Shekaru XNUMX da suka gabata, yayin da yake gabatar da kasafin kudinsa na farko a matsayin ministan kudi na Indiya, Dr. Manmohan Singh, ya kaddamar da "sabuwar sauye-sauye na sabon tsarin mulkin da zai sauya yanayin tattalin arzikin kasar sosai. Da yake kallon rikicin a matsayin dama ta tarihi don 'gina sabuwar Indiya', Singh ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da mahimmanci a dakatar da alƙawarin "marasa amfani" ga kishin tattalin arzikin Nehru. Da yake zantawa da mawallafin marubucin nan na Faransa Victor Hugo cewa "babu wani iko a duniya da zai iya hana tunanin da lokaci ya yi", sabon ministan kudi ya yi alkawarin tabbatar da hangen nesansa ta hanyar gina manyan kasuwannin kwadago da arha a kasarsa, yawan masu ilimi na karuwa. , amma marasa aikin yi, ƙwararru, da albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa.” (Manfred B. Steger & Ravi K. Roy, Neoliberalism: A takaice Gabatarwa, KU, 2010, p. 93).
Sakamakon gyare-gyaren neoliberal, an soke kudurin manufofin masana'antu na 1956 kuma, tare da hana wasu yankuna da suka shafi tsaro, duk ayyukan masana'antu an jefa su a fili ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da wajibcin samun lasisin da ya dace daga gwamnati. An rage farashin jadawalin kuɗin fito sosai domin a iya jefa kasuwar Indiya a buɗe ga kayan waje. An sami sassaucin ra'ayi na musayar kuɗi. Ba wai kawai an dakatar da fadada ayyukan jama'a ba, har ma an fara mayar da ayyukan da ake da su.
Gwamnatin Narasimha Rao ta yi kyakkyawan fata kan wadannan sauye-sauye. "Ya gamsu da iƙirarin 'yan kasuwar yammacin duniya da kuma ƙudirin sanya Indiya kan turbar zama mai karfin tattalin arziƙin duniya, Singh ya yi imanin cewa amincewa da tsarin tsuke bakin aljihu da tsauraran manufofin kuɗi - tare da manyan shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin daga IMF - zai kasance. fitar da damar kasuwancin Indiya." (Ibid)
Montek Singh Ahluwalia wanda ya zo shugaban hukumar tsare-tsare ya bayyana cewa, "tsara tattalin arzikin kan hanyar samun ci gaba cikin sauri da dorewa" na daya daga cikin manyan manufofin. Wannan ya jadada a cikin karatunsa na farko na Raj Krishna Memorial Lecture, 1995”. Raj Krishna, masanin tattalin arziki, wanda aka horar da shi gurus na Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Chicago, tushen tushen neoliberalism ya kasance yana yaƙi da tunanin tattalin arzikin Nehruvia kuma yana jaddada cewa, ba tare da kawar da shi ba, Indiya ba za ta iya wuce "Rashin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Hindu ba."
Ahluwalia, wata zaɓe na yaudarar dabarun, ta ce: “Ci gaban tattalin arziƙin cikin sauri ya ba da mafita mai ɗorewa ga matsalolin talauci da suka daɗe muna yi.” Ya ci gaba da kara da cewa a karkashin sabon tsarin: "Yanke shawara kan iya aiki, wuri, mafi kyawun ma'auni da fasaha an bar su ga dan kasuwa wanda ya kasance kamar yadda ya kamata."
Don haka abin da National Movement da shugabanta Jawaharlal Nehru suka tsaya a kai aka jefa shi cikin kwandon shara. Babban abin da ya fi damunsu shi ne kare mutuncin kasa da hadin kan al’ummarta. Don haka ne suka himmatu wajen kawar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Sun yi watsi da dabarar ruguzawa ba tare da wata shakka ba. Tun a shekara ta 1933-34, a cikin muqalarsa “A ina Indiya?”, Nehru ya ce: “Ba abin da ya fi wauta kamar a yi tunanin cewa za a iya cika dukan bukatu na al’umma ba tare da lahani ga kowa ba. A kowane mataki sai an sadaukar da wasu don wasu. Manufar kuɗin kuɗi na iya zama mai kyau ga masu bashi ko masu bashi, ba duka a lokaci ɗaya ba." Don haka ya ba da shawarar daukar matakai masu tasiri a bangaren gwamnati don rarraba sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin adalci. Matakan kasafin kudi kamar ci gaba na haraji kai tsaye, sanya nauyi mafi girma ta hanyar haraji kai tsaye a kan ɓangarorin masu arziki na al'umma da tallafin sassa masu rauni. Ban da haka, tanadin ayyukan yi da ƙoƙari na musamman don taimakawa ɗalibai ya zama tilas don ɗaga sassan al'umma da suka koma baya. Na biyu, sabbin kamfanonin masana'antu dole ne su kula da yankunan kasar da suka koma baya. Rashin daidaiton yanki ya kasance gadon mulkin mallaka, kuma idan ba a kawar da shi ba, zai yi illa ga amincin kasar.
Bayan bullo da manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal, an yi watsi da dukkan wadannan manufofi guda biyu. Sakamakon shine kowa ya gani. Rashin daidaito yana karuwa kuma ana nunawa a cikin tashin hankali, laifuka iri-iri, motsi na Maoist da sauransu. Hankulan ballewa sun sake mamaye Andhra Pradesh, UP da sauran wurare.
Ya zuwa yanzu farfaganda game da abin da ake kira Rate Hindu, ba shi da mahimmanci. A lokacin Nehru (1951-64), matsakaicin girma ya kasance kashi 4.1 cikin ɗari. Idan mutum ya ɗauki lokacin - 1951-79 ya kasance kashi 3.7 cikin ɗari wanda ya fi yawancin sauran tattalin arzikin Asiya. Sannan kasar Sin ta yi rijistar karuwar karuwar kashi 2.9 kawai. "Ga sabuwar al'umma mai cin gashin kanta da ke ƙoƙarin tsayawa da kafafunta bayan shekaru 200 na mulkin mallaka na cin zarafi da barna, karuwar kashi 3.7 cikin 25 na kimanin shekaru XNUMX ba shi da kyau ko kadan." (Kanchan Sarkar na Kwalejin Grant MacEwan a cikin takardarsa mai suna "Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Rashin daidaiton Jama'a: Shin Da gaske Tasirin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa" Sabbin shawarwari: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Mujalladi na 3, No.1).
Yanzu dai abu ne da kowa ya yarda da shi cewa garambawul na Neoliberal ya gaza haifar da wani mummunan tasiri a cikin rashin aikin yi. Hasali ma, yawan rashin aikin yi ya karu tun farkon sauye-sauyen neoliberal. Je zuwa Varanasi, Aligarh da Moradabad kuma za ku ga sana'o'insu na gargajiya na saƙar saree, yin kulle-kulle, da masana'antar brassware bi da bi sun ɓace. Masu sana’ar tukwane da masu sana’ar tukwane da masu aikin kafinta sun yi asarar sana’o’insu da yawa a yankunan karkara.
Rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga ya karu kuma tare da wannan al'amuran cin abinci na zahiri yana nan don kowa ya gani. Gidajen Mukesh Ambani da na Sachin Tendulkar suna nan don kwatanta wannan batu. A cewar rahoton UNDP na shekara ta 2008, kaso 20 cikin 45.3 mafi arziki a Indiya shine kashi 20 cikin 8.1 na kudaden shiga na kasa yayin da kashi 1951 cikin 73 mafi talauci suka cinye kashi 1992 cikin XNUMX na kudaden shiga na kasa. A lokacin sauye-sauyen neoliberal, rashin daidaito a cikin rarraba kudaden shiga yana karuwa. A lokacin XNUMX-XNUMX, rashin daidaito yana kan raguwa sannan ya nuna kwanciyar hankali har zuwa XNUMX amma daga baya ya hauhawa. Gaskiyar ita ce gibin birane da karkara ya karu. Rarraba Neoliberal ya taimaka galibi mutanen da ke tsunduma cikin ƙware-ƙware, masana'antu masu dogaro da fitarwa da sassan sabis. An ketare talakawan karkara har sai da tsarin MNREGA ya kasance.
Bullowar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da cin hanci da rashawa ya yi katutu ne sakamakon turbar neman sassaucin ra'ayi da gwamnati ta dauka. Idan mutum ya bi ta cikin rubuce-rubucen Nehru, za a ga cewa ya san cewa yana da cikakkiyar masaniya game da buƙatun da ya kamata a yi la’akari da waɗannan hatsarori biyu. Ba lallai ba ne a kara da cewa idan ba a magance tushensu ba, zai haifar da babban hadari ga siyasarmu. Hannun fissiparous tabbas zai fita daga sarrafawa.
A duk faɗin duniya, tsarin mulkin neoliberal yana rugujewa. Kungiyar Occupy Wall Street Movement na nuni da hakan yayin da rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a kasashen Larabawa ya kasance, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, neoliberalism a matsayin tushensa. A ƙasida Tawayen Larabawa Akan Neoliberalism, wanda aka buga kwanan nan a Kanada ya bayyana wannan.
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