Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, na yi ta rubuce-rubuce game da abin da ke faruwa sa’ad da manyan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas suka haƙa a inda mutane ke zaune. "Fracking" - fashewar hydraulic mai girma, wanda ke fitar da mai da methane daga zurfin shale - ya zama buguna. Abokan da na yi hira da su suna zaune a wuraren shale-gas na Pennsylvania; tsakanin tsaunukan Wisconsin, inda kamfanoni ke hakar siliki, wani abu mai mahimmanci mai lalacewa; da kuma a birnin New York, inda daya daga cikin gungun masu fafutuka masu karfi a cikin dogon tarihin rashin amincewa da jihar ya zama sifili ga fafutukar yaki da cin hanci a fadin kasar. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da na hadu da su sun zama abokai. Muna imel, magana ta waya, kuma muna ziyarta. Amma har zuwa kwanan nan, koyaushe ina jin an cirewa daga haɗarin da suke fuskanta: gurɓataccen rijiyoyin ruwa, iska mai guba, marasa lafiya da dabbobi masu mutuwa, cututtuka masu alaka da masana'antu. A karkashin Massachusetts, inda nake zaune, babu wani ma'adanin methane- ko mai arzikin mai, don haka babu hakowa.
Amma a watan Satumban da ya gabata, na koyi hakan Spectra Energy, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da iskar gas a Arewacin Amirka, yana da samarwa Canje-canje a cikin bututun da ya mallaka, Algonquin, wanda ke tashi daga Texas zuwa garina, Boston. Algonquin da aka faɗaɗa zai ɗauka iskar gas maras al'ada - iskar gas da aka fitar daga zurfin dutsen kamar shale - zuwa Massachusetts daga babban tsari na Marcellus wanda ke yawo tare da rafin Appalachian daga West Virginia zuwa New York. Ba zato ba tsammani, ni ma ina cikin tsaka-tsakin masana'antar fracking, kuma.
Mu duka.
Gas da aka fashe daga tsarin shale yana zuwa da sunaye da yawa ("gas na zamani," "gas na halitta," "shale gas"), amma duk abin da ake kira shi, yawancin methane ne. Ko da yake ba mu sani ba, iskar gas yana ƙara rura wutar murhu da tanderu. Har ila yau yana taimakawa wajen rura wutar ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, fari, gobarar daji, da zafi mai zafi da ke mamaye duniya. Matsayin dumamar yanayi na masana'antu a zahiri ya fi na kwal. (A Karatun Jami'ar Cornell wanda ya kafa wannan a cikin 2011 ya kasance sake tabbatarwa tun.) Methaneiskar iskar gas mai ƙarfi ce mai ƙarfi fiye da carbon dioxide (CO2) da mafarki mai ban tsoro na muhalli saboda yuwuwar sa na leaks masu haɗari.
A cewar tsohon shugaban kamfanin na Mobil Oil Lou Allstadt, Babban haɗarin fashewa shine methane da yake ƙarawa sararin samaniya ta hanyar ɗigogi daga rijiyoyi, bututun, da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa masu alaƙa. Hukumar kula da yanayin teku da yanayi ta kasa ta gano yayyo rates na 2.3% zuwa 17% na samarwa na shekara-shekara a filayen iskar gas da mai a California, Colorado, da Utah. Bugu da ƙari, babu wata fasaha da za ta iya ba da garantin aminci na dogon lokaci shekaru da yawa zuwa nan gaba idan ya zo ga rijiyar casings (akwai daruruwan dubban offrack rijiyoyin a Amurka har zuwa yau) ko kuma a cikin milyoyin mil na bututun mai da ya ratsa wannan ƙasa.
Masana'antar makamashi ta yi alfahari da cewa rarrabuwa "gada" ce ga sabbin kuzari, amma wani binciken Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ta 2012 ya gano cewa ci gaban shale gas na iya kawo karshen cunkoson wasu kuzari. Wannan shi ne saboda yayin da ake bazuwa, yana haifar da farashin iskar gas, yana haifar da ƙarin amfani da mabukaci, da ƙari. A cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da yawan matsin lamba ga gwamnati, wannan tasirin ya haifar da babbar illa ga saka hannun jari a manyan shirye-shiryen makamashi.
Halin baƙin ciki na ci gaban makamashin da ake sabuntawa na Amurka ya tabbatar da lamarin. Yayin da masana'antar fasa-kwauri ta karu, kasar na ci gaba da koma baya sosai Jamus da Denmark, shugabannin duniya masu sabuntawa-makamashi. Karni kwata bayan babban masanin kimiyyar canjin yanayi a duniya, James Hansen, da farko ya gargadi Majalisa game da dumamar yanayi, Amurkawa suna da zaɓi mara kyau: gawayi,iskar gas,mai, ko makamashin nukiliya.
Rayuwa a Gasland
An sami rahoto mai yawa game da "bangaren hakowa" na fracking - lokacin da atisayen suka shiga cikin shale kuma miliyoyin galan na ruwa mai yashi da sinadarai ana zubar da su a babban matsin lamba don karye dutsen. Ba a rubuta da yawa game da duk abin da ya biyo baya ba. "Duk wani abu" ne ya mayar da fasahar hakowa zuwa masana'antar cinye ƙasa da ruwa ta yadda za a iya jayayya.daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a tarihi.
A cewar Jami'ar Cornell Anthony Ingraffea, Marubucin wani binciken da ya kafa sawun dumamar yanayi na masana'antu, fracking "ya ƙunshi fiye da rawar jiki-da-fari-da-haɗa-bututu-da-tafi." Kusan duk sauran masana'antu "suna faruwa a cikin yanki na masana'antu, a cikin gine-gine, keɓe da gida da gonaki, keɓe da makarantu." Akasin haka, masana'antar ta haifar ta hanyar ɓacin rai "tana ba da izinin masana'antar mai da iskar gas su kafa [kayan aikinsu] kusa da inda muke zama. Suna ɗora mana buƙatun mu gano gidajenmu, asibitoci, da makarantu a cikin masana'antar su."
Rijiyoyin, da batura na tudu, tankuna, da manyan motocin dizal, sukan tsaya ƙasa da mil mil daga gidaje. Don haka yi tashoshin kwampreso wanda ke tara iskar gas don tafiya mai nisa ta bututun mai, wanda kuma aka sani fitarwa carcinogens da neurotoxins. Sharar rediyo (spewed up a fracking kwarara-baya da rawar soja cuttings) samun tsagewa a kan hanyoyi da kuma a cikin wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun. Tashoshin iskar iskar gas (LNG) da ke motsa wannan tushen makamashi don fitar da su suna da haɗari koyaushe saboda fashewa, gobara, zubewa, da zubewa.Kowane bangare na fracking colossus, da alama, yana da takardar rap na yuwuwar lafiyar muhalli da lafiyar jama'a harms.
Daga cikin waɗannan duka, bututun bututun su ne mafi girman yanayin masana'antar. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka maps suna nuna shimfidar wurare masu yawa da bututun mai ya yi kama da fashe-fashe. Akwai fiye da haka 350,000 mil na bututun iskar gas a Amurka Waɗannan na isar da iskar gas ne daga yanki zuwa yanki. Ba a haɗa da fiye da mil miliyan biyu na rarrabawa da bututun sabis, waɗanda ke ratsa cikin dubban birane da garuruwa waɗanda ke da sabbin rassa da ake ginawa akai-akai. Duk waɗannan bututun suna nufin Amurkawa da yawa - har ma da waɗanda ke zaune nesa da filayen iskar gas, tashoshin damfara, da tashoshi - sun sami kansu a kan sahun gaba na ɓarna.
hadari Zone
Wasiƙar ta zo a cikin bazara na 2011. Ta ba Leona Briggs $ 10,400 don ba ƙungiyar kamfanoni.'yancin gudanar da bututun mai da sunan duk Amurka - Tsarin Mulki - ta ƙasarta. Shekaru 50 Briggs ya zauna a garin Davenport, kudu da kogin Susquehanna a cikin Western Catskills na New York. Wataƙila ta zama alama mai sauƙi. Bayan haka, gidan tafawa na waje yana buƙatar aikin fenti kuma tana rayuwa akan ɗan ƙaramin rajistan Tsaron Jama'a kowane wata. Amma ta ki.
Tana daraja ƙasarta, itatuwan tuffa, da namun daji da ke kewaye da ita. Ta yi nuni da wata bishiya, gida ga wani kestrel na Amurka. "Akwai gaba ɗaya gida daga cikin su a cikin wannan bishiyar pine a nan." Muryarta na rawa da motsin rai. “An haifi ɗana a nan, ’yata ta girma a nan, jikata ta girma a nan. Yana gida. Kuma za su karbe mana shi?”
Wakilan kamfanin sun fara zaginta, in ji ta. Idan ba ta yarda ba, sun yi iƙirarin, za su rage farashin zuwa $7,100. Kuma idan ta ci gaba da taurin kai, a ƙarshe za su ɗauki abin da suke buƙata ta wurin fitattun yanki. Amma Briggs bai yi nasara ba. "Ba abu ne na kudi ba. Wannan shine gidanmu. Ina da shekara sittin da biyar. Kuma idan wannan bututun ya bi ta ba zan iya rayuwa a nan ba."
The Bututun Tsarin Mulki zai dauki shale gasfiye da mil 120 daga gundumar Susquehanna ta Pennsylvania ta gundumar Schoharie ta New York. Wannan zai zama bututun watsawa na farko a yankin, kuma a diamita inci 30, babba. Kamfanoni hudu - Williams, Kamfanin samar da makamashi na Tulsa, Cabot Oil & Gas, Piedmont Natural Gas, da WGL Holdings - su ne abokan tarayya. Williams ya yi iƙirari bututun "ba a tsara shi don sauƙaƙe haƙar iskar gas a New York ba." Amma zai yi gama tare da wasu biyu - Iroquois, wanda ke gudana daga bakin tekun Long Island zuwa Kanada, da kuma Tennessee, wanda ya tashi daga Texas da Louisiana Gulf Coast zuwa cikin filayen Pennsylvania. Wannan haɗin gwiwa, 'yan adawa sun yi imani, yana nufin cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki zai iya fitar da iskar gas daga New York, jihar Marcellus daya tilo da ta yi tsayayya da hakowa zuwa yanzu.
A shekara ta 2010, wani bututu mai tsananin matsin lamba mallakar Kamfanin iskar gas na Pacific da Electric ya fashe a ciki San Bruno, California, ya kashe mutane takwas tare da lalata gidaje 38. Girman ya yi daidai da bututun Tsarin Mulki. Abin da ya sa wannan bala'i mai nisa ya zama na sirri ga Briggs shine tunaninta na fashewar bututun gida guda biyu. A garin Blenheim, mai nisan mil 22 gabas da gidanta, an lalata gidaje 10 a shekara ta 1990 a wani labari. Rahoton ake kira "kaskon wuta." Wani bututun mai ya fashe a cikin 2004 daidai a ƙauyen Davenport. Daga barandar gabanta, Briggs na iya ganin wutar da ta lalata wani gida tare da tilasta korar makwabtan da ke tsakanin radiyon rabin mil. "Wannan bututu ne mai inci 8," in ji ta. "Menene layin gas mai inci 30 zai yi a nan?"
Carl Weimer, babban darektan Pipeline Safety Trust, Ƙungiya mai sa ido mai zaman kanta, ta ce, a matsakaita, akwai "wani abu mai mahimmanci - wani wuri - game da kowace rana. Kuma wani yakan ƙare a asibiti ko ya mutu kusan kowane kwana tara ko goma.” Wannan ya haifar da tambayar: shin bututun da ke ɗauke da iskar gas sun bambanta da ƙarfin fashewarsu fiye da sauran bututun?
Richard Kuprewicz, kwararre kan lafiyar bututun mai kuma mai ba da shawara na gogewar shekaru 40 ya ce "Babu wani bayanan da ke ba ku damar samun hakan." "Idan bututun karfe ne kuma yana da isassun iskar gas a cikinsa karkashin isasshen matsi, yana iya zubewa ko kuma ya fashe." Yawancin bututun mai, in ji Kuprewicz, ba a ɗaure su da kowane ƙa'idodin aminci, kuma ko da lokacin da suke, tilasta aiwatarwa na iya zama mai rauni. Inda ka'idoji suka kasance, ya ci gaba, bin ka'ida ba daidai ba ne. "Wasu kamfanoni suna bin ka'idoji kuma suna ƙetare ka'idoji, wasu ba sa. Idan ina son sanin abin da ke faruwa, zan iya [dole] samun ƙarin bayani ta hanyar sammaci."
A cikin 2013 kadai, Williams, ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwar bututun Tsarin Mulki, yana da biyar abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da wasu manyan fashe fashe biyu a New Jersey da Louisiana. Waɗannan su ne kawai na ƙarshe a cikin abin da aka buga akan layi, Natural Gas Watch, ya kira "tsawon tarihin cin zarafin bututun mai." Dangane da Cabot, sunansa ya zama daidai da gurɓataccen ruwa a Dimock, Pennsylvania. Hatta Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta wannan jiha, a tarihi ta ha]a hannu da kamfanonin iskar gas, sanya takunkumi akan Cabot a cikin 2010. (Kamfanin daga baya zauna tare da iyalai 32 cikin 36 na Dimock waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin gurɓata kayan ruwan su.)
Kimanin mil 40 daga arewa maso gabashin Davenport shine garin Schoharie, inda James da Margaret Bixby ke zaune a wata gona mai kyau, mai shekaru 150. Ranar da na ziyarta, tafkinsu mai girman eka 19 ya haskaka a farkon faɗuwar rana. Kamar yadda muke magana, Bixby ya lissafa duk namun daji a yankin: bear, raccoon, beavers, muskrat, ducks itace, mallards, mergansers, crane, skunks, da geese na Kanada. Ya fara ba ni labarin na ƙarshe. “Ba da daɗewa ba za su shigo da ɗaruruwa, suna ƙaura zuwa arewa. Dozin za su zauna, suna ƙyanƙyashe 'ya'yansu. Muna da turkeys na daji, kusan komai. Ban damu da zama babu wani wuri ba."
An ba Bixbys kuɗi fiye da Briggs - fiye da $ 62,000 - don bututun da ya dace kuma su ma, sun ƙi. Shi da matarsa suna rike da karfi don haka, ya ce, makwabta 60 ne. "Ba sa son ya fashe wannan ƙaramin kwarin." Da yake nuna shi, ya kara da cewa, "Za a sami wata hanya ta hau dazuzzuka a can gwargwadon yadda kuke gani, [kuma] za a sami wata a can. Wannan ba wani abu ne mai kyau a duba ba."
Yin tuƙi a kusa da New York da Pennsylvania za ku ga abubuwan ban sha'awa, shimfidar shimfidar wurare suna gudana a kan tuddai kamar tsalle-tsalle. A kan ƙwanƙolin tsaunuka, ragowar layin bishiyar suna kama da aski na Mohawk a kowane gefen gangaren bututun da aka aske. Wannan ita ce kawai alamar da ta fi fitowa fili ta lalata muhallin bututun mai. Har ila yau, bututun tsarin mulki zai yi tasiri ga koguna 37 na Catskills, da yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa. A cewar Kate Hudson, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Watershed a Mai tsaron kogi, daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin sa ido kan muhalli a jihar, bututun zai “ratsa daruruwan rafuka da dausayi ta hanyar tono rami ta zahiri ta hanyar su… Duk wani aikin da zai kawo cikas ga albarkatun ruwa da yawa a cikin jihohi biyu a bayyane yake ya saba wa muradun jama'a.
Rike da Layi
Mazaunan da suka daɗe ba su kaɗai ba ne wajen adawa da gina bututun Tsarin Mulki. Wannan yanki mai natsuwa yana jan hankalin masu ritaya kamar Bob Stack, tsohon injiniyan lantarki. A cikin 2004, shi da matarsa, Anne, sun sayi kadada 97 kusa da gidan Leona Briggs. Burinsu: gina a gidan bambaro, wani tsari mai dorewa wanda ke amfani da bambaro don rufewa. Ba da jimawa injiniyoyi sun ziyarci ƙasar don fara shiri ba kamar yadda ma'auratan suka sami wasiƙa daga Tsarin Pipeline LLC. “Ba mu da masaniya sosai. Ba mu san komai game da fasa bututu ko bututu ba. Fracking ya yi nisa da mu kamar mai a Iraki ko wani wuri," in ji Anne. "Mun kalli juna kawai muka ce, 'Wane irin fushi ne!'" Stacks, waɗanda suka ƙaura daga gabas daga Nevada, yanzu suna zaune a cikin ɓacin rai.
"Da zarar kun sami wannan makamashin burbushin mai da ke zuwa ta hanyar, zai… zai inganta kwarin kogin Susquehanna," in ji Anne Marie Garti, wacce a watan Yuni 2012 ta kafa wata kungiyar fafutuka ta gida mai suna Stop the Pipeline. ("The unconstitutional Pipeline" ya karanta banner na gidan yanar gizon kungiyar.) "Za su fara gina masana'antu. Akwai layin tsakiya, layin dogo, akwai aiki mai arha, kuma akwai kogi don zubar da guba a ciki.”
Garti, ƙarami, mai natsuwa, tsohon mai tsara software na kwamfuta, yanzu lauya ne;manufarta: taimakomutane kamar Briggs da Bixbys. Ta girma a cikin garin Delhi, kusa da gidan Briggs. A cikin 2008, ta sami kanta a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka waɗanda suka shawo kan Gwamna David Paterson na New York na lokacin da ya sanya dokar hana fita. A karkashin ma'aunin ma'aunin wani yunkuri mai karfi na yaki da fasa-kwauri ya karu, ta hanyar amfani da ka'idojin yanki don hana hakowa a kananan hukumomi.
Mark Pezzati, mai zanen hoto, ya taimaka wajen samun garinsa, Andes, a cikin gundumar Delaware ta New York don kafa dokar hana fita. "Labarin bututun ba su da girma akan radar [sannan]," in ji shi. "Yawancin mutane sun damu da hakowa." A cikin 2010, Pezzati ya kadu da gano cewa bututun mai da ake kira Millennium ya shiga jiharsa.
Ya zama cewa dokokin amfani da filaye na gida suna yin hakowa ne kawai. A ƙarƙashin Dokar Gas ta 1938, bututun mai da tashoshi na kwampreso suna wakiltar kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi. “Nan da nan sai aka yi taɗi da saƙon imel, inda mutane ke cewa, ‘Dole ne mu sadu da mutane su faɗakar da su.” (Taron ya gudana kuma mutane 200 ne suka taru don sauraron Garti.) “Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. ” in ji Pezzati, “ya bayyana cewa da gaske ba za ku iya fasa bututun mai ba. Babu ma'ana a hakowa idan babu inda gas zai je. Don haka fitila ta ci gaba. Idan za ku iya dakatar da bututun mai za ku iya daina fashewa."
Wannan shi ne lokacin da Pezzati da abokansa, suka saba yin muhawara kan dakatar da taron shugabannin gari, suka yi adawa da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya (FERC), wacce, a cikin sauran nauyin da ke da alhakin watsa iskar gas tsakanin jihohi. Yana karkata zuwa ga kamfanoni, har ma da Garti ya sami cikas na tsarin mulki da ya haifar da ban tsoro. "Ina da wasu gogewa da horarwa a cikin dokar muhalli kuma na ɗauki wata guda don gano abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin FERC," in ji ta.
Saboda FERC ta ki bayyana sunayen masu mallakar filaye a hanyar bututun, Garti, Pezzati da wasu masu aikin sa kai kusan dozin guda sun yi ta'adi kan bayanan harajin gundumomi, sunaye da adireshi da suka dace da hanyar da aka tsara. "Da farko mun aika da wasiku, sannan muka yi wa'azi gida-gida," in ji Garti. Saƙonta na asali ga masu mallakar ƙasa a gefen dama na hanya: "Kada ku ce a'a."
Pezzati ya ce: "Mutane suna jin daɗin yadda kuka zo har gidansu." "Babu yawancin masu mallakar ƙasa da ke goyon baya."
Garti ya danganta fushin gida game da kamfanonin bututun mai da kuma barazanar da suke yi na aiwatar da fitaccen yanki zuwa "zazzafar 'yancin kai" na yanki tun daga lokacin. gwagwarmayar hana haya na manoman haya a kan masu arziki a karni na sha tara. "Mutane ba sa son ra'ayin wani ya zo ƙasarsu ya karɓe daga gare su."
Masu fafutuka sun tsara wasiƙar kin shiga ga wakilan kamfanoni kuma sun rarraba ta ga masu mallakar gida. A watan Oktoban 2012, Dakatar da bututun ya sami damar shirya taron mutane 800 don jin ra'ayin jama'a da FERC ta kira - "babban taron jama'a don yankin karkara mara yawan jama'a," in ji Garti. Mafi rinjaye sun yi adawa da aikin gina bututun. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2013, mutane 1,000 sun aika da sanarwar adawa.
Kungiyar ta kirkiro wani yanar tare da umarni game da hanyoyin FERC da rubuce-rubuce don tsara gida, da kuma jerin ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da bututun. Wadannan sun hada da Majalisar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama da kuma Trout Unlimited. Daga cikin hukumomin jihohi da na tarayya da ke bayyana damuwa ga FERC sun hada da Rundunar Injiniya na Sojoji da Sashen Kula da Muhalli na Jihar New York, wanda aka sani a fadace-fadacen da aka yi a baya. hada baki tare da masana'antar iskar gas.
"Kamar yadda muke da labarin da ya bambanta a Jihar New York, muna da labarin bututun da ya bambanta," in ji Garti. “Karfin masu adawa da bututun mai yana jihar New York ne. Kuma muna da harbi don cin nasarar wannan abu."
Zuwa Gida
Bayan rufe da lalata muhalli na filayen iskar gas na Pennsylvania, da wuraren banza Waɗancan tsaunukan silica ne na Wisconsin, da ƙananan garuruwan New York inda tushen tushe fadace-fadace suna gudana, yanzu ina da ma'anar abin da ake nufi da kasancewa cikin rikice-rikice na masana'antar fracking. Amma ba kome ba ne idan aka kwatanta da yadda na ji lokacin da na koya Spectra Energy ya sa ido a kan garina, Boston.
Fracking ba kawai game da hakowa da rijiyoyi ba ne da kuma fitar da tushen makamashi mai wahala a farashi mai raɗaɗi ga muhalli. Kamfanoni kamar Spectra suna da ƙira akan yada bututun su ta hanyar jiha bayan jiha, ta dubban bayan gida da filayen gonaki da dazuzzuka da wuraren ruwa. Wannan yana nufin dubban mil mil na bututu wanda zai iya barin wuraren da ba su lalace ba, haifar da leaks na methane, har ma, watakila, haifar da fashewar bala'i - kuma rashin sa'a shine bututun na zuwa wani gari kusa da ku.
Gidan yanar gizon Spectra ya bayyana cewa bututun Algonquin "zai samar wa yankin arewa maso gabas wata dama ta musamman don tabbatar da samar da makamashin da ake samarwa a cikin gida don tallafawa bukatarsa a halin yanzu, da kuma ci gabanta a nan gaba."Fassara: Spectra yana nufin faɗaɗa ɓarna muddin hakan ya yiwu. Da kuma kallon kowane tushen masana'antu kamar Jaridar Oil & Gas ya nuna wasu kamfanoni da zazzafan bin manufa guda. (Wani sabon rukuni na tushen New York, Dakatar da Fadada Bututun Algonquin, ita ce cibiyar adawa da wannan aikin.)
Abin jira a gani shine ko mutanen Massachusetts za su gudanar da irin kokarin da ake yi na asali, ko za su nuna karfin gwiwa irin na Bob da Anne Stack da Leona Briggs, ko kuma su nuna kwazo irin na Anne Marie Garti da Mark Pezzati. Amma 'yan Massachusetts sun fi dacewa su shirya idan suna son dakatar da Spectra Energy kuma su dakatar da shirinta na tafiyar da Algonquin daga Texas zuwa arewa zuwa Boston da kuma bayansa. Fracking yana kan hanyarsa zuwa ƙofar gidana - da naku. Wanene zai riƙe layin a garinku?
Tom Dispatch na yau da kullun Ellen Cantarow ta ba da rahoto game da Isra'ila da Yammacin Kogin Jordan daga 1979 zuwa 2009 Village Voice, Uwar Jones, Sunan, Da kuma Grand Street, a tsakanin sauran wallafe-wallafe. A cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata tana yin rubuce-rubuce game da illar da masana'antar mai da iskar gas ke haddasawa ga muhalli.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana TomDispatch.com, wani gidan yanar gizo na Cibiyar Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba mai gudana na hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Aikin Daular Amurka, Marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu, Kamar yadda na novel, Kwanakin Karshen Bugawa. Sabon littafinsa shine Hanyar Yakin Amurka: Yadda Yakin Bush Ya Zama Na Obama (Littattafan Haymarket).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi