan saboda 'yan jaridu a cikin Amurka suna tantace kansu.
A cikin watan Mayu 2002, dan jarida na CBS Dan maimakon ya yarda, "Abin da muke magana a kai a nan - ko mutum yana so ya gane shi ko a'a, ko ya kira shi da sunan da ya dace ko a'a - wani nau'i ne na cin hanci da rashawa. Yana farawa da jin kishin kasa a cikin kai. Yana dauke da wani sanin cewa kasar gaba daya ta ji kuma tana ci gaba da jin wannan karuwar kishin kasa a cikin su. Kuma mutum ya sami kansa yana cewa: ‘Na san tambayar da ta dace, amma ka san me? Wannan ba daidai ba ne lokacin da ya dace don tambayarsa.’
Tabbas, maimakon haka ya fada wa BBC na Biritaniya-kuma ba shi da karfin gwiwa ya fadi hakan a gida, inda ya ke jagorantar zargin kishin kasa a kafafen yada labarai bayan harin 11 ga Satumba. na manyan kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka sun ba da rahoto game da maganganun maimakon.
Babu wani a Washington da ya gaya wa jaridu su binne su - kamar yadda babu wanda ya isa ya gaya wa manema labarai su yi watsi da rahotanni, da aka buga a Burtaniya observer Jaridar ta ce, gwamnatin Bush ta yi wa mambobin kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya leken asiri a yayin muhawarar wani sabon kuduri na ba da izinin yaki a Iraki.
Kuma ‘yan jaridu kadan ne suka maida hankali akai Newsweek Mujallar ta bayyana cewa Janar Hussein Kamel na Iraqi, fitaccen dan tawaye, ya shaida a shekarar 1995 cewa an riga an kwance damarar Iraki. Bush da sauran jami'an gwamnati a kai a kai suna kawo shaidar Kamel a matsayin shaida cewa har yanzu Iraki tana da makaman kare dangi.
Gaskiyar ita ce, kafofin watsa labaru za su goyi bayan wannan yaki, duk da takunkumin da gwamnati za ta sanya a kan ikon su na bayar da rahoto ba tare da izini ba - kuma duk da yadda gwamnati ke amfani da bayanan.
Hoton da aka gabatar na sabon yakin Gulf za a tsabtace gaba daya. A yayin harin bama-bamai da Amurka ta kai Afghanistan, Walter Isaacson, babban jami’in gidan talabijin na CNN, ya shaidawa ma’aikatansa cewa “rashin hankali ne a mai da hankali sosai kan hasarar rayuka ko wahala a Afghanistan.” Kuma a lokacin yakin Gulf na 1991, kafofin watsa labarai sun binne hotuna da sauri na kisan gillar da aka yi wa sojoji da fararen hula da suka ja da baya a kan "Hanyar Mutuwa" a karshen yakin.
Kafofin yada labarai suna yin layi da gwamnati kan muhimman al'amura ba saboda wata kullalliya ko wata kullalliya ba, amma saboda su kansu kafafen yada labarai manyan kamfanoni ne da ke da muradin tattalin arziki da siyasa iri daya tare da ’yan kananan jiga-jigan da ke tafiyar da gwamnatin Amurka. A wasu lokuta, mutane iri ɗaya ne.
Yanzu ya zama al'ada gama gari ga manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na uku su sanya tsoffin jami'an soja, 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan gwamnati a cikin albashi. "Kafofin yada labarai sun zama reshe na kokarin yaki," marubucin Falasdinu Edward Said ya rubuta kwanan nan. "Abin da ya ɓace gaba ɗaya daga talabijin shine duk wani abu mai kama da muryar da ba ta dace ba." Kamar dai a jadada batun, a watan Fabrairu, cibiyar sadarwar labarai ta USB MSNBC ta soke wasan kwaikwayon Phil Donahue - kuma ta sanar da cewa tana daukar hack Dick Armey dan Republican a matsayin mai sharhi.
Muryoyin gwamnati na yanzu da na tsohuwar gwamnati sun mamaye "muhawara" a cikin kafofin watsa labaru game da yaki da sauran tambayoyi na manufofin kasashen waje. "Majiyoyin gwamnati da ba a bayyana sunansu ba," masu magana da manema labarai, jami'an Pentagon, jami'an Fadar White House, da kuma masu ra'ayin da ke kusa da gwamnati sun kasance mafi yawan "ƙwararrun" da "masu tushe" da muke ji daga gare su.
Kamfanonin da ke mamaye kafafen yada labarai suna kara samun karfin gwiwa. Ben Bagdikian, marubucin Media Monopoly, kiyasin cewa kamfanoni shida masu alaka da juna ne suka mamaye kafafen yada labaran Amurka a yau. NBC mallakar babban dan kwangilar soja ne General Electric. Amma hatta kafofin watsa labarai da ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da rukunin soja da masana'antu suna da hannu a cikin tsarin.
Hakan ya faru ne saboda kafofin watsa labarai suna cikin kasuwancin samun riba daga sayar da talla. Kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, talabijin da rediyo duk suna samun kuɗinsu ta hanyar siyar da masu sauraro ga masu talla - kuma sun san cewa layinsu na ƙasa zai sha wahala idan sun bi labaran da za su lalata masu talla.
Har ila yau, tattalin arziki na bayar da rahoto yana tsara labaran da muke gani. Misali, maimakon kashe makudan kudade domin aikewa da ‘yan jarida masu bincike don bankado yadda ake cin zarafin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ake azabtar da su a sansanin sojin saman Bagram da ke Afganistan, ba don komai ba, kafafen yada labarai na iya yada wani sabon taron manema labarai na fadar White House suna musanta laifukan.
Wannan yana nufin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu tushen bayanai ne masu mahimmanci waɗanda kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ba za su bayar da rahoto ba—ko kuma za su binne a cikin tekun ɗaukar hoto. Muna bukatar mu goyi bayan kokarin kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu a inda za mu iya da kuma gina namu jaridu, kamar Ma'aikacin Socialist, wanda zai fadi gaskiya akan wannan yaki. Amma kuma muna bukatar mu kalubalanci kafafen yada labarai na kamfanoni kai tsaye – don tilasta musu hannu da kunyata su wajen yada labaran da muka san ba za su taba ba.
Bayan watanni na rage girman zanga-zangar adawa da yakin Iraki, manyan jaridu kamar New York Times da kuma Washington Post An tilastawa bayar da labarai a shafin farko ga gagarumin zanga-zangar adawa da yakin da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Babban dalilin shi ne, halartar mutane sama da miliyan 10 a duniya, na nufin zanga-zangar ta yi yawa ga masu gyara su binne. Amma kuma masu fafutuka sun kai hari kai tsaye gidan rediyon Jama'a na kasa, da Times da sauran fitattun kafafen yada labarai – kuma sun kunyata su wajen amincewa da cewa sun yi watsi da labarin zanga-zangar da aka yi a baya.
15 ga Fabrairu ya nuna ikon zanga-zanga don isa ga miliyoyin mutanen da ke raba fushinmu game da wannan yaki - kuma za su iya kasancewa tare da mu a kan tituna a zanga-zangar ta gaba. Hakanan zamu iya duba misalin yakin Vietnam don ganin wannan iko. Kafofin yada labarai sun goyi bayan mummunan yaki da mutanen Vietnam daga lokacin da Amurka ta fara aika a cikin "masu ba da shawara." Amma motsi na antiwar ya tilasta gaskiyar yakin zuwa fahimtar jama'a - kuma ya matsa wa kafa Amurka, ciki har da kafofin watsa labaru, don buɗe batun don yin muhawara.
Masu aiko da rahotanni sun sami damar gabatar da labaran da suka fallasa mummunan yakin da kuma kalubalantar karyar gwamnati - tsarin da ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka juya baya ga yakin Vietnam, kuma a karshe ya taimaka wajen kawo karshensa.
Wag media lapdog
Babu wani abu da ya fallasa ƙungiyar 'yan jaridu ta Washington a matsayin masu cin zarafi kamar yadda ta nuna rashin kunya a taron manema labarai na George Bush na fadar White House makonni biyu da suka gabata. Bush ya yi watsi da ambaton 11 ga Satumba sau takwas yayin taron manema labarai - ko da yake, har ya zuwa yau, babu wanda ya ba da wata shaida cewa babu wata alaka tsakanin Iraki da sace-sacen.
Sai dai kafafen yada labarai sun bai wa Bush damar yin amfani da ranar 11 ga watan Satumba a matsayin hujjar yaki da Iraki. "A matsayin kukan bogi, ‘Ka tuna 9/11’ yana da matsayi na ‘Ka tuna Maine’ na 1898 don yaƙi da Spain ko ƙudurin Gulf of Tonkin na 1964," Nation dan jarida William Greider ya rubuta kwanan nan.
Greider ya nuna cewa, a cewar wani New York Times/Bincike na CBS News, kashi 42 na Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa Saddam Hussein ne ke da alhakin harin da aka kai a ranar 11 ga Satumba a Cibiyar Kasuwancin Duniya da Pentagon. Kuma kashi 55 cikin XNUMX sun yi imanin cewa Saddam na goyon bayan al-Qaeda kai tsaye, a cewar wani bincike na ABC News.
Babu wata shaida kan imani. Amma ga tambaya ɗaya da ba za ku ji kafofin watsa labarai suna yi ba: Ta yaya muka ba da gudummawa wajen yada waɗannan tatsuniyoyi, waɗanda muke ba da rahoto a matsayin shaida na goyon bayan mutane ga yaƙi?
Kamar yadda tsohon dan jarida Tom Wicker ya rubuta kwanan nan, "Masu magana da yawun gwamnatin Bush sun gabatar da shari'o'i da yawa don yaki da Iraki, kuma jaridun Amurka sun kasance suna gabatar da duk waɗannan shari'o'in ga jama'a kamar suna bishara." Muna gani, Wicker ya kammala, "jarida ta Amurka wacce da alama wasu lokuta tana wasa a cikin ƙungiyar gudanarwa maimakon neman gaskiyar da ya dace, duk inda ta kai."
"Ki fada min inda zan yi layi"
Wani lokaci ana nuna DAN RATHER a matsayin misali na nuna son kai a kafafen yada labarai. Yana da wuya a fahimci dalilin da ya sa, ko da yake, idan ka kalli abin da Maimakon ya ce game da "yakin da ta'addanci."
"George Bush shine shugaban kasa, yana yanke shawara, kuma, ka sani, a matsayina na Ba'amurke ɗaya, yana so in yi layi, kawai gaya mani a ina."
"Duk wata gardama da mutum zai iya ko ba zai yi da George Bush ƙarami kafin ranar 11 ga Satumba, shi ne babban kwamandan mu, shi ne mutumin yanzu. Kuma muna bukatar hadin kai, muna bukatar dagewa. Ba na wa'azi game da shi. Duk mun san wannan.”
"Ni da yardar kaina zan mutu domin kasata a wani lokaci kuma bisa umarnin shugabana."
The "liberal bias" hoax
Daga cikin tatsuniyoyi masu yawa game da kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka, biyun da aka fi sani da shi shine muna da ''yan jarida'' 'yanci' kuma muna da kafofin watsa labarai na "mai sassaucin ra'ayi". A cikin tallace-tallacen ta na Fox News Channel na dama, Roger Ailes, shugaban cibiyar sadarwa, ya taƙaita waɗannan tatsuniyoyi guda biyu a cikin magana ɗaya: "Amurka ta ba da tabbacin 'yan jarida 'Yanci na dogara ne akan jarida mai adalci."
Ma'anar kalaman wawa ta Ailes ita ce Fox yana ba da ma'auni na dama-dama kan son kai na 'yan jaridu na yau da kullun. Amma akwai son zuciya?
Nation Mawallafin marubuci Eric Alterman kwanan nan ya yi nazarin labaran jaridu kuma ya gano cewa tun 1992, kalmar "kafofin watsa labaru" ta bayyana kusa da kalmar "rashin ra'ayi" sau 469. Kalmomin "kafofin watsa labaru" da "ra'ayin mazan jiya" an haɗa su sau 17 kawai. Kamar yadda Alterman ya lura, "Idan mutane suna son yin imani cewa kafofin watsa labaru suna da ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda abin da kafofin watsa labarai ke gaya musu kenan."
Hakazalika, ƙungiyoyin masu sa ido na dama sun shirya yaƙin neman zaɓe don murkushe duk wani sabani a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai. "Muna horar da bindigoginmu kan duk wata kafar yada labarai ko kuma duk wani dan jarida da ke yin katsalandan ga yakin Amurka da ta'addanci ko kuma kokarin yi wa Shugaba Bush zagon kasa," in ji L. Brent Bozell III, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Bincike ta Media (MRC). Ko kuma kamar yadda darektan bincike na kafofin watsa labarai na MRC Rick Noyes ya ce: "Abin da muke nema shine rahoton wasanni na gida."
Gaskiyar ita ce, kafofin watsa labaru sun yi nisa daga "mai sassaucin ra'ayi" - kuma ba su da 'yanci. Aikin jarida na kyauta ne kawai ga waɗanda suka mallaki aikin jarida - wato, ɗaiɗaikun attajirai da manyan kamfanoni. Su kuma masu tsaron ƙofofin waɗanda ba za su iya fitowa a labarai ko a shafukan edita ba suna da ra’ayi da zato na ƴan tsirarun da ke tafiyar da wannan ƙasa.
Nisa daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi, suna raba kunkuntar ra'ayi na duniya wanda ya yarda da "yancin" na sojojin Amurka da kasuwa na kyauta don mamaye rayuwar mutane a duniya - kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani yana nunawa a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na kamfanoni. Abin da "muhawara" da muke gani a cikin kafofin watsa labaru yana da yawa tsakanin mutanen da suka yarda a kan mahimmanci-amma lokaci-lokaci ba su yarda da yadda za a sayar da tsarin dama na dama ba.
Me yasa Donahue ya samu gwangwani a MSNBC
MSNBC ne ya ja shirin nasa Phil Donahue a cikin watan Fabrairu. Me yasa? Wani rahoto na cikin gida da aka leka ya ce wasan kwaikwayon nasa ya gabatar da "wahala ta fuskar jama'a ga NBC a lokacin yaki."
Rahoton ya ce "Da alama yana jin daɗin gabatar da baƙi waɗanda ke adawa da yaƙi, masu adawa da Bush da kuma masu shakkar manufofin gwamnatin," in ji rahoton. Tabbas, ba za ku ga duk wani rahoto da aka yi ba game da yadda fitattun masu fafutuka na dama, kamar su Bill O’Reilly da Brit Hume a Fox News, suna gabatar da zanga-zangar adawa da muryoyin goyon bayan Bush.
Takardar NBC da aka leka ta bayyana Donahue a matsayin "mai gajiyarwa, mai sassaucin ra'ayi na hagu wanda ba ya da alaƙa da kasuwar yanzu." A haƙiƙa, nunin Donahue ya kai matsakaita fiye da masu kallo 446,000 kuma shine mafi girman nuni akan MSNBC, wanda ya yi fice. Hardball tare da Chris Matthews.
Amma NBC yana cikin tsere zuwa kasa tare da Fox - don ganin wacce hanyar sadarwa zata iya nade kanta a cikin babbar tuta. Yanke Donahue wani ɓangare ne na dabarun NBC don zubar da duk wani abu da zai sa ya zama kamar cibiyar sadarwa ta "mai sassaucin ra'ayi".
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi