Source: Kare Dimokuradiyya Press
A ranar 28 ga Yuli 2021, Peru, tare da mazaunanta miliyan 33, suna bikin cika shekaru 200 na 'Yancin Kai. Wataƙila mutanen Peru sun zaɓi wannan biki na Bicentennial, don kawo sauyi mai tsauri ga ƙasarsu ta ketare da na ƙasa mai mulkin oligarchy. A zagaye na biyu na zaben kasa da aka yi a wuyan wuya a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2021, dan gurguzu Pedro Castillo, malamin makarantar firamare mai tawali'u daga karkarar Cajamarca, lardin Arewacin Peruvian, mai arzikin albarkatun hakar ma'adinai, amma kuma a cikin ƙasar noma, da alama ya kasance. wanda ya lashe tazarar kuri'u kasa da 100,000 a kan Keiko Fujimori mai goyon bayan oligarch, 'yar tsohon shugaban kasar Alberto Fujimori, a halin yanzu a gidan yari - ko kuma a kama shi a gidan yari saboda "rashin lafiya" - saboda cin hanci da rashawa da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama a lokacin shugabancinsa. 1990-2000.
Ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jihohin Amirka (OAS) sun ɗauki sakamakon zaɓe a matsayin gaskiya. Kungiyar da ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin bayan zaben Amurka da aka yi wa Evo Morales a watan Nuwamba na 2019. Ko dai sun koyi darasi na da'a, ko kuma akwai masu sa ido na kasa da kasa da yawa da suka sanya ido kan zaben OAS. Ko, a matsayin zaɓi na uku, Washington na iya samun wata manufa ta daban don wannan ɓangaren "gidan bayan gida".
Keiko Fujimori, kafin ta zama ‘yar takarar shugaban kasa, tana gidan yari a tsare, yayin da ake bincike kan cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin bil’adama. A yanzu haka tana karbar milyoyin kudade daga hannun jiga-jigan masu rike da madafun iko tare da kashe kudadenta na rashin gaskiya domin juya sakamakon zaben. Kwanaki 10 bayan zaben, babu wani tabbataccen sakamako da aka buga har yanzu. Ga Keiko zama Shugaban kasa ba batun mulki ba ne kawai, har ila yau batun 'yanci ne a karkashin kariya daga gwamnati, ko kuma komawa gidan yari, akalla har sai an kammala binciken laifukan da ake zargin ta.
Duk mai yiwuwa ne a cikin ƙasar da kuɗi ke siyan komai, kuma za su iya jujjuya ƙuri'un da aka yi niyya a fili ko dai a matsayin mara inganci ko a matsayin kuri'ar abokin hamayya. Wannan shi ne Peru, amma tabbas, magudin zaɓe yana faruwa har ma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ciki har da makwabciyar Peru ta Arewacin Amirka, wanda ke yin kamar yana gudanar da duniya.
Duk da haka, idan wannan ya faru, Keiko Fujimori da magoya bayanta na jari-hujja suna aiki tukuru don cimma nasara, kasar na fuskantar hadarin yakin basasa. Domin wannan shine lokacin mafi yawan mutanen Peruvians da suke jira; waɗancan mutanen Peruvians waɗanda koyaushe ana ɗaukarsu azaman “marasa mutane” ta hanyar oligarchy. Ya kamata a yanzu su sami adalcin su, su sami yanki na kek mai wadatar gaske wanda shine Peru. Bayan shekaru dari biyu na al'ummar da ke mulkin oligarchy, wannan galibin rinjayen shiru da gaske ya cancanci hutu. Sun isa su yi aiki, su tara miliyoyi daga ayyukan hakar ma’adinai masu rahusa, masu fama da matsalar lafiya, daga aikin noma mai rahusa, daga rayuwa a gefe ta hanyar nuna wariya daga masu mulkin jarirai farar fata. Babu kuma. "Pedro Castillo daya ne daga cikin mu."
Yin waiwaya a cikin tarihi yana haɗawa cikin ƴan lokuta kaɗan. Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1989 cewa ba kawai "kwatsam" ya riga ya rushe Tarayyar Soviet ba, amma mafi mahimmanci watakila ga Kudancin Duniya, yana nufin ƙaddamarwa a cikin "gudun gudu" na siyasa da tattalin arziki, bautar Kudancin Duniya zuwa cikin bautar Kudancin Duniya. talauci – da yawa daga cikinsu cikin matsanancin talauci. Babu guduwa. IMF, Bankin Duniya FED da duk abin da ake kira bankunan ci gaban yanki sun taka rawa tare.
Me ya sa Peru ta bambanta da yadda suke bi da 'yan asalinsu, wadanda ake kira 'yan asalin, asalin masu mallakar ƙasarsu, idan kuna so, ya bambanta da, misali, makwabta Bolivia, Ecuador har ma da Colombia? Kuma me ya sa waɗannan "ƙananan" masu wariyar launin fata suka bambanta a Peru fiye da yadda suke yi a kasashe makwabta?
Yana da tunanina cewa yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Spain bisa hukuma ta ƙirƙira a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1521 (shekaru 500 da suka gabata - ta hanyar daidaituwa?) Mulkin “New Spain” a cikin abin da a yau yake Peru. Daga baya ya zama na farko a cikin mataimakan sarauta huɗu da Spain ta ƙirƙira a cikin Amurka. Tun lokacin da Peru ta zama mataimakiyar Mutanen Espanya ta farko, zuriyar farar fata na Spain, daga baya sun bazu zuwa ga baƙi daga "Tsohuwar Nahiyar", suna da ƙarfin hali don zalunci da nuna wariya ga 'yan asalin.
Ya zuwa wannan rana, wannan shine ra'ayin da nake samu a matsayina na baƙo da yake aiki da zama a Peru kusan shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. Musamman manyan Lima suna ɗaukar ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙanana, duk da cewa sun mamaye ƙasarsu, amma suna ji kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna yin kamar zuriyar Kotun Sarauta ta Spain ne. Wannan yana ba su fifiko wanda ke da wuya a yi watsi da su. Hakanan ana nunawa a cikin tsarin ilimi wanda har yanzu ya kasance a tsakiya, inda Lima ke yanke shawarar abin da ya kamata a koyar da al'adun jama'a da kabilu da yawa na Peru cikin daidaito.
Baya ga kabilu daban-daban, an raba Peru ta fuskar tattalin arziki da al'adu zuwa yankuna uku daban-daban: Yankin bakin teku, galibin hamada, amma mai yawan gaske idan aka yi ban ruwa, inda kashi 70% na amfanin gona na Peru ke noma; Tsaunukan Andes, wanda kuma ake kira Saliyo, inda mutane ke rayuwa a kan aikin noma a kan ƙananan filayen; sannan akwai yankin Amazon wanda ke da kusan kashi 70% na kasar Peru, wanda ke da kusan kashi 5% na al'ummar kasar. Su ne mafi 'yancin kai, tare da al'ada kusa da Uwar Duniya. Rayuwarsu har yanzu tana da alaƙa da shamananci na gargajiya, wanda ya sha bamban da dabi'un yammacin duniya.
Ilimi, kayan aikin yau da kullun amma babban amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na Peru duk sun yanke shawarar Lima, ta hanyar oligarchs, zuriyar sarautar Mutanen Espanya - ba a cikin kalmomin magana ba, ba shakka, amma a cikin ayyuka da halaye. Lima tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 11, watau kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar, wanda kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na rayuwa a ƙarshen talauci ko ƙasa. Wannan yanayin na iya yin muni a lokacin covid-times. Rashin ingantaccen ilimin da ya dace da kuma yadda ya dace, ya bar masu asali na Peru, ƴan asalin ƙasar, gami da babban kaso na gaurayawan ƙabilanci, a cikin mummunan rauni.
Wannan shine ƙabilar Peru: Amerindians (ko ƴan asalin ƙasar kawai) ke da kashi 45% na yawan jama'a; 37 % mestizo ne (gauraye Amerindian da fari), kashi 15 fari ne, kuma kashi 3 baƙi ne, Jafananci, Sinanci da sauran su. Duba wannan https://www.google.com/search?q=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&sxsrf=ALeKk00IpgzbpnA-9Ki5hL9pxb-uG_-ZHA%3A1623753276265&ei=PILIYL3SD42WsAeIrpygBw&oq=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAw6BwgAEEcQsAM6BAghEApQ_LoCWLaxA2CNyANoAXABeACAAVaIAZANkgECMjOYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwi94O-puJnxAhUNC-wKHQgXB3QQ4dUDCA4
Wato kashi 85 cikin 500 na al'ummar kasar 'yan tsiraru ne fararen fata. Lokaci ya yi da Peru ta sami shugaban kasa na asali wanda ke kula da ainihin bukatun da bukatun yawancin jama'ar Peruvian. A wannan karon, ga alama, bayan fiye da shekaru ɗari 85 na mulkin da ba a taɓa gani ba, kashi XNUMX% na al'ummar ƙasar za su buƙaci gwamnati ta sami daidaito. Pedro Castillo na iya zama mutuminsu.
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Anan wasu tarihi don haɗa ɗigon har zuwa Yuni 2021 kuma don taimakawa fahimtar abin da ke faruwa yanzu a Peru. Tsananin rashin adalci na zamantakewa da bambance-bambance tsakanin yawancin al'ummar karkara da ƴan ƙaramar mulki, ya haifar da juyin juya hali na "Hanyar Hannu" a cikin 1980, karkashin jagorancin Abimael Guzmán, ko kuma ta "nom de guerre", Shugaba Gonzalo. Shi farfesa ne na falsafa wanda koyarwar Marxism da Maoism suka yi tasiri sosai. Ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makami, abin da ya zama sananne da "Hanyar Haske" - Mutanen Espanya, "Sendero Luminoso" - don karfafawa 'yan asalin da aka yi watsi da su da kuma marasa galihu. Ayyukan ta'addanci sun yi yawa a cikin 1980's, kuma kuma sun fi cutar da yawan manoma.
Hanyar Shining ta fito ne yayin da kasar ta fara gudanar da zabukan farko na 'yanci bayan shekaru 12 na mulkin kama-karya na soja, na farko Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (1968 - 1975), yana bin abin da 'yan Peruvian suka kira gurguzu na Maoist. Velasco ya shirya wani bala'i na sake fasalin ƙasa wanda ba a shirya shi ba, kuma ya mayar da yawancin zuba jari na ƙasashen waje, haifar da rashin aikin yi da kuma ci gaba da talauci. Zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, Velasco ya yi rashin lafiya sosai tare da ciwon daji kuma ya nada shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1975 Firayim Ministansa, Francisco Morales Bermúdez, a matsayin magajinsa. Bermúdez ya fara kashi na biyu na juyin juya halin makamai na Peruvian, yana yin alkawarin wucewa zuwa gwamnatin farar hula.
Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba Bermudez ya zama ɗan mulkin kama-karya na soja na dama, yana bin manufar tsarkakewa ta hagu. Ya cika alkawarinsa, duk da haka, ya jagoranci Peru zuwa zaɓen dimokiradiyya a 1980, lokacin da aka zaɓi Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Belaúnde, wanda aka hambarar da shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin soja na 1968 Velasco.
Babu shakka, cewa bayyanannen salon mulkin kama-karya na mulkin kama-karya na Amurka ya zama ko'ina a cikin Latin Amurka, tare da Janar Jorge Rafael Videla a Argentina (1976-1981); Janar Augusto Pinochet a Chile (1973 zuwa 1981); Alfredo Stroessner na Paraguay (1954 - 1989); Janar Juan María Bordaberry na Uruguay (1973 – 1985); mulkin kama-karya na sojan Brazil na shugabannin sojoji daban-daban masu zuwa (1964 – 1985). Tarihin Bolivia na mulkin kama-karya na soja (1964 – 1982), shi ma ya dace da tsarin zamanin.
Sojojin mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin Amurka da Amurka ke marawa baya, ya haifar da kafa hanyar Shining a Peru, ba tare da bin manufar kungiyar Tupamaro ta Uruguay ba, mai suna Túpac Amaru II, jagoran tawaye na karni na 18 ga mulkin Spain a Peru.
Hanya mai haskakawa ta kasance a bayyane kuma ta bayyana game da shirye-shiryen ta na yin kisa da kuma mafi girman nau'i na zalunci a matsayin kayan aiki don cimma burinta, da lalata tsarin siyasar da ake ciki.
“Mu ne kwararre mai tasowa, za su harba wuta da duwatsu da laka; amma ikonmu yana da yawa. Mukan mayar da komai ya zama wutar mu, bakar wutar za ta yi ja, ja ita ce haske.” Abimael Guzman |
An kama Guzman a shekarar 1992 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai.
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A cikin 1990, Alberto Fujimori, wani ɗan ƙaramin shugaban Rector kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Agrarian State University of Lima, tare da goyon bayan Washington, ya zama shugaban ƙasa, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Mario Vargas Llosa wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, a cikin gagarumin nasara na 62.4% akan 37.6 %. Fujimori ya kafa tsarin neman sassaucin ra'ayi a kasar Peru tun lokacin da ya hau kujerar shugabancin kasar a shekarar 1990. Ya bi ka'idojin IMF da Bankin Duniya sosai. Babban manufarsa ita ce gamawa da Hanya mai haske.
Baya ga dakatar da ta'addanci saboda dalilai na jin kai, akwai ɗimbin buƙatun kasuwanci da na tattalin arziki da ke cikin haɗari. Alal misali, duk masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun kasance mafi rinjaye na kula da kamfanonin kasashen waje. Da zarar an zabe shi, an ba Fujimori babban mashawarcin CIA, Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos. Ba da da ewa ba wakilin CIA ya kira harbe-harbe don duk lamuran da suka shafi mahimmancin duniya. Akwai 'yan kaɗan da ya rage wa Fujimori don yanke shawara, balle ma majalisar Peruvian.
A cikin 1992 Fujimori ya tayar da juyin mulki, tare da amincewar Washington, ya rushe majalisar kuma ya zama shugaban kasa daya tilo, wanda kuma ya canza Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba shi damar a sake zabensa na tsawon shekaru 5, har zuwa 2000, lokacin da ya gudu daga kasar ya koma gidansa. "yan qasar" Japan. Manazarta da dama sun ce hakika an haife shi ne a Japan kuma yana karyar an haife shi a kasar Peru, don haka zai iya hawa kujerar shugabancin kasar. Kawai don rikodin, ranar haihuwar sa mai rijista 28 ga Yuli - Ranar Independentancin Peru - yana da shakku. An zargi Fujimori da cin hanci da rashawa, cin zarafi da kuma take hakkin dan Adam.
A wata ziyara da ya kai kasar Chile a shekara ta 2005, an kama Fujimori kuma daga karshe aka mika shi zuwa kasar Peru inda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 2009 a gidan yari a shekara ta 25 saboda cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma rawar da ya taka wajen kisa da sace-sacen da kungiyar Grupo Colian Death Squad ta yi a lokacin gwamnatinsa. yaƙi da Senderos Lumiosos a cikin 1990s.
A cikin shekaru 69,000 na Hanyar Shining, wasu mutane XNUMX, yawancin manoman Peruvian sun mutu ko sun ɓace. A cewar hukumar gaskiya da sulhu ta Peruvian (PTRC), a ƙarshe mutane da yawa sun mutu a hannun kwamandojin sojan Fujimory, kamar yadda hanyar Shining ta kashe. PTRC kuma ana kiranta Hatun Willakuy, furcin Quechuan ma'ana babban labari, yana nuna girman abubuwan da aka bayar. Kafin hukumar, Peru ba ta taɓa yin irin wannan cikakken bincike na tashin hankali, cin zarafin iko, ko rashin adalci ba. Duba wannan https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/subsites/peru-hatun-willakuy-en/
Har wala yau mahaifin Fujimori yana gidan yari - ko kuma a tsare shi a gida saboda zarginsa da rashin lafiyarsa - yayin da 'yarsa Keiko Fujimori ke rike da rinjaye a Majalisa tare da mafi yawan Jam'iyyarta "Popular Force" - Fuerza Popular. Ba a yi karin gishiri ba a ce a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata Fujimorismo da APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance – jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin mazan jiya) galibi sun tafiyar da kasar da laifuka da cin hanci da rashawa, suna sayar da dukiyar kasar ga kamfanonin kasa da kasa, musamman a cikin kasar. Amurka - kuma don amfanin Peruvian oligarchs, amma barin yawancin Peruvians a baya.
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Peru tana da albarkatu masu yawa na ma'adinai. Copper, iron, gubar, zinc, bismuth, phosphates, da manganese suna da yawa na ma'adanai masu yawan gaske. Zinariya da azurfa ana samun su da yawa, kamar yadda ake samun wasu karafa da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, kuma filayen mai suna kusa da gabar tekun arewa mai nisa da kuma arewa maso gabashin Amazonia.
GDP na Peru na dalar Amurka biliyan 270 (Bankin Duniya - 2019) yaudara ne, kamar yadda yawancin kasashen waje ke samar da kaso mafi yawa daga masana'antun masana'antu, masana'antu da kuma noma, suna barin kadan a cikin kasar wanda shine dalilin da ya sa matakin talauci ya kasance. da kyar ya canza a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. Yayin da a cikin shekaru goma na farko na 2000 Peru tana da babban ci gaban GDP, tsakanin 5% da 7% kowace shekara - kusan kashi biyu cikin uku sun tafi kashi 20% na yawan jama'a kuma sauran sun ragu zuwa sauran 80%, tare da kasa 10% zuwa 20% ba tare da komai ba.
Adadin talauci bayan covid ya ƙunshi aƙalla kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar Peruvian, tare da kusan kashi 50% a ƙarƙashin matsanancin talauci. Babu takamaiman adadi. Wadanda Bankin Duniya ya lissafa suna nuna adadin talaucin kashi 27% na karya ne kawai. Bugu da kari, sashen na yau da kullun a cikin Peru ya kai aƙalla 70%. Duk da yake rashin bin doka ne ya sa Peru ta ci gaba da tafiya, kuma bangaren na yau da kullun ne ya jefa dimbin mutane cikin talauci.
Dan takara Pedro Castillo, idan a karshe aka bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, yana da aiki mai wahala a gaba. Yana da alaƙa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan siyasar ƙasar, ƴan gurguzu Veronica Mendoza daga Cusco. Ta kuma gano mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na yanzu ga Mista Castillo, Pedro Francke, wanda ke da suna a tsakiya.
Mista Francke ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Asusun Haɗin kai don Ci gaban Jama'a (FONCODES), gwamnatin Peru mai kula da ayyukan zamantakewa da ƙananan cibiyoyin saka hannun jari, haɓaka kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi. Ya kuma yi ayyuka da yawa a Babban Bankin Peru kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a Bankin Duniya.
A cikin wata sanarwa ta siyasa, Francke ya raba yuwuwar shugabancin Castillo daga abin da ya kira gurguzu na Chavez na kula da kudin waje, na kasa da kuma sarrafa farashi. A haƙiƙa, wannan magana ce mai sauƙi kuma zalla, domin tattalin arziƙin biyu ya bambanta sosai ta yadda babu kwatance. Amma manufar ita ce kwantar da hankulan jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Masu hannun dama, galibi El Comercio da kafofin watsa labaru masu alaƙa sun mamaye kantunan labarai, suna sarrafa kusan kashi 90% na kafofin watsa labarai na Peruvian.
Mista Francke ya shaida wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Reuters cewa, "Ra'ayinmu ba shi ne a yi babban katsalandan cikin tattalin arziki ba", wanda ke nuna cewa Castillo zai mutunta tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Francke ya kuma ce gwamnatin Castillo ba za ta ci gaba da yin kasa a gwiwa ba da kwace ko kadan. Suna iya, duk da haka, sake yin shawarwarin wasu ribar kamfanoni. Kasancewa da Gwamnatin Velasco a cikin 1970s, wannan shine ɗayan manyan damuwar ƙarin manyan Peruvians, waɗanda suka rayu cikin shekarun Velasco.
Pedro Francke kuma ya maimaita abin da Castillo ya fada a cikin jawabansa na yakin neman zabe, cewa zai karfafa gwiwa kan zuba jari na cikin gida, tabbataccen magana, domin a halin yanzu tattalin arzikin Peruvian yana da kusan 70% dala, ma'ana cewa bankunan gida suna ba da kuɗin kansu ta Wall Street, yayin da Ana zuba kudaden da ake samu a cikin gida a kasashen waje maimakon a gida. Da fatan Castillo zai iya samun amincewar da ta dace don kawo jarin cikin gida tare da kuɗin gida. Idan haka ne, wannan zai kasance daga cikin mafi kyawun yunƙurin tattalin arziƙin na Peru - yana motsawa zuwa cin gashin kansa na kasafin kuɗi da ikon mallakar kuɗi.
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A lokacin da ake rubuta wannan rahoto, kwanaki 10 bayan kada kuri’ar, an sake kirga kuri’un da kuma cece-ku-ce kan magudin zabe, lamarin da ya haifar da rudani, wanda ke kara yin ta’adi. Muna iya kawai fatan cewa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Peruvian ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodi masu kyau kuma suna iya guje wa tashin hankalin jama'a.
* Peter Koenig kwararre ne a fannin siyasa kuma tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki a Bankin Duniya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), inda ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 30 akan ruwa da muhalli a duniya. Yana karantarwa a jami'o'i a Amurka, Turai da Kudancin Amurka. Ya rubuta akai-akai don mujallu na kan layi kuma shine marubucin Implosion - Mai ban sha'awa na Tattalin Arziki game da Yaƙi, Rushewar Muhalli da Ƙaunar Ƙungiya; kuma Marubucin marubucin littafin Cynthia McKinney "Lokacin da China ta yi atishawa: Daga Kullewar Coronavirus zuwa Rikicin Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya" (Clarity Press - Nuwamba 1, 2020).
Peter Koenig Mataimakin Bincike ne na Cibiyar Bincike kan Haɗin Duniya.
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