Ga nan da nan saki
Yuni 29.2009
TUNTUBE MU:
Stephen Soldz
A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2009, Hukumar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. Wasiƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin tabbaci na farko a hukumance daga shugabancin APA cewa masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun shiga cikin azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin tausayi, ko wulakanci. Muna maraba da wannan ci gaba.
Hakazalika, wasiƙar ta amince da ƙuri'ar raba gardama da memba ta APA ta ƙaddamar da ta haramta shiga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗabi'a a wuraren da ake tsare da su da suka saba wa dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma yin watsi da ƙima da Majalisar APA ta yi. Wannan ci gaba ne kan saƙon kwanan nan daga jami'an APA waɗanda ke bayyana kwatancin ƴan jarida game da manufofin APA a matsayin goyon bayan sa hannu kan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tambayoyin kamar "daidai kuma daidai."
Duk da haka, wasiƙar tana da ban takaici sosai. Yana ci gaba da dogon al'adar shugabannin APA suna rage girman hannun masana ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin cin zarafi da gwamnati ta amince da ita da kuma yadda APA ta kare irin wannan shigar. Marubutan suna magana kamar bayanan game da shigar da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin azabtarwa sabon labari ne duk da cewa an dade da samunsa. Ko a yanzu, Hukumar ta dogara da dabarar Gwamnatin Bush, da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tashin hankalin Abu Ghraib, na zargin cin zarafi a kan "'yan muggan apples." Wannan rage girman da'a mafi girma a tarihin wannan sana'a ta masu da'awar cewa suna jagorantar sana'ar abu ne da ba za a amince da shi ba. Hakazalika Hukumar ta APA ta ci gaba da daukar wani nauyi a kan ta na rashin gudanar da wannan lamari. Maimakon haka, sautin wasiƙar yana nuna cewa ya kamata mu taru mu “yi tunani mu koya,” domin wannan ya kasance da wahala ga dukanmu, tare. Hukumar ta kuma yi la'akari da ikon ci gaba da yin magana ga masana ilimin halayyar dan adam a nan gaba ba tare da gyara ko shaida na gyara abin da suka aikata ba:
Wannan lokaci ne mai raɗaɗi ga ƙungiyar kuma wanda ke ba da damar yin tunani da koyo daga abubuwan da muka samu a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. APA za ta ci gaba da yin magana da ƙarfi a cikin ci gaba da sadar da manufofinmu game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi, ko wulaƙanci ko azabtarwa ga membobinmu, gwamnatin Obama, Majalisa, da sauran jama'a. [wasikar hukumar, Yuni 18, 2009.]
Duk wata hanya mai ma'ana game da wannan batu dole ne ta fara da amincewa da gaskiyar cewa masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna da cikakkiyar ma'ana ga tsarin gwamnatinmu na azabtarwa. Lokacin da gwamnatin Bush ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin azabtarwa, sun juya zuwa ga masana ilimin halayyar dan adam daga shirin SERE [Survival, Evasion, resistance, and Escape] na soja don taimako wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da dabarun azabtarwa. An fara ba da rahoton wannan gaskiyar a cikin 2005, a cikin kwanaki bayan fitar da rahoton PENS na APA [Psychological Ethics and National Security] kuma Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta amince da shi a hukumance a cikin Rahoton Sufeto Janar, wanda aka bayyana a watan Mayu 2007. nawa zagi wanda aka tsare zai iya jurewa ba tare da ya mutu ba. Duk da haka, shugabannin APA sun ci gaba, kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba, don yin riya cewa shigar da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin cin zarafi hali ne na 'yan damfara na sana'a.
Hakazalika, Hukumar ta APA har yanzu ta ki amincewa da shaidar da aka nuna na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jami'an APA da jami'an tsaron ƙasa wajen ba da kariya ta ɗabi'a ga masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin cin zarafin fursunoni. Wannan haɗin kai ya yi fice wajen ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar PENS da sojoji suka mamaye. Manufar da ta zo daidai da wannan haɗin gwiwa na APA ne kawai zai iya fara rage fushi tsakanin membobin APA, masana ilimin halin dan Adam, da sauran jama'a.
Shugabancin APA yana da ayyuka da yawa a gabansa don fara gyara barnar da suka yi wa sana’a, da ƙasa, waɗanda ake tsare da su na da da na yanzu da kuma iyalansu. Aƙalla shugabancin APA ya kamata ya yi masu zuwa:
1. Cikakkun aiwatar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta 2008 a matsayin sashe mai aiwatar da doka na APA Code of Ethics. Wannan ya haɗa da sanarwar jama'a cewa manufofin APA da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a suna adawa da sabis na masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a wuraren da ake tsare da su a sansanin tsare tsare na Guantanamo Bay, Bagram Air Base, kurkukun sirri na CIA, ko a cikin shirin sakewa.
2. Soke Rahoton PENS na Yuni 2005 saboda tsananin rikice-rikice na sha'awa da ke tattare da samar da shi.
3. Kawo wani Mai zaman kansa ƙungiyar lauyoyin bincike don biyan lissafin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam waɗanda suka shiga ko kuma suka ba da gudummawa ga azabtarwa ko zalunci, rashin ɗan adam, ko wulaƙanci. APA ya kamata kuma: (a) bayyana matsayin buɗaɗɗen shari'o'in ɗabi'a da (b) cire ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da suka shafi azabtarwa ko zalunci, rashin ɗan adam, ko wulaƙanci, ta yadda za a ba da lokaci don bayanai kan ayyukan da aka keɓance su zama jama'a.
4. Ƙirƙirar jadawali bayyananne kuma cikin sauri don cire Sashe na 1.02 da 1.03 [da"
5. Riƙe ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta don nazarin halayen ƙungiya a APA. Saboda yuwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa, yakamata a sanya ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam masu zaman kansu don zaɓar wannan rukunin bincike. Binciken ya kamata ya magance, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsarin PENS da kuma taron 2003 APA-CIA-Rand kan Kimiyyar yaudara, wanda CIA ta bayyana masu zane-zane na shirin azabtarwa [James Mitchell da Bruce Jessen] a lokacin " ingantattun tambayoyi" an tattauna dabaru. Ya kamata binciken ya binciki yadda tsarin mulkin APA ya ba da izinin tara madafun iko a hannun ƴan tsirarun mutane waɗanda ba sa jin daɗin zama memba na gabaɗaya. Har ila yau, ya kamata ta ba da shawarar matakan mayar da APA zuwa ga ka'idodin dimokiradiyya, amincin kimiyya, da kuma fa'ida, gami da sake fasalin don ƙarin fayyace da kuma daidaita ra'ayoyi daban-daban.
Wadannan matakai guda biyar ba za su kawar da mummunar tabo a kan kimar tunanin Amurka ba. Koyaya, ta hanyar ɗaukar waɗannan matakan jagorancin APA zai samar da ci gaba mai ma'ana kuma mai ma'ana don ba da gudummawa ga gudummawar masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam don cin zarafin fursunonin da kuma gazawar APA don ba da amsa daidai ga bayanan jama'a. Wadannan ayyuka za su zama muhimmin mataki na gyara kungiyar da kuma maido da kyakkyawan sunan sana'ar kanta.
Alamar da:
Haɗin kai don ilimin halin ɗabi'a
Likitoci don Hakkokin Dan Adam
Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam don Alhaki na zamantakewa
Cibiyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki
Kwamitin Tsaro na Kare Hakkin Tsaro
Cibiyar Sadarwar Ci Gaban Ruhaniya
Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kasa
Amnesty International
Shirin ga wadanda aka azabtar,
Kwamitin Sabis na Abokan Amurka, Yankin Pacific Kudu maso Yamma
Likitoci don Alhaki,
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi