A cikin 1829, Shugaban AfroMexica Vicente Guerrero ya sanya hannu kan wata doka ta hana bauta a Jamhuriyar Mexico. Akwai, ba shakka, kusurwoyi da yawa da za a kalli yadda muhawarar shige da fice ke ta ta'azzara. Baƙi na Mexico, waɗanda suka zama kaso mafi girma na waɗanda ba su da takardar izini, suna da tarihi na musamman tare da al'ummar Afirka a cikin Amurka. Yayin da al'ummar Baƙar fata ke yin la'akari da wannan batu mai cike da cece-kuce, ya zama wajibi a gare mu - baki da launin ruwan kasa - mu sake nazarin tarihin da muke rabawa.
Duk da haka, kafin in sake nazarin tarihinmu tare, ina buƙatar in faɗi babu shakka cewa kame fiye da rabin ƙasar Mexico a 1848 da Amurka ta yi ya sanya Washington fiye da kashi 80 cikin XNUMX na ƙasa mai albarka na Mexico kuma ya kasance wani laifi. Kuma idan har yanzu Mexico a yau ta hada da California da Texas, za ta mallaki man fetur fiye da Saudi Arabiya kuma tana da isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa na tattalin arziki don daukar dukkan mutanenta aiki.
Lokacin da mutanen Mexico suka ce "iyakar ta haye mu, ba mu ketare iyaka ba," suna faɗin gaskiya, kuma mafi yawan Baƙar fata - waɗanda yawancinsu ba baƙi ba ne ga zalunci, cin zarafi, mamayewa da wariya - suna buƙatar godiya da hakan.
An ce a mafi yawan karni na 19, Baƙin Amurkawa sun fi ɗaukan baƙi na Mexico fiye da kowace ƙungiyar baƙi. Abin da zai iya yin la'akari da wannan, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, shine babba idan ba muhimmiyar rawar da mayaka baƙar fata suka yi a yakin don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Mexica daga Spain da kuma kawar da bautar. Abin takaici, da yawa daga cikinmu suna maimaita ƙaryar abokan gābanmu kuma mun manta da dangantakarmu ta musamman da mutanen Mexico da ’yan asalin ƙasar.
Lokaci ya yi da za a dawo da tunaninmu kuma a'a Sayers da Negroes a cikinmu ko dai su yi shiru ko su yi shiru. Abin da ke biyo baya shine ɗan sanannun tarihin Mexico wanda ke zama mafaka ga bayi masu gudun hijira da kuma mai ba da damar aiki ga Baƙar fata da ke ƙaura daga Amurka zuwa Mexico.
Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa, ciki har da ƙungiyar rap na War Club, ta kasance tare da POCC, ciki har da memba na LA POCC Jazz, Shugaban Fred Hampton Jr. da POCC artist Jocelyn a baya a bikin "Mu mutane" a Watts a ranar 8 ga Afrilu. babbar nasara wajen hada matasa Bakar fata da Brown. Hoto: JR Mexico a matsayin mafaka ga bayi masu gudun hijira
Tun farkon shirinsa na mulkin mallaka na Texas, Stephen Austin mai azama kuma mayaudari ya nemi jami'an Mexico su amince da sulhu na mallakar bayi a cikin yankin. An yarda da cewa jama'a da gwamnatin Mexico sun kyamaci bautar kuma sun kuduri aniyar haramta ayyukanta a cikin jamhuriyar Mexico.
Tun daga 1822, akalla 20,000 Anglos, da yawa tare da dukiyar bayi, suka zauna a Texas. Jared Groce, daya daga cikin mutanen farko na Stephen Austin a Texas a waccan shekarar, ya zo tare da ’yan Afirka 90 da aka bautar.
Dokar Tarayya ta Mexica ta Yuli 13, 1824, ta ba da fifiko a fili kuma ta inganta 'yantar da bayi. Meziko ma ta ba da shawarar cewa ta shirya biyan diyya ga masu bautar da suka tsere daga Arewacin Amurka. Ƙaddara a maimakon samun abubuwa ta hanyarsu, Anglos ya fara matsawa don yarjejeniyar fitar da kaya wanda zai buƙaci Mexico ta dawo da bayi masu gudun hijira.
Daga 1825 har zuwa karshen yakin basasa a 1865, hukumomin Mexico sun ci gaba da dakile yunƙurin da 'yan gudun hijirar Texas suka yi don ƙaddamar da yarjejeniyar ba da gudun hijira tsakanin bangarorin biyu. A cikin wannan lokaci na tsaka mai wuya tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu, Mekziko ta yi watsi da kuma haramta ayyukan bauta a cikin kasarta, yayin da jami'an Amurka da masu bautar Texas suka ci gaba da neman hanyoyin kauce wa dokar Mexico. Hukumomin Mexico sun dakile yunƙurin da mazauna Texas da ke daure bayi suka yi na kulla yarjejeniyoyin ba da gudun hijira tsakanin bangarorin biyu.
A shekara ta 1826 Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilai na Mexiko ya ƙi yin sulhu a kan batun bayi masu gudun hijira da kuma kare hakkin ’yan Afirka da ke bautar su ’yantar da kansu. Jami'an gwamnatin Mexico sun ba da misali da "haƙƙin da ba zai yiwu ba wanda Mawallafin halitta ya ba shi (ma'ana bayi)." Wakilin Majalisa Erasmo Seguin daga Texas yayi sharhi cewa Majalisar ta yanke shawarar "tabbatar da bacewar har abada a cikin Jamhuriyar kasuwanci da zirga-zirgar bayi kuma bai kamata a ba da izinin shigar da su cikin yankinmu ba a kowane dalili".
Bugu da ƙari a cikin Oktoba 1828, Majalisar Dattijai ta Mexica ta ƙi yin watsi da batutuwa 14 na sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka gabatar kuma ta yi suka ga Mataki na 33, tana mai cewa "zai zama abin ban mamaki cewa a cikin yarjejeniya tsakanin jamhuriyar jama'a biyu masu 'yanci ya kamata a karfafa bautar ta hanyar tilasta namu don ba da bayi masu gudu. zuwa ga iyayengijinsu marasa tausayi da barna na Arewacin Amurka”.
Da yake ba da rahoto game da karuwar mazauna Anglo a Texas, Janar Teran na Mexico ya ba da rahoto, "Mafi yawansu suna da bayi, kuma waɗannan bayin sun fara koyon kyakkyawar manufar dokar Mexico zuwa yanayin rashin tausayi kuma suna zama marasa natsuwa a ƙarƙashin karkiyarsu..." Gen. Teran ya ci gaba da kwatanta zaluncin da iyayengiji suke yi wa bayi marasa natsuwa: “Suna cire haƙoransu, suna sa karnuka su yayyage su, wanda ya fi tausayi shi ne wanda bai yi wa bayinsa bulala har sai an yi musu lahani.”
A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1829, shugaban AfroMexica Vicente Guerrero ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta haramta bauta a Jamhuriyar Mexico. Bayar da kai ga roko daga mazauna firgita da masu haɗin gwiwar Mexico waɗanda suka ga Mexico suna cin gajiyar tattalin arziƙi daga kasancewar Anglo, Guerrero ya keɓe Texas daga haramcin shigar da bayi cikin jamhuriyar, a ranar Dec. da kuma haramta shigar bayi cikin jamhuriyar.
Ba tare da damuwa ba, Anglos ya yi nasara wajen tattaunawa da sabuwar yarjejeniya da Mexico a shekara ta 1831, wanda ya haɗa da Mataki na 34, wanda ya bukaci a bi da kuma sake dawo da bayin da suka tsere. Bayan takaddama mai yawa tsakanin Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattawa ta Mexico, an cire Mataki na 34 daga yarjejeniyar. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 1831 ya bayyana ta hanyar muhawara a cikin Majalisar Dattijan Mexico cewa maraba da gwamnati na bayi masu gudun hijira ba cikakke ba ne.
Wasu jami'an Mexico, wadanda ke tsoron shiga tsakani na sojojin Amurka, sun fara ganin cewa yana da kyau a karfafa ci gaban bayin da suka gudu a kan iyakar Arewa a matsayin hanyar da za ta rage barazanar da Amurka ke fuskanta Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Rosalie Schwartz ya ce, yawancin jami'an Mexico "Dalilin wadannan 'yan gudun hijirar, zabar tsakanin 'yanci a karkashin gwamnatin Mexico da bauta a Amurka, za su yi gwagwarmaya don kare 'yancinsu na Mexico fiye da kowane sojan haya." Kamar yadda muradun jami'an Mexico da masu rushewar Amurka suka zo daidai a farkon shekarun 1830, yawancin tsoffin bayi sun kafa kansu a Texas kuma sun yi kyau a lokacin.
A cikin 1836, bayan faduwar Alamo da masu mallakar bayi ko shugabannin bautar, irin su William Travis, Jim Bowie da Davy Crockett, sojojin Mexico sun ci nasara kuma Amurka ta mamaye Texas mai zaman kanta. Koyaya, kafin korar sojojin Mexico daga Texas, Brig. Janar Jose Urrea ya kori masu gonaki da dama da suka zauna ba bisa ka'ida ba, 'yantar da bayi kuma, a lokuta da dama, ya ba su laƙabi a kan ƙasar da suka yi aiki.
Abin ban mamaki, yawancin mutanen Baƙar fata suna kiran "kadada 40 da alfadari" - abin da ake nufi da Umurni na Musamman na Union Gen. Sherman 15 da Janar Howard's Circular 13, wanda ya ba da wasu filaye ga tsoffin bayi. Amma abin da ba a taɓa ji ba shine nassoshi ga Janar Jose Urrea na Mexico da kuma sunayen ƙasar da shi da mutanensa suka ba wa tsoffin bayin Texas bayan shan kashi na Alamo, ƙarni kafin yakin basasa.
Ko da bayan asarar Texas, jami'an Mexico sun ki amincewa da 'yancin kai na Texas bisa dalilan cewa "zai yi daidai da takunkumi da amincewa da bauta." Bayan 'yancin kai na Texas, yawan bayi ya karu, kuma adadin masu gudu a kan iyakar Texas da Arewacin Mexico ya karu. A cikin 1842, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Mexico ta sake tabbatar da alƙawarin al'umma ga bayi masu gudun hijira. A cikin 1847, bayi 38,753 da fararen fata 102,961 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar hukuma ta Texas ta farko. A cikin 1850, a cikin sabuwar yarjejeniya da Amurka, Mexico ta sake ƙi ba da tanadi don dawo da bayin da suka tsere.
Tejanos ('yan Mexica a Texas) masu tsaurin ra'ayi ('yan Mexica a Texas) sun ci gaba da lalata cibiyar bawan da ke Texas, waɗanda suka yi kasada sosai tare da saka hannun jari mai yawa don sauƙaƙe tserewar 'yan Afirka da ke bauta. Hanyoyin Texas zuwa Mexico zuwa 'yanci sun zama manyan abubuwan da ba a san su ba na "Tsarin jirgin kasa na karkashin kasa." An zargi Tejanos daban-daban da “tambatar dukiyar bayi,” “haɗa kai da Baƙar fata” da kuma zuga tsakanin bayin “ruhu na rashin biyayya.”
Masu shukar shuka a tsakiyar Texas sun amince da kudurori daban-daban da nufin hana Mexicans taimakon yawan bayi. Fararen fata a gundumar Guadalupe sun hana "peons" na Mexico shiga gundumar da kowa daga yin kasuwanci ko yin hulɗa tare da bayi ba tare da izini daga masu shi ba.
Turawan gundumar Bexar sun ba da shawarar cewa "Baƙin Mexico da ke shigowa daga San Antonio sun yi rajista a ofishin magajin gari kuma su ba da lissafin kansu da kasuwancinsu." Wakilai a wani babban taro a Gonzales sun yanke shawarar cewa “ya kamata gundumomi su tsara kwamitocin tsaro don gurfanar da mutanen da ke cin zarafin bayi” kuma duk ’yan ƙasa da masu bautar su yi ƙoƙari su hana Mexicans sadarwa da Baƙar fata.
Whites a Austin sun ba da shawarar cewa "ya kamata a gargadi dukkan 'yan Mexico na wucin gadi su fice a cikin kwanaki 10, cewa duk abin da ya rage ya kamata a kori da karfi sai dai in an tabbatar da kyawawan halayensu da halayensu na 'yan Amurka masu alhakin" da kuma cewa "bai kamata a kara daukar ma'aikatan Mexico aiki ba. Kasancewar a yankin ya kamata a karaya." A cikin gundumar Matagorda, an kori duk 'yan Mexico a ƙarƙashin iƙirarin cewa suna yawo, 'yan ƙasa marasa galihu waɗanda "ba su da ƙayyadaddun mazaunin amma suna rataye a cikin gonaki, suna ɗaukar mafi kyawun 'yan matan negro ga mata… sukan saci dawakai, kuma waɗannan 'yan matan kuma, kuma ku yi ƙoƙarin gudu da su zuwa Mexico."
A shekara ta 1855, ƙiyasin ya nuna cewa da yawa daga 4,000 zuwa 5,000 na Afirka da suka kasance bayi bayi sun tsere zuwa Mexico. Masu bautar sun firgita da wannan yanayin har suka nemi kuma sun karɓi kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na sojojin Amurka da ke tsaye waɗanda aka tura a kan iyakar Texas da Mexico a wani yunƙuri na banza don hana kwararowar gudu.
'Yan Mexico masu tsaurin ra'ayi sun tsaya tsayin daka, sun ƙi komawa gudu, kuma sun ci gaba da tallafawa tayar da bayi da kuma ba da taimako ga tserewa bayi. A cikin kalmomin Felix Haywood, bawan Texas, wanda aka tuna da abin da ya faru a cikin “Labaran Bawan Texas, “Wani lokaci wani yakan zo ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa mu gudu zuwa arewa mu sami ’yanci. Mun kasance muna dariya da haka. Babu wani dalili na gudu arewa. Abin da kawai za mu yi shi ne tafiya, amma tafiya kudu, kuma za mu sami 'yanci da zaran mun ketare Rio Grande".
Me ya bambanta iyaka
Shekara ta 1857 shekara ce wadda tsananin baƙin ciki ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa. 1857 ita ce shekarar da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kan Dred Scott, wani Bature na Afirka wanda ya kai kara don neman 'yancinsa, bisa hujjar cewa mai shi ya yi watsi da duk wani da'awar da aka yi masa bayan ya dauke shi cikin 'yanci. Abin mamaki, 1857 ita ce shekarar da Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta amince da Mataki na 13, yana bayyana cewa bawa ya sami 'yanci lokacin da ya kafa ƙafa a ƙasar Mexico.
Mexico a matsayin mai ba da damar aiki ga Amurkawa na Afirka
A cikin shekarun 1890, ɗaruruwan baƙi baƙi sun gaji da yanayi irin na bayi da rarrabuwa, sun bar Alabama zuwa Mexico kuma sun kafa manyan yankuna 10. Ba da daɗewa ba, a lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico, ɗimbin bakaken fata sun yi ƙaura daga New Orleans zuwa Tampico, Mexico, yayin da masana'antar mai ta ci gaba.
Waɗannan 'yan Afirka a Meziko sun kafa rassa na Ƙungiyar Inganta Negro ta Duniya ta Marcus Garvey. Daya daga cikin ma’aikatan mai Bakar fata da suka zo Tampico ya bayyana cewa, “Babu wata kyamar kabila; kowa ana yi masa gwargwadon iyawarsa”. A daidai wannan lokacin, zakaran damben bakar fata Jack Johnson ya tabbatar da cewa Mexico "ba ta son ba mu gata na zama dan kasar Mexico kadai ba, har ma a shirye take ta yi nasara kan manufarmu."
An ambato Juan Uribe, wani babban jami’in Mexico, da ya ziyarci Los Angeles a shekara ta 1919, yana cewa, “Abin baƙin cikina kawai shi ne, ba zai yiwu a jiki ba a yi jigilar Amurkawa miliyan da yawa zuwa Mexico ƙaunataccena, inda arewa ke samar da dukiyarta kamar babu ko’ina. da kuma inda mutane ba sa damuwa da ƙayyadaddun kabilanci ko launin fata.”
Hakazalika, Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Ba’amurke Theodore Troy ya ce, “Zan je ƙasar da ’yanci da dama suka ba ni da kowane namiji da mace da yaro mai duhun fata. A cikin wannan ƙasa, babu wasu dokokin Jim Crow da za su sa ni ɗaure; Ba a hana ni dama ba saboda kalar fatar jikina, da kuma albarkatu masu ban sha'awa da ba a ci gaba da bunkasar kasar nan ba da murmushin da Allah ya yi min na ci gabansu."
Wani Baƙar fata wanda ya haɗa da iyalai 50 sun haɓaka gonakin 'ya'yan itace kuma sun tsunduma cikin kiwon shanu. Ta kafa kanta a Baja, California, a cikin Santa Clara da Vallecitos Valleys da ke tsakanin Ensenada da Tecate, kusan mil 30 kudu da San Diego kuma ya dade a cikin 1960s.
Ba za a manta da shi ba shine babban nasarar da Negro Baseball Leagues a Mexico ke samu a cikin 1930s da 1940s. ’Yan wasan baƙar fata tare da ’yan uwa 400-500 waɗanda ke neman taimako daga wariyar launin fata a Amurka da cibiyoyin keɓancewa an shirya su a Mexico ta hanyar fafatawa a gasa masu mutuntawa da sha'awar magoya baya. Daya daga cikin masu fafatawa musamman, Ray Dandridge, ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru 18 a Mexico kafin Jackie Robinson ya samu shiga babbar gasar kwallon baseball ta Amurka.
Har ila yau, tun daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1960, manyan masu zane-zane na Mexico, irin su Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros da Jose Clemente Orozco sun gayyaci fitattun masu fasaha na Amurka irin su Hale Woodruff, John Biggers, Elizabeth Catlett da Charles White zuwa makarantar fasaha ta Mexican, inda suka gayyace su. sun haɓaka salon fasaha wanda ya taimaka musu wajen haɗa hotuna yadda ya kamata zuwa gwagwarmayar kabilanci da na aji.
Tabbas akwai ƙarin mahaɗar tarihi da yawa inda mutanen Mexico da na Afirka suka haɗa kai da juna. Misalai kaɗan sune haɗin kai tsakanin Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)/ Black Panther Party da Brown Berets, SNCC da Alianza Federal de Pueblos Libres da El Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Atzlan (MEChA) da Black Student Union (BSU).
Mack Lyons, Bakar fata memba na United Farmworkers Union's National Executive, ya yi shawarwari da kwangilarsa da Coca Cola, wanda ya mallaki Minutemaid da manyan gandun daji na Florida. A Los Angeles a cikin shekarun 90s, ɗaliban Baƙar fata da Brown waɗanda suka fahimci tarihin gama gari da muradin juna sun kafa taron koli na matasa na Afirka da Latino (ALYS).
Tabbas, Vicente Fox ba Vicente Guerrero bane. Kasar Meziko ta yau ta sha bamban sosai da mafakar da ta taba maraba da bayi masu gudun hijira ko kuma kasar dama da ta rungumi masu neman aikin Ba’amurke; duk da haka ba za a iya share kyakkyawan tarihinsa na tallafawa Amurkawa Afirka da ke bukatar abokan kawance ba.
Yana iya zama da amfani ganin alakar da ke tsakanin Baƙar fata da Brown kamar alakar da ke tsakanin mace da namiji. Yana da kyau mafi yawan lokaci, amma akwai lokacin da aka gwada shi kuma yana iya zama mai rauni. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, ɗaya ko duka biyu dole ne su ba da ƙari kuma suyi aiki don haɓaka ko sabunta amana.
Isar da wannan kayan ga wasu. Bakar fata ko Brown mai karatun wannan yanki ya kamata yanzu ya san cewa mafi kyawun tarihinmu tare kamar yadda Baƙar fata da Brown ke magana game da wajibcin haɗin gwiwa a cikin mafi munin lokuta. Mutane masu hikima mutane ne masu godiya kuma ba za su taba gamsuwa da tunawa da bikin almararsu da maƙwabci mai mahimmanci ba. Madadin haka, suna matsawa gaba, suna da cikakkiyar masaniyar cewa dangantakar haɗin kai na iya yiwuwa kuma tana da mahimmanci.
Ron Wilkins tsohon memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC) kuma a halin yanzu farfesa ne a Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Jihar California, Dominguez Hills. An ba da godiya ta musamman ga masana tarihi Rosalie Schwartz, Gerald Horne, Rodolfo Acuna da Omar Farouk, waɗanda yunƙurin bincikensu na farko a fagen haɗin gwiwar Afirka da Mexica ya ba da gudummawa wajen tabbatar da wannan aikin.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi