Barack Obama, Ƙaunar Bege: Tunani kan Maido da Mafarkin Amirka (New York, NY: Crown, 2006)
Yanzu da Barack Obama ya bayyana a fili kusa da karshe a hukumance ta hanyar ayyana wani kwamitin bincike na shugaban kasa, muna iya tabbatar da cewa na'urar Noise na 'yan Republican za ta bayyana shi a matsayin wakili mai haɗari na “hagu. iƙirarin cewa ɗan tsakiya, kamfanoni-neoliberal Obama mutum ne na hagu ba zai zama wauta ba (duba Paul Street, “The Obama Illusion,†mai zuwa a cikin Mujallar Z, Fabrairu 2007).
Sai dai da kyar wannan ba zai hana masu sharhi da dama a fagen siyasar Amurka da'awar Obama a matsayin aminin ci gaba ba. Tabbas Obama da masu kula da shi za su sami kwarin gwiwa, wannan rudani zai nuna rashin bege da kuma myopia wanda tunani mai girgiza da tsarin zaɓe mai kunkuntar yakan haifar da masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin Amurka.
SCILABBA MYSTIFED
Ana iya samun misalin kwanan nan na wannan rashin fahimta a cikin “The Nation.†A cikin fitowar ta 29 ga watan Janairu na wancan mako mai sassaucin ra'ayi, George Scialabba ya hada da kundin yakin neman zabe na Obama “The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts Towards Maido da Mafarkin Amurka (2006) a cikin bitar littattafan da aka sadaukar don kare “Gwamnatin Dimokuradiyya,†riba na gama gari da kuma gadon sabuwar yarjejeniya a kan tabarbarewar kamfanoni. Littattafan da Scialabba ya kimanta sun haɗa da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce huɗu masu ƙarfi da suka samo asali a cikin populist, al'adar anti-plutocratic: David Sirota “Maƙiyi: Yadda Babban Kuɗi da Cin Hanci Ya Kashe Gwamnatinmu†(New York: Crown, 2006); Mark Green's “Rasa Dimokuradiyyarmu: Yadda Bush, Dama Dama da Babban Kasuwanci ke cin amanar Amurkawa Don Riba†(Littattafai, 2006); Steven Hill, “Mataki 10 Don Gyara Dimokuradiyyar Amurka: Littafin Jagora ga Jama'a Masu Damuwa†(Polipoint, 2006); da Greg Palast “Armed Madhouse†(Dutton, 2006).
A karshen bitar nasa, Scialabba ya yi ikirarin cewa “Game da dukkan mukamai na Obama “Masu hankaliâ€TM kuma “mai ci gaba†Ya yabawa Obama a matsayin “wanda ya fi kowa hankali, gaskiya da kuma manufa. na 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat (George Scialabba, “Aikin da aka yanke mana,†The Nation, Janairu 29, 2007, shafi. 23-27).
Wannan bai ce komai ba ga zurfin da matakin ci gaban jam'iyyar Democrat ko ta Scialabba.
“MAGANIN odaâ€
Hakan ya sa na yi tunanin ko Scialabba ya damu da karanta littafin Obama fiye da rigar kura. Shin Scialabba ya ga ɓangaren da Obama ke ba da labarin rashin jin daɗi na ƙuruciya da abokan karatunsa na jami'a “rashin hankali††sukar “yan jari-hujja†sannan kuma ya furta mutunta irin nasarar da Ronald Reagan ya samu wajen shigar da abinda Obama ya kira “Ba'amurkeâ€TM Ina marmarin oda†(shafi na 31)?
Yaya game da bangaren da Obama ya yaba wa “Bukatar tara kudi daga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki don samar da kudaden zabe†don hana ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat… Waɗanda suke son himma†(shafi na 38) da “Ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi†(kamar zaman lafiya da adalci)?
Har ila yau Obama ya yaba wa takwarorinsa Sanata John F. Kerry (D-MA) da Hilary Clinton (D-NY) saboda “Gaskiya na tabbatar da fifikon sojojin Amurka†da kuma rungumar “dabi'un jari-hujja†(shafi na 38). 34). Ya yaba da “wanda aka sani mai ci gabaâ€TM Jarumin Hanya na Uku Bill Clinton saboda nuna cewa “kasuwanni da horon kasafin kudi†da “au nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanshi [ana bukatar] domin yakar talauci†(shafi na 35-2003). Wannan wani tunani ne mai ban sha'awa game da ƙoƙarin gwamnatin neoliberal Clinton na ƙara talauci ta hanyar kawar da iyalai matalauta hakkin taimakon kuɗi na jama'a da rangwame gata akan kashe kuɗin jama'a (duba Robert Pollin, Contours of Deescent: Rugujewar Tattalin Arziƙi na Amurka da kuma Tsarin Kasa na Austerity na Duniya [New York, NY: Verso, XNUMX).
FATAN SHAHARARAR BATA GA ZAMANIN NEOLIBERAL
Abin mamaki don sanin Scialabba game da Obama tare da kare Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar, Obama ya yi ikirari cewa kare shirin New Deal da Great Society ya saba wa “sauyin yanayi na dunkulewar duniyaâ€(shafi na 38).
Biyo bayan hanyar Clintonian na triangulation na tsakiya, Obama ya yi iƙirarin cewa New Hagu na 1960s ya bayyana irin son kai “more absolutism†(shafi na 26-33) wanda ya ratsa Sabuwar Dama.
Jama'ar Amurka, in ji Obama, suna da kyakkyawan fata na gwamnatinsu (shafi na 7), wanda ke nuna rashin damuwa (ta asusun Obama) tare da manufofin hagu na gargajiya na adalci da daidaito. Babu wani wuri a cikin hoton da Obama ya rage na shahararren “bege†ga ƴan ƙasa da ke yaɗuwar kyama ga rashin adalcin zamantakewar al'umma a Amurka.
A cikin tambarin Obama na “ci gaba, babban damuwa game da mummunan rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'umma an danganta shi ga masu ra'ayin gurguzu “masu kishi††da sauran mutane iri-iri “masu kishi†“mutanen da ke tafiya a cikin Matakan Marx, Sabon Hagu, da (ko da yake Obama ba zai taɓa yarda da wannan ba) ɗan gurguzu na demokraɗiyya Martin Luther King, Jr.
Tun da a hankalce suka ki “akida†da “absolutismâ€TM na Hagu da Dama, Obama yana jin cewa, mutanen Amurka masu matsakaicin ra'ayi (da kyar) sun fi su matsawa daidaito. Sun rungumi “na zahiri,†rage girman buri da ke da ban mamaki tare da aikin neoliberal na rage muhimman ayyuka na gwamnati don biyan bukatun masu saka hannun jari, yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe, azabtarwa (da ajiyar kaya) matalauta da murkushe su. rashin yarda.
MATSALOLIN HAIHUWA DA DARAJA DA “HADAR MAI GIRMA†na daidaito.
Ina mamakin ko Scialabba ya ga inda “mai ci gaba†Obams ya yaba wa wadanda suka kafa Amurka saboda “gane[da] akwai tsaba na rashin zaman lafiya a cikin ra'ayin 'yancin kai, hatsarin maye a ra'ayin daidaito. .†Idan “Idan da gaske kowa yana da yanci, ba tare da takura ta haihuwa ko matsayi ba da tsarin zamantakewar da aka gada ba, Obama ya tambaya, to ta yaya za mu yi fatan samar da al'ummar da za ta hada kai?â€( shafi na 86-87)
Ta yaya hakan yake don rungumar tsarin mulki a bayyane?
TAUSAYI GA Azzalumi
Sannan akwai bangaren da Obama ya yi ikirarin cewa babban mai aikata laifukan yaki, mai ba da izini kuma mai kishin kasa George W. Bush “da kuma mutanen da ke kewaye da shi– wani abin nuni da zai hada da hamshakin attajirin nan na crypto- Fashist Dick Cheney – “ya zama kyakkyawa kamar kowa.†'Yan ta'addar Bush-Cheney sun “mallake su,†Obama ya ce, ''na cakuduwar dabi'u da munanan halaye, rashin tsaro da kuma raunukan da aka dade ana binnewa kamar sauran mu.â€
Zai zama mai ban sha'awa a tambayi wasu tsoffin sojojin Vietnam ko Iraki da suka ji rauni idan suna da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da tallafin Vietnam-War amma daftarin aiki Bush da Cheney, waɗanda ke da “sauran abubuwan fifiko†fiye da “ hidima†Indochina a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970.
Irin wadannan tsofaffin sojoji bai kamata su sanya bakin ciki ga shugabanninsu da ke gujewa yaki ba, in ji Obama. Yana mai cewa “Wadanda ke fafutuka†ko kuma masu da'awar cewa suna magana ga wadanda ke fafutuka†ba su “yantacce daga kokarin fahimtar mahangar wadanda suka fi dacewa†. “Tausayi,†yana ji, ana raba shi da “masu iko†da “masu zalunci†da “masu karfi†da “azzalumi†(shafi na 68).
Dole ne bayi su fahimta kuma su tausaya wa iyayengijinsu.
A sa'i daya kuma, Obama yana jin cewa, Amurkawa matalauta na bukatar fahimtar yadda ake kwatanta su da 'yantacciya da takwarorinsu na Afirka da Latin Amurka (shafi na 54, 150). Obama ya share bambance-bambancen da ba su da kyau da Yammacin Turai da Japan, mafi dacewa kwatancen, inda manyan ka'idoji ke jure wa ƙarancin talauci da rashin daidaituwa fiye da abin da ake samu a cikin manyan jami'an Amurka.
TARIHIN FARAR WANKI
Idan Amurkawa sun yi watsi da shawarar “Jefferson’ na yin juyin-juya hali kowane tsararra biyu ko uku,†Obama ya ce, wannan “shi ne kawai saboda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kansa ya tabbatar da isasshiyar kariya daga zalunci†(shafi na 93). . Babu wani wuri a cikin wannan tsari don ɗimbin bayanai da ci gaban da suka dace da bambancin ra'ayi na tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin tarihin Amurka: arziƙin tarihin Amurka na murkushe masu tsatsauran ra'ayi (misali Haymarket, Palmer Raids. McCarthyism, COINTELPRO) ; tsananin kabilanci, kabilanci, addini da rarrabuwar kawuna na ma'aikata da jama'ar kasa; Maɓallin mutuwa da tasirin tasirin mulkin mallaka, yawan amfani da jama'a, Nasara-Take-Duk siyasar zaɓe, kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni da ƙari. Babu wani daki ko dai don tsayin daka na zalunci na ban mamaki - 'yan kasuwa ('yan kasuwa-'yan jari-hujja) da mulkin farar fata, mulkin sashin soja, da haɓakar tsarin masana'antu mai karfi a gidan yari misali; €" a cikin Amurka a yau.
Obama ya himmatu sosai wajen wanzar da abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan na Amurka bisa tsarin koyarwar kasa. Ya yi nuni da cewa Amurkawa na farko sun yi imani da “dogaro da kai,†“aiki mai wahala†da “Yancin son rai†(shafi na 54) a matsayin tushen asalin Jamhuriyar Farko. Ci gaban kasuwa mai 'yanci, yin watsi da rawar da bayi ke takawa a (a) keta kyawawan halaye na al'umma da (b) aza harsashin tattara babban jari don fara fadada daular Amurka 'kasuwar 'yanci'. Ya rubuta da dumi-duminsa na “Babban sasantawa†(shafi na 75) da aka samu a cikin yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki tsakanin Jihohin Arewa da Kudanci– wanda ya amince da kuma ba da ikon bautar baƙar fata a matsayin tushen, ma'ana da kuma kariyar siyasa ta tarayya. cibiyar tattalin arziki na Kudancin Amurka. Ya saka “Haƙƙin mallaka†(shafi na 86) a cikin jerin manyan ƴancin ƴancin mutum da waɗanda suka kafa suka ba da lamuni, tare da share wani mummunan rikici wanda ya haifar da jumhuriya ta farko: tsakanin yancin ɗan adam da haƙƙin mallaka, Daga baya yana nufin haƙƙoƙin ɗan ƙasa na musamman, ingantaccen tsari wanda aka ba wa ƙaramin yanki na al'ummar da ke da dukiya mai yawa.
Obama ya yi karya da “dimokiradiyya†da “nau'in gwamnatin jamhuriya†wanda wadanda suka kafa suka gwammace a matsayin wani shinge mai tasiri ga mummunan mafarkinsu na dimokuradiyya mai farin jini. Da alama bai fahimci cewa ubanni na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa suna ganin mulkin jamhuriya a matsayin katangar kare dimokuradiyya da kuma amintaccen mai kare “‘yancin mallaka’ da gata mai daraja fiye da kishin sarauta. Ya yi ɓata kuma ya ɓata babban dalilin da James Madison, Alexander Hamilton da sauran waɗanda suka kafa hujja suka yi iƙirarin samar da ƙasa mai faɗi da ƙasa: don kiyaye mulkin kama-karya na ƴan tsiraru yadda ya kamata da kiyaye barazanar demokraɗiyya mai farin jini a bayansa (shafi na 87-94). ).
Obama yayi iƙirari kuskure cewa Abraham Lincoln “Ba ya ja da baya a adawar sa ga bauta†(shafi na 97). Ya yaba wa Woodrow Wilson saboda ganin cewa “yana cikin muradin Amurka don karfafa yunƙurin yunƙurin yunƙurin duk al'umma [aƙaddamar da hankali] da samar wa duniya ƙa'idar doka da za ta taimaka wajen guje wa rikice-rikice na gaba†(shafi na 283). .
Mummunan mummunan wariyar launin fata da gwamnatin Wilson ta samu a cikin mummunan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Haiti da Jamhuriyar Dominican. Kamar yadda Noam Chomsky ya lura, “Sojoji na Wilson sun kashe, sun lalata, sun maido da bautar gaskiya da ruguza tsarin mulki a Haiti.†Kabilun Afirka ba su da wani abin da za su iya na ƙungiyoyin siyasa, kuma suna da “wata dabi'a ta komawa ga zalunci da kuma jefar da ginshiƙan wayewa da ke da banƙyama ga yanayinsu na zahiri.â€
“Lokacin da yake kula da karbe ikon Haiti da Jamhuriyar Dominican, Chomsky ya ce, “Wilson ya gina sunansa a matsayin babban mai kishin kasa da ke kare yancin kai da kuma hakokin kananan kasashe masu ban sha'awa. Babu wani sabani [saboda] koyaswar Wilson ta takaita ne ga mutanen da suka dace: wadanda "a cikin karamin mataki na wayewa" ba su bukatar su yi amfani da 'yancin dimokradiyya da cin gashin kai; sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na kabilanci da al'ada (Chomsky, Dokokin Duniya Old and New [New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p.44, and Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest continues [Boston, MA: South End,] 1993], shafi na 202-203).
.
Obama ya yabawa masu tsara manufofin ketare na yakin cacar baka na Amurka da suka hada “Akidar Wilsonniya†da “tawali’u dangane da yadda Amurka ke iya sarrafa abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya†(shafi na 284). Ya ba da misalan kyawawan misalai na “tawali'u†kamar yadda Amurka ta hambarar da gwamnatocin dimokiradiyya a Iran (1953) da Guatemala (1954) da kuma daukar nauyin mulkin kama-karya na kisan kai a Indonesia da Latin Amurka ta hanyar sake amfani da tatsuniyar daular da Amurka ta yi. yana kare duniya daga ƙaƙƙarfan Tarayyar Soviet mai mulkin kama-karya (shafi na 284). Ya lura cewa Saddam Hussein “ya yanka mutanensa†(shafi na 294) amma ya kawar da rashin jin dadin yadda dan mulkin kama karya na Iraqi ya kashe da dama daga cikin talakawansa tare da taimakon Amurka.
Ba wai abun ciki kawai don goge tarihin Amurka ba, Obama ya farfasa farar fata na baya-bayan nan a cikin rubutun tarihin Amurka! “Hatta madaidaicin littafin tarihin makarantar sakandare,†ba daidai ba ya yi iƙirari, “ya lura da matakin da, tun farkonsa, gaskiyar rayuwar Amirka ta tsaya daga tatsuniyoyi (shafi na 8).
Kai. Obama na iya so ya kalli littafin James Loewen wanda ya fi siyarwa Lies My Teacher Told Me: All Your American History Textbook Got Wrong [New York, NY: New Press, 1996]).
“MAFI GIRMAN DUKIYARMUâ€: Jari-hujja
Ina mamakin ko Scialabba ya karanta sashin da Obama ya samo asali daga girman Amurka a tsarinta na “Kasuwa ta ́yanci†tsarin jari-hujja da “al'adun kasuwanci†. “Mafi girman kadara ita ce tsarin tsarin zamantakewar mu, tsarin da tun daga tsararraki suka ba da kwarin gwiwa akai-akai, yunƙurin mutum ɗaya da ingantaccen rabon albarkatu†(shafi na 149-150).
An bar shi ga maƙasudin maƙasudi, “cranks†da “masu kishin ɗabi'a†na “maras ma'ana†hagu (Babban fahimtar Obama game da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi) don lura da munanan sakamakon “mu†na musamman anti. - tsarin jama'a (kuma ba zato ba tsammani yana da kariyar jiha) “tsarin kasuwa.†Waɗannan sakamakon rashin sa'a sun haɗa da gudummawar “ ingantaccen yanayi,†gudunmawar dumamar yanayi na al'ummar da ta ƙunshi kashi 5 na al'ummar duniya amma yana ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na iskar carbon ɗin duniya. Sauran samfuran da suka shahara sun haɗa da sabbin tsararrun talauci ga miliyoyin yaran Amurka yayin da shugabannin da ke kan gaba a cikin manyan kamfanonin tsaro na Amurka sun yi taho-mu-gama ga masu biyan haraji miliyoyi saboda taimakon Uncle Sam da abokansa na Isra'ila da na Biritaniya sun kashe tare da raunata dubban daruruwan fararen hula na Iraqi.
An bar shi a matsayin ɗan hauka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don nuna rashin gamsuwa da tsarin Amurka na rabon rabin dukiyar al'umma zuwa sama da kashi 1 na yawan jama'a. “Babu ma'ana†Marxists, hagu-anarchists da “masu ra'ayin makirci’ an bar su a lura da cewa wuraren aiki da kasuwancin da ke mulkin kasuwanci da kasuwannin kwadago suna satar “yunkurin mutum-mutumi†daga miliyoyin ma'aikatan Amurkawa da aka yi ta maimaita ayyukan da ba su dace ba. na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo da ba za a iya jurewa ba, ta yadda Amurkawa talakawa ke kara kasa shiga cikin ma'ana a cikin babbar "dimokiradiyya mai ra'ayin ra'ayi" (shafi na 92) cewa Obama ya yi kakaki a matsayin wadanda suka kafa babbar kyauta ga al'ummomi masu zuwa.
COLOB BND: ARZANTAWA GASKIYAR MALAM
Sai kuma babi (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da “Race†kawai) inda Obama ke kokarin rufe jakinsa da farar Amurka ta hanyar da'awar cewa “abin da ke damun aiki- da bakar fata na tsaka-tsaki bai bambanta da abin da ke damun takwarorinsu farare ba. .†Hakazalika mai kwantar da hankali ga tseren maigida shi ne hujjar Obama cewa “ laifin farar fata ya gaji da kansa a Amurka†kamar yadda “har ma mafi adalcin farar fata… da kuma da'awar da ta danganci kabilanci dangane da tarihin wariyar launin fata a ƙasar nan†(shafi na 247). Wani bangare na dalilin wannan “tura bayaâ€â€“ wanda kuma aka fi sani da musu – shi ne, iƙirarin Obama, munanan al’adu da rashin ɗa’a na aiki na baƙar fata na cikin birni (shafi na 245, 254-56). ).
Kada ku manta cewa ƙananan, masu aiki, da masu matsakaicin matsayi suna ci gaba da fuskantar shinge masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da fararen fata masu alaƙa ga daidaito. Ko kuma wariyar launin fata iri-iri na ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a cikin “Bayan-Civil Rights America,†wanda ke shiga cikin tsarin cibiyoyin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma yin la'akari da gadon rayuwa da ba a warware ba na ƙarni na baya-ba haka ba†. wariyar launin fata da ta gabata. Kada ku manta cewa tsawon ƙarni na bauta da Jim Crow har yanzu sun kasance na baya-bayan nan kuma za su ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan baƙar fata koda kuwa manyan fararen fata sun yi iƙirarin cewa baƙar fata “ cin zarafin launin fata†“abu ne na baya†. ya kasance daidai daga nesa (duba, alal misali, Joel Feagin, Amurka wariyar launin fata: Tushen, Gaskiyar Yanzu, da Matsalolin Gaba [New York, NY: Routledge, 2000] da Michael Brown et al., tseren farar fata: Tatsuniyar Launi- Ƙungiyar Makafi [Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California-Berkeley Press, 2003]).
Farin tsoron cewa Obama zai sake farfaɗo da juyin juya halin da ba a kammala ba na sake ginawa da 'yancin ɗan adam yana ƙara kwantar da hankalinsa da iƙirarin da ya yi na cewa yawancin baƙar fata Amurkawa an ja su cikin tsarin tattalin arziki '' (shafi na 248-49). Kada ka manta cewa baƙar fata suna fama da gibin dukiyar kabilanci mai ban tsoro wanda ke riƙe matsakaicin ƙimar su a kashi ɗaya na goma sha ɗaya (!) na farar fata da tsarin samun kuɗin shiga cikin tsanaki da nacewa ga talauci.
RUNDUNAR HANKALI AKAN TAIMAKON JAMA'A
Ina mamaki ko Scialabba ya karanta “progressive††Obama’ da'awar cewa “'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya da Bill Clinton sun yi gaskiya game da jindadi.†Shirin da aka soke Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Obama ya yi iƙirarin, “sapped†Baƙar fata na cikin birni na “yunƙurinsu†tare da ware su daga manyan ribar abin duniya da na ruhi da ke gudana ga waɗanda suka jingina kansu ga kasuwar ƙwadago na jari hujja, gami da “'yancin kai,†“ samun kuɗi,†. “tsari, tsari, mutuntawa da kuma damar samun ci gaba a rayuwar al'umma.†Ya bayar da hujjar cewa kwadaitar da ’yan mata bakaken fata su kammala karatun sakandare su daina haihuwa ba tare da aure ba shi ne “mafi girman da za mu iya yi don ragewa. Talauci na cikin birni†(shafi na 256).
Kar a manta da rashin shaidar kimiyyar zamantakewa ga “masu ra'ayin mazan jiya†da'awar cewa AFDC ta lalata ka'idojin aiki na cikin birni ko kuma ta haifar da “ talauci tsakanin al'umma. -ayyukan da ake biya, da mutunci ya kasance babban dalilin da ya sa bakar fata talauci a cikin birni da “dogaran jindadi.†€™s babban-keɓaɓɓen birni da ghettos na kewayen birni. Ka manta cewa babban abu guda ɗaya da za a iya yi don rage talauci a cikin birni shine a yanke shawara mai sauƙi kuma na farko don kawar da shi ta hanyar samar da ingantaccen garantin samun kudin shiga - wani abu da Martin Luther King, Jr. da sauran masu haɗari sun bar “masanin ɗabi'a,†Richard Nixon. Kuma kada ku damu da babban wurin da ke cikin Amurka na tsarin "karkace" (kamar yadda Sarki ya saba fada) tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke ba da daruruwan miliyoyin daloli ga masu yin amfani da shinge na shinge da kuma masu kisa na yaki yayin da suke addabar wadanda suke so suyi aiki don su. dimokuradiyya, zaman lafiya da adalci na zamantakewa tare da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki akai-akai.
“MAFI MUNIN RASUWA A WANAN YAKINâ€
Wasu daga cikin mafi munin ɓangarori na kishin Obama ga tsarin ikon Amurka sun shafi manufofin ketare. A shafuffuka na 287 da 288, Obama's ikon bautar yabon Yakin Cold War ("sakamakon nasara" wanda ya nuna “Mafi Girman Ƙarni’ mafi girman gudummuwa a gare mu bayan nasara a kan fasikanci†ya fado cikin tashin hankali lokacin da ya ci gaba kamar haka akan Yaƙin Vietnam – wani hari na Amurka na wariyar launin fata wanda ya kashe akalla Indochina miliyan 2 (daidai da daidai gwargwado na Amurka zai kai dubun dubatar):
“Mummunan sakamakon wannan rikici – saboda kwarjininmu da martabarmu a kasashen waje, ga sojojinmu (wanda zai dauki tsararraki kafin a farfado), kuma mafi yawa ga wadanda suka yi yaki – an yi cikakken bayani. Amma watakila babban abin da ya yi sanadiyar wannan yakin shine alakar amana tsakanin jama'ar Amurka da gwamnatinsu "da kuma tsakanin Amurkawa kansu. Sakamakon karin gawawwakin gawawwakin 'yan jarida da kuma hotunan jakunkunan jikin da ke mamaye dakunan, Amurkawa sun fara gane cewa mafi kyawu da masu haske a Washington ba koyaushe suke sanin abin da suke yi ba – t ko da yaushe faɗi gaskiya. Da yawa daga hagu sun bayyana adawa ba kawai ga yakin Vietnam ba har ma da manyan manufofin manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. A ra'ayinsu, Shugaba Johnson, Janar Westmoreland, CIA, ‘Rukunin masana'antu na soja,’ da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Bankin Duniya, duk bayyanar girman Amurka ne, jingoism, wariyar launin fata, jari hujja da mulkin mallaka. Wadanda ke hannun dama sun mayar da martani iri-iri, suna da alhakin asarar Vietnam amma har ma da raguwar matsayin Amurka a duniya a kan ''zargin Amurka'' taron farko '' 'yan zanga-zangar, hippies, Jane Fonda, ƙwararrun masanan Ivy League da kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi.â€
An bar shi ba tare da bege ba ga masu fafutuka na "masanin dabi'a" bar su nuna cewa Vietnam ba Amurka ba ce za ta yi hasarar da farko kuma harin da Amurka ta kai kan Indochina ya yi daidai da babban manufar manufofin waje na Amurka na ƙarƙashin ci gaban Duniya ta Uku ga abubuwan da ake gani na tsarin jari hujja na duniya.
Dangane da bala'in da ake zaton na tabarbarewar “ dangantakar amana tsakanin jama'ar Amirka da gwamnatinsu, an barsu ne ga abin da aka ambata a baya “masassarar da ba ta dace ba††masu sana'a da “cranks†a lura da cewa abin da ake kira “ €œVietnam Syndrome†abu ne mai lafiya. Yana da ban sha'awa, yawancin masu ci gaba sun sani, cewa jama'ar Amirka suna ba da “ kafa manufofinsu na ketare zuwa binciken shakku da kuma juya da yaƙe-yaƙe na wariyar launin fata, daular mulkin mallaka, da kuma haramtacciyar yaƙi. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wasunmu sun fahimci tushen ajin daular da Obama yake gani a matsayin tatsuniyar halittar hagu “caricature†(shafi na 288).
Obama ba zai iya amincewa da cewa a baya da ake zaton “kwanciyar amana†(wanda yake bakin cikinsa) tsakanin jama'ar Amurka da kuma “Gwamnatinsu ta ginu ne akan karyar da aka yi na kafuwa don tsoratar da Jahannama daga 'yan kasa. tare da wuce gona da iri na Tarayyar Soviet da na duniya “Barzanin gurguzuâ€. An yi wannan yaudarar ne don a sa jama'ar Amurka su firgita a karkashin inuwar dindindin ta Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa.
Hagu ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ba a sake gina su ba kamar wannan mai bita don lura da cewa Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (wanda baƙar fata Obama ke son faɗi da kuma ambaton abubuwan da aka goge) yana cikin waɗanda “a gefen hagu†waɗanda suka ga Vietnam. Yaƙi a matsayin bayyanar da mulkin mallaka na Amurka da wariyar launin fata da kuma kamanceceniya da ke da alaƙa da abin da ɗan ra'ayin hagu na hagu Dwight Eisenhower ya gano da kyau a matsayin '' rukunin masana'antar soji.' kabilanci da tsarin mulki a cikin mahaifar sarki.
An bar shi don “marasa hankali†“masu kishin kasaâ€TM na tsattsauran ra'ayi su lura cewa “mafi yawan asarar†na yakin da aka yi a Vietnam ya sha wahala daga MUTANEN VIETNAM. Mummunan GI jikin Amurka (58,000 a lokacin yaƙi da ƙari ta hanyar kashe kansa tun daga) ta bayyana kafin barnar da aka yi wa ƙauyukan Indochina, birane, ababen more rayuwa, muhalli, aikin gona – ban da miliyoyin da aka kashe ta hanyar kai tsaye. Adadin farar hular Kudancin Vietnam da shirin Operation Phoenix (kisan kisa) na CIA ya kashe ya yi daidai da kashi 45 na adadin jikin Amurka a Vietnam.
Yayin da kila Irakin da yawansu ya kai 700,000 da “Operation Iraqi Freedom†(O.I.F.) suka kashe ya zuwa yanzu, za a iya gafartawa mutanen Iraki idan ba su yarda da tunanin Obama ba cewa abu ne mai kyau ga Amurkawa dauke da makamai. sojojin don "murmurewa" bayan Vietnam!
YAK'IN BANZA AMMA BA MAI LAIFI BA
Idan aka yi la’akari da mugun halin da ya dauka a kan Vietnam, da kyar ya zama abin mamaki cewa Obama “Audacity of Hope’ ba zai iya tantance daidai yadda gwamnatin Bush ta mamaye Iraki ba bisa ka'ida ba, wariyar launin fata da rashin kunya. domin zurfafa ikon Amurka na manyan dabarun makamashin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin idanun Obama, O.I.F. babban kuskure ne na dabara “bebe†da “botched†(shafi na 308) yaki amma ba mai laifi ba – wanda aka aiwatar da “mafi kyawun nufin [dimokiradiyya]†290-309). O.I.F. Kokarin kuskure ne “dokatar da dimokiradiyya da ganga na bindiga†(shafi na 317), in ji Obama.
Tsananin kishin-kashin-kishin-kishin-kishin-kishin-kishin-kishin-din-din na mamaya ya wuce gona da iri a cikin “Audacity of Hope.†.
Ko da yake Obama ya buga bayanan ra'ayi da nufin kwatanta abin da yake ganin shi ne babban hatsarin da ke faruwa a sakamakon ci gaba da aikata laifukan Iraki: cewa Amurkawa suna karkata zuwa ga "warewa" kuma ta haka ne suke juya wa masu karfin hali baya. s “ alhakin†don aiwatar da kyakkyawar manufa ta duniya (shafi na 303-304).
KAN CIGABAN YANCI
Duk wani shakku da kafa manufofin harkokin wajen daular mulkin mallaka za ta iya yi game da ko Obama ya yi hannun riga da ci gaban masu zaman kansu a waje da sa ido na Amurka ya zo a shafi na 315. Ina mamakin abin da Scialabba ke tunani game da sashin da Obama ya soki “Masu ra'ayin hagu†kamar “Venezuela†Hugo Chavez's saboda jajircewa wajen tunanin cewa kasashe masu tasowa "ya kamata su bijirewa kokarin Amurka na fadada mulkinta" da kuma kokarin “bi tafarkinsu na ci gaba†Irin wannan rashin aiki “ki[ ion] [na] manufofin kasuwanni masu 'yanci da dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi†zai kara dagula halin da talakawan duniya ke ciki, in ji Obama (shafi na 315).
Obama ya yi watsi da ɗimbin shaidun da ke nuna cewa ƙaddamar da “Kasuwa 'yanci†kamfanoni-neoliberal “Washington Consensus†ya ƙara tsananta talauci a faɗin duniya cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Miliyoyin mutane ne aka bar su a cikin matsanancin talauci kamar yadda Obama ya gurgunta ya umurci “kasashe masu tasowa†cewa “Tsarin kasuwannin yanci da dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi†na cikin sauyi da ingantawa a koda yaushe.
Waɗanda ke da lokaci da kuzari don bincika ƙasar Amurka “ƙasar haihuwa†za su so su lura da rashin daidaiton al'ummar Amurka da ke daɗa ta'azzara, da rashin tsaro mai zurfi da ma'aikatan Amirka ke fuskanta. Irin wannan mumunar gaskiyar rayuwa ce, hatta a Amurka, gidan abin da Obama ya kira “ wadatar da ba ta misaltuwa a tarihi†(shafi na 149-150)– karkashin mulkin neoliberal. koyarwar da Obama ya amince da ita.
CI GABA DA ALKAWARIN CIN AMANA NA DIMOKURADIYYA
Tunanin rashin sa'a na Scialabba, a gefe guda, ƙarar Obama za ta fi dacewa da taken "Audacious Deference to Power." talakawa] Amirkawa, "Audacity of Hope" an tsara shi a hankali don tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka, kafa manufofin harkokin waje da kuma yawancin fararen fata cewa shugabancin Obama zai nuna yadda ya dace [Alexander] "Hamiltonian" . don mamaye tsarin zamantakewa, launin fata, da tsarin duniya da akidun rashin daidaito. Ƙarƙashin tawali'u na ƙarya, ƙwaƙƙwaran jama'a da da'awar masu ba da shawara na “sabon hali,†“ matsayin waje†da kuma “pragmatism ba na akida ba,†“Audacity of Hopeâ€TMaiki ne na mai mulki. kamfani-Imperial insider. An sadaukar da ita don sake amfani da lokaci da koyarwar akida mai iko. Ya samo asali ne daga mai ra'ayin akida mara kaushi, mai wayo mai masaukin baki da wayo mai neman siyasa.
Bibiyar tafarki na Uku na irin wannan slim slim pseudo-progressive Tony Blair da Bill Clinton, Obama “Audacity of Hope†ya nuna kuma ya gina kan babban tarihinsa (duba Titin, “The Obama Illusionâ€) zuwa bayar da shawarar da karfi cewa za mu iya dogara ga shugabancin Obama, "zuwa," a cikin kalaman Edward S. Herman, “yi populist da tabbatar da zaman lafiya da alƙawura da aka ci amanar nan take kan zaɓen mulki†Edward S. Herman, “Cin amanar Dimokradiyya,†Mujallar Z, Janairu 2007, shafi na 23). Yana nuna cewa har yanzu duniya za ta sami ɗimbin tsoro daga Obamanation. Mutum zai iya fatan cewa marubucin marubucinsa sau da yawa mai gajiyawa da dogon buri zai takaita barnar da littafin da marubucin zai iya haifarwa ga tarihin Amurka da na duniya.
Paul Street ([email kariya]) ƙwararren masanin tarihi ne, ɗan jarida, kuma mai fafutuka kuma mai sharhin siyasa mai adawa da tsaka-tsaki a cikin Iowa City, Iowa. Titin ita ce marubucin Daular da Rashin daidaito: Amurka da Duniya Tun daga 9/11 (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2004), Makarantun Rarraba: Wariyar Bakin Ilimi a cikin Bayan 'Yancin Jama'a (New York, NY: Routledge, 2005), kuma Har yanzu Rabe, Rashin Daidaita: Race, Place, da Policy in Chicago (Chicago, 2005). Littafin titin na gaba shine Zaluntar launin fata a cikin Babban Birnin Duniya: Tarihin Baƙar fata Chicago (New York, 2007).
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