David Edwards da David Cromwell (masu gyara na Lens Media) sun buga labarai da yawa suna sukar Jikin Jikin Iraki (IBC). An yada iƙirarin nasu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe akan IBC. Amma shari'ar Media Lens a kan IBC ta dogara ne da yawa akan kurakurai da ɓata lokaci, kuma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ci karo da shi (misali daga Cibiyar Bincike kan Cutar Cutar Kwalara, Binciken Lafiyar Iyali na Iraki, etc) kamar yadda aka zayyana a kasa.
Kafin in jera kurakuran Media Lens, bayanin kula game da mahallin. An yi yunƙurin ƙididdige kisan gillar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan da aka yi sakamakon mamayar da Amurka/Birtaniya ta yi wa Iraki. The Jaridar Lancet, a cikin Oktoba 2006, ya buga wani bincike da aka kiyasta 654,965 fiye da mutuwar Iraqi. Kuri'a daga Kasuwancin Bincike na Ra'ayi (ORB), Satumba 2007sabunta a cikin Janairu 2008), an kiyasta cewa an kashe 'yan Iraki sama da miliyan guda. Wani binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin Janairu 2008 ta New England Journal of Medicine, an kiyasta mutuwar Iraqi 151,000 a tashin hankali har zuwa Yuni 2006.
Ba kamar alkalumman da ke sama ba, ƙididdigar IBC ba ƙididdigewa ba ce, amma rikodin ainihin, mutuwar da aka rubuta (musamman mutuwar farar hula na tashin hankali). Babu shakka, to, baya haɗa da mutuwar da ba a ba da rahoto ba, ba tare da izini ba. Daga farko IBC ya bayyana (a cikin Quick FAQ) cewa "da alama da yawa idan ba yawancin fararen hular da aka kashe ba za su kasance ba tare da rahoton kafofin watsa labarai ba". Rukunin bayanan IBC a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai sama da 100,000 da aka rubuta mutuwar farar hula. IBC a koyaushe tana bayyana cewa alkalumanta na daure su zama wani kisa na fararen hula da tashin hankali ya kashe, saboda gibin da aka samu wajen bayar da rahoto da nade-nade. Kuma, a fili, alkaluman mace-macen Iraki za su fi girma (mai yiwuwa ya fi girma) har ya zuwa sun hada da wasu nau'ikan mace-mace, misali "yawanci" mace-mace daga cututtuka ko wasu abubuwan da ba na tashin hankali ba, da kuma tashe-tashen hankulan da ba na farar hula ba, ciki har da mayaƙa da ma'aikatan sojan Iraqi da aka kashe a lokacin "firgita da tsoro" na lokacin. mamayewa.
IBC ba ita kaɗai ba ce wajen samar da ƙima (maimakon ƙididdiga na tushen samfur) kuma yakamata a duba shi tare da wasu kwatankwacin kididdigar matattu na yaƙi (misali alkalumman da suka isa kan kansu dangane da bayanan gawarwaki da takaddun shaida na mutuwa, da sauransu.1). Hanyar tattara bayanai da kirga mace-mace tana da dogon tarihi, komawa aƙalla zuwa yakin duniya na farko. Duk wannan hanyar da hanyoyin binciken cluster-samfurin da aka gabatar kwanan nan suna da fa'ida da rashin amfaninsu, amma a mahallin mahawarar da Media Lens ya gabatar wasu daga cikin manufofin tsarin tattara bayanai sun ruɗe. Mafi mahimmanci, watakila, waɗannan sun haɗa da mutunta waɗanda yaƙin ya rutsa da su - ba da sunaye, ainihi da sauran bayanan mutum / yanayi, inda zai yiwu.
Kurakurai na asali ta Media Lens
• Daya daga cikin manyan wuraren sukar Media Lens na IBC shine "IBC ba da farko kididdigar Jikin Iraki ba ne, ba ma Irak Media Body kirga ba ne, Iraki ce ta Jikin Watsa Labarai ta Yamma." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Maris 14, 2006).
Wannan kuskure ne gaba ɗaya. IBC tana amfani da kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda ba na Yamma ba kuma bayananta sun haɗa da asibiti, wuraren ajiye gawa da kuma bayanan NGO. Yana da ikon sa ido a kusan manyan tushe 70 na "wadanda ba na yamma" ba, tare da maɓuɓɓukan "Yamma" 120. (IBC)
Yawancin aukuwa/mutuwa a cikin bayanan IBC sun fito ne daga manyan hukumomin waya. Wannan yana nuna gaskiyar gaskiyar cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ɗaukar mafi girman kashi na abubuwan da suka faru. Misali, na duk abubuwan da suka faru daga Yuli 2006 zuwa Maris 2007 (kamar yadda IBC ta rubuta), Reuters ya karɓi kusan 50%, idan aka kwatanta da 35% daga Al Sharqiyah TV (wani IBC) source), tare da ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto ta wasu kafofin watsa labarai, "Yamma" ko "marasa Yamma" (IBC). Lura kuma cewa a matakin rahoton da IBC ke amfani da shi, rarrabuwar kai na "Yamma" vs "marasa yamma" karya ne, kamar yadda hukumomi irin su Reuters ke daukar (misali) 'yan jaridar Iraki wajen yada al'amuran Iraki (misali)"Muna amfani da 'yan jaridu na cikin gida, 'yan jarida na Larabawa suna iya fita don yin magana da mutane." - Reuters Shugaban ofishin Baghdad).
• Ba daidai ba na Media Lens na "Ƙididdiga Jikin Jiki na Yamma" yana haifar da ɓarna mafi muni - iƙirarin cewa rumbun adana bayanan IBC yana nuna son kai ga mutuwar da sojojin Amurka/Birtaniya suka haifar. Misali:
"Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa bayanan IBC suna da alaƙa da nuna son kai iri ɗaya - adadi mai yawa na mutuwar da maharan suka haifar idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin adadin da 'haɗin gwiwar' ke haifar." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Maris 14, 2006)
Wannan magana ce mai ban mamaki, kamar yadda IBC database ba kasafai ke danganta mace-mace ga "masu tayar da kayar baya ba". Za mu iya ganin inda Media Lens ya yi kuskure ta hanyar duba kwatancen binciken su:
"Mun bayar da rahoton yadda muka binciki ma'ajin bayanai na Iraki Body Count (IBC) game da al'amuran da suka shafi kisan gillar da sojojin Amurka da Birtaniya suka yi wa fararen hula a Iraki tsakanin watan Janairu-Yuni na 2005. Mun gano, alal misali, al'amura 58 na akalla mutuwar 10+ Daga cikin wadannan, guda daya ne kawai aka alakanta shi da matakin 'hadin gwiwa' - harin da Amurka ta kai. Sabanin haka, a fili karara an alakanta al'amuran 54 na mutuwar mutane 10+ da 'yan tawaye." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Maris 14, 2006)
"[Daga cikin al'amura 57 da ba a danganta su ga 'hadin gwiwar' ba,] 25 an danganta su ne da 'yan kunar bakin wake, yayin da wasu 29 kuma aka alakanta su da hare-haren ta'addanci da aka kaiwa sojojin gwamnatin Iraki, jami'an gwamnati, kungiyoyin addini, da dai sauransu. gawarwakin da aka harbe a kusa da kusa, an rufe gawarwakin an harbe su, an kuma kashe gawarwakin da aka jefar." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Janairu 27, 2006)
Da'awar Media Lens cewa 54 daga cikin 58 da suka faru "an danganta su da tayar da zaune tsaye"za a iya nuna shi da sauri a matsayin ƙarya. Abu ne mai sauƙi don sauke kwafin IBC's database kuma duba lokacin da ake tambaya (Janairu-Yuni 2005). Duk tsawon wannan lokacin (wanda ya shafi abubuwan da suka faru sama da 1,000) Na sami wani lamari guda ɗaya kawai wanda aka danganta ga masu tada kayar baya (d2662: an ba da rahoton kashe mutum ɗaya kusa da Tal Afar, 7 ga Mayu 2005, 'Harin 'yan tawaye'). Ban sami wani abin da ya faru na mutuwar mutane 10+ "a bayyane yake danganta ga tayar da hankali ba". Yana da kyau a lura cewa yayin da Media Lens ke yin magana game da al'amuran "kisan jama'a", mayar da hankali kan lamuran da suka shafi aƙalla mutuwar 10 ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa kusan abubuwan da suka faru 90 a cikin wannan lokacin (na kowane adadin mace-mace) an danganta su kai tsaye. Sojojin Amurka (mafi yawa daga "harbin bindigar Amurka"), idan aka kwatanta da wani lamari daya tilo da aka danganta ga masu tayar da kayar baya. Lura cewa ba muna magana a nan ba game da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haɗa da " arangama tsakanin Amurka da 'yan tada kayar baya" (da sauransu) inda wasu da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka kashe farar hula ba (misali "wutar wuta").
Don haka, da alama abin da ke sama "gagarumin" halayen mace-mace ga masu tayar da kayar baya shine Media Lens's, ba na IBC ba. A mafi yawan lokuta ma'ajin bayanai na IBC ba ya bayyana masu laifi kai tsaye, amma kawai yana lissafin manufa da nau'in harin da aka ruwaito. Na mace-macen da ba a danganta ga mai laifi ba, shari'o'in da aka lissafa a matsayin "bam na kashe kansa" na iya yiwuwa bayar da shawarar da rukuni na masu laifi, amma ba su "a fili dangana ga tawaye"(kamar yadda Media Lens ya sanya shi). A wasu lokuta, makasudin harin ("Sojojin gwamnatin Iraki, jami'an gwamnati, kungiyoyin addini", da dai sauransu) na iya zama mai ban sha'awa, amma babu "bayyane" gano masu aikata laifuka. Sabanin abin da za a iya fahimta daga maganganun Media Lens, mutuwar da IBC ba ta bayyana a fili ga 'haɗin kai' ba a danganta shi ta hanyar tsoho ga 'tashin hankali'. .
IBC ya nuna a cikin sanarwar manema labarai (Maris 9, 2006) cewa, a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, "ayyukan hana mamaya" sun bayar da rahoton yin sanadin mutuwar fararen hula 2,231 (tare da rahoton mutuwar fararen hula 370 daga "hakin sojan da Amurka ke jagoranta"). Mahimmanci a cikin wannan mahallin, IBC ya kara da cewa "mafi yawan rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru ba sa ba da damar tantance masu aikata laifin ko kuma dalilansu". IBC ta bayyana cewa "wakilan da ba a san su ba" sun yi yawancin kisan, kuma wannan na iya hada da sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta. Lura kuma cewa binciken bayanan IBC yana nuna cewa kalmomin "masu tayar da kayar baya", "masu tayar da kayar baya", da sauransu, suna bayyana sau da yawa kamar yadda aka kai rahoton hari fiye da yadda aka ruwaito masu laifi.
A wani bincike [p23-26], IBC ta mayar da hankali kan mace-mace "tabbas dangana ga sojojin hadin gwiwa", kuma ya kammala da cewa "IBC da Lancet [2004] suna nuna kwatankwacin adadin mace-macen da ake dangantawa ga sojojin hadin gwiwa". Bisa ga wannan bincike kiyasin Lancet na 2004 ya nuna cewa kashi 43% na mutuwar tashin hankali (ga daukacin kasar da ke wajen Falluja) sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta ne suka haifar da su kai tsaye, idan aka kwatanta da IBC na kashi 47% a lokaci guda. Duka Lancet 2004 da IBC sun nuna cewa "mafi yawan kashe-kashen da sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta sun faru ne ta hanyar kai hare-hare ta sama".
Wasu daga cikin sukar farko na Media Lens na IBC sun dogara ne akan kwatancen da ba daidai ba tare da binciken Lancet na 2004 akan mutuwar Iraqi. Misali, a cikin su labarin farko suna sukar IBC, Media Lens ya rubuta:
"Yayin da rahoton Lancet ya kiyasta kimanin mutuwar fararen hula 100,000 a watan Oktoba na 2004, IBC ya ruwaito 17,000 a lokacin." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Janairu 27, 2006)
Wannan ba daidai ba ne ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, binciken Lancet bai yi kiyasin mutuwar "farar hula" ba kamar yadda Media Lens ta yi iƙirari (ƙididdigar ta ya haɗa da "masu yaƙi" da kuma farar hula - duba p7 na nazarin Lancet). Na biyu, IBC yana yin rikodin mutuwar tashin hankali kawai, don haka kwatancen yakamata ya kasance tsakanin 57,600 da 17,6872 (57,600 kasancewar kiyasin binciken Lancet na m mutuwa, a cewar marubucin Lancet Richard Garfield). Amma ko da hakan ba ya kamanta kamar haka, tunda IBC bai haɗa da mutuwar masu fama ba, yayin da binciken Lancet ya yi.
• Media Lens shima ya rubuta, a cikin wannan labarin:
"Amma duk da haka, kamar yadda muka gani, adadi na IBC yana zaɓar a cikin maɓuɓɓugarsa, shine mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na bincike guda takwas, kuma ya dogara da 'ƙwararrun ƙwararrun' a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Yamma wanda ba ya wanzu." (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Janairu 27, 2006)
Da'awar cewa IBC tana ba da "ƙididdigar mafi ƙasƙanci" na "nazari takwas masu tsanani" an yadu sosai amma gaba ɗaya kuskure ne. Ya dogara ne akan tarin kurakurai da rashin fahimta (wanda aka fallasa daki-daki ta IBC a cikin 2006), gami da kuskure daga Les Roberts (Marubucin binciken Lancet) wanda Roberts ya yarda cewa kuskure ne ("Na ce adadin IBC shine mutuwar mutane 17 a kowace rana a tsawon lokacin 3/1/03 - 2/1/05. Wannan ba daidai ba ne." - Les Roberts, imel zuwa Gabriele Zamparini, Yuni 2006).
• Media Lens ya inganta da'awar cewa IBC na iya kama kashi 5% na adadin wadanda suka mutu na gaskiya (wanda a halin yanzu zai nuna adadin mutuwar miliyan 2), amma yawanci ana tallafawa tare da kurakurai da rashin daidaituwa:
"Mutane nawa ne suka san cewa babban masanin cutar Les Roberts kwanan nan ya kiyasta cewa za a iya kashe fararen hula 200,000 zuwa 300,000 tun lokacin da aka kai hari? kama kasa da kashi biyar cikin dari na jimillar gaskiya." (David Edwards da David Cromwell, The First Post, Yuli 4, 2006)
Matsala ta farko da wannan ita ce lissafi na asali. Mafi ƙarancin adadi na IBC na lokacin da ake tambaya (kimanin 35,000) shine 17.5% na ƙananan adadi na Roberts kuma kusan 12% na babban adadi. Ba "kasa da kashi biyar ba". Matsala ta biyu ita ce rashin daidaituwa da sakamakon binciken Lancet 2004 (wanda Roberts ya rubuta tare). IBC da farko kidaya na mutuwar farar hula na tashin hankali (17,687 na lokacin da ya dace - duba sama) shine kashi 30% na kiyasin Lancet 2004 na mutuwar tashin hankali (57,600). Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa ƙididdiga daga baya, misali daga Binciken Lafiyar Iyali na Iraki da Cibiyar Bincike kan Cutar Cutar Kwalara, bayar da shawarar cewa IBC yana kama kusan kashi uku, ko fiye, na mutuwar tashin hankali - akasin iƙirarin da Media Lens ya ɗauka. Ƙididdigar farko, daga babban sikelin (sama da gidaje 21,000 da aka bincika) Binciken Yanayin Rayuwar Iraki, ya nuna cewa IBC na iya ɗaukar fiye da rabin mutuwar tashin hankali a cikin lokacin binciken.3
Sabbin kurakurai ta Media Lens
Bayan fitar da 'Faɗakarwar Watsa Labarai' da yawa suna sukar IBC a cikin 2006, Media Lens ya biyo baya da wani yanki, mai take. Ƙididdigar Jikin Iraki: "Ayyukan Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa", a cikin Oktoba 2007. Abin takaici, wannan ma ya ƙunshi kurakurai da kuskure da yawa, kamar yadda na lissafa a ƙasa:
"A baya, martanin da IBC ta bayar game da shawarar cewa tashin hankali ya hana 'yan jarida kama mutuwar mutane da yawa, a zahiri, 'Tabbatar da shi!'." (Faɗakarwar Lens Media, ZNet, Oktoba 11, 2007)
Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne a fili. Kamar yadda na lura a sama, IBC koyaushe yana bayyana hakan "da yawa idan ba haka ba, mafi yawan fararen hular da suka rasa rayukansu ba za su kai labari daga kafofin yada labarai ba". (Media Lens a zahiri ya nakalto wannan bayanin daga IBC a cikin wani Faɗakarwar Media a baya). IBC sun fitar da irin wannan kalamai a duk cikin gidan yanar gizon su da kuma fitar da manema labarai - alal misali: "Gaskiya a cikin rikodi da bayar da rahoto sun nuna cewa ko da mafi girman jimlar mu har zuwa yau na iya rasa yawancin mutuwar farar hula daga tashin hankali" (IBC's gaban database page).
"Yana da ban sha'awa cewa IBC ta haɗu da wani babban rahoto na kafofin watsa labaru wanda ke ba da mummunar kuskuren alkalummansa. Kamar yadda sau da yawa, wannan furcin magana [wannan yana nufin labarin a cikin The Independent] ya ba da ra'ayi cewa IBC na yin rikodin adadin adadin fararen hula da suka mutu, maimakon rikodin mutuwar kawai daga tashin hankali kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka ruwaito." (Faɗakarwar Lens Media, ZNet, Oktoba 11, 2007)
Wannan yaudara ce. Manufar hanyar haɗin yanar gizon IBC (mai suna "Jerin sunayen wadanda abin ya shafa ko wadanda aka kashe don nuna alamar tasirin da ya shafi kowane bangare na al'ummar Iraki") shine don samar da misalin yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka yi amfani da bayanan IBC akan kowa wadanda abin ya shafa (duba ƙananan sashin labarin da aka ambata, wanda a fili take "Labarun Wadanda abin ya shafaKo furucin Media Lens na cewa labarin "ba ya bayyana" alkalumman IBC na da wata fa'ida ko a'a ba shi da mahimmanci ga mahaɗin. mace-mace, yana da "abin mamaki" cewa sun kasa ambaton irin wannan "kuskure" na alkaluman IBC ta marubutan binciken Lancet, a cikin labarin don Slate mujallar: "A yau, IBC ta kiyasta cewa an sami mutuwar tashin hankali 45,000 zuwa 50,000.").
"Shi ne [Marc] Herold's Afghanistan wanda aka azabtar da Memorial Memorial Project wanda ya karfafa John Sloboda don kafa IBC. Herold's 'mafi yawan ra'ayin mazan jiya' na mutuwar fararen hula na Afghanistan sakamakon ayyukan Amurka / NATO tsakanin 5,700 da 6,500. Amma, ya yi gargadin, wannan shine ' mai yiwuwa a sararin rashin kima' […] Babu wani dalili da za a yi imani da cewa aikace-aikace na wannan hanya a Iraki yana haifar da sakamako daban-daban." (Faɗakarwar Lens Media, ZNet, Oktoba 11, 2007)
Har ila yau, wannan kuskure ne kuma yaudara. IBC tana amfani da tsarin gaba ɗaya kamar yadda Marc Herold yayi amfani da shi don Afghanistan, amma ba ya amfani da wannan hanya. Adadin Herold ya hada da farar hula da harin bama-bamai na Amurka/NATO suka kashe kai tsaye da kuma matakin soji, yayin da ban da wadanda Taliban ke kashewa ko kuma wasu masu aikata laifin. IBC ya hada da kashe-kashen da duk wani mai laifi ya aikata a Iraki. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance daban-daban a cikin hanyoyin, kuma akwai kuma dalilan da za a yi imani da tsarin a Iraki yana haifar da ɗan bambanci fiye da na Afghanistan. Amma yana da wuya masu gyara na Media Lens sun yi nazari sosai kan lamarin don sanin dalilan. Ba su binciki lamarin sosai don sanin cewa akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin, ko ma sanin cewa ba Herold's "Afganistan Memorial Memorial Project" (wanda aka fara a 2004) wanda ya zaburar da IBC, amma a maimakon haka. "Kididdigar asarar rayukan fararen hula na yau da kullun na Amurka ta kashe" – fara a 2001), biyu gaba daya daban-daban ayyuka.
A kowane hali, Farfesa Herold rubuta zuwa ZNet [duba bayanin kula a wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon] yana mai bayyana cewa sakin layi da Media Lens ya rubuta yana da kurakurai waɗanda ke buƙatar gyara, kuma abin da aka zana daga gare ta game da IBC bai dace ba.
"To, babban jami'in ofishin daya daga cikin hukumomin watsa labarai uku na Yammacin Turai da ke ba da kashi uku na bayanan IBC daga Iraki ya aika da wannan imel zuwa abokin aiki a shekarar da ta gabata (wanda ya bukaci mu kiyaye sirrin mai aikawa):… [Imel ɗin da ba a san shi ba yana da mahimmanci ga IBC sannan ya biyo baya]" (Faɗakarwar Lens Media, ZNet, Oktoba 11, 2007)
Editocin Media Lens kuma sun ambaci wani "masanin cututtukan cututtukan da ba a san su ba" a cikin abubuwan da suka gabata na sukar IBC. Abin lura ne a lokacin, kamar yadda yake a yanzu tare da wannan "shugaban ofishin" da "abokin aiki", cewa waɗannan majiyoyin da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba ba su iya aika ra'ayoyinsu kai tsaye zuwa ga IBC (wanda, ba shakka, zai bi da su cikin amincewa). ko kuma a tsaya a bayansu a fili.
Amincewar Hanyar
Ƙididdigar IBC ba ta samo asali ne daga hanyoyin binciken cututtukan cututtuka ba - nau'in bincike ne mabanbanta, wanda ya haɗa da tabbatarwa da ƙididdige adadin mutuwar. A cikin su Jijjiga na huɗu suna sukar IBC, Media Lens ya tambaya:
"Yan jarida nawa ne ke sane da cewa IBC ba a haƙiƙanin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun cututtukan cuta ke tafiyar da su? Me za mu ce idan, a cikin tattaunawa game da sauyin yanayi, 'yan siyasa da 'yan jarida sun ci gaba da ba da haske game da bayanan da ƙungiyar da kwararrun masana kimiyyar yanayi suka ɗauka a matsayin 'masu son'? (David Edwards/Media Lens Alert, ZNet, Afrilu 10, 2006).
Waɗannan tambayoyin da sun fi dacewa dangane da ORB zabe akan mutuwar Iraqi (wanda Lens Media inganta a matsayin "mai aminci") tunda ba kamar binciken IBC ba, ya dogara (don amincin kiyasinsa) akan samun "samfurin wakilci na ƙasa" - ƙalubale da ake buƙata a Iraki, har ma da binciken cututtukan annoba. Darektan ORB, Allan Hyde, ya tabbatar mani ta imel (Yuli 24, 2009) cewa babu wani masanin cututtukan da ke da hannu wajen gudanar da zaɓen ORB.
Duk da ƙarancin mahimmancin cututtukan cututtuka ga hanyoyin IBC, editocin Media Lens sun rubuta, a cikin wasiƙar zuwa. New dattaku mujallar (Oktoba 16, 2006), cewa, "A cikin iliminmu, IBC ba ta iya nuna goyon baya ga hanyoyinta ba daga kwararren likitan dabbobi". Magana ce mai ban sha'awa, tana ba da shawarar cewa IBC (ko Media Lens) ya yi ƙoƙari, kuma ya kasa, don neman (ko nemo) tallafin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan IBC. A iya sanina, IBC bai taɓa mayar da hankali ga kuzarinsa ba don neman izini daga masu ilimin cututtuka. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin fitattun masanan cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi da masu ƙididdige ƙididdiga sun bayyana a koyaushe suna goyan bayan hanyoyin/ bayanai na IBC. Anan akwai 'yan misalan kwanan nan na irin wannan tallafi (bugawa Media Lens's New dattaku harafi):
"Duk da yake kowace hanya tana da illa da fa'idodi, wannan marubucin ya ba da mafi girman tabbaci a kan aikin da Countungiyar Jiki na Iraki ta yi don ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙimar tasirin yaƙin a kan fararen hula. Tushen bayanan da IBC ya kirkira yana da alama na musamman a cikin sa. bayyana gaskiya da kuma lokacinta. Samar da irin wannan tushen bayanan a hankali wani motsa jiki ne mai cin lokaci mai ban mamaki. Fahimtar aikin IBC yana ba mutum damar ganin ko an haɗa abubuwan da suka faru na mace-mace. Sabunta tushen bayanai akai-akai yana ba mutum damar samun adadi na yanzu." (Alkaluman lokacin yaki na asarar fararen hula na Iraqi, ta Beth Osborne Daponte, mashahurin masanin alƙaluma wanda ya samar da alkaluman kisa na farko na Yaƙin Gulf)
"Kididdigar Burnham [Lancet 2006] na mutuwar a cikin lokacin mamayewa ya fi girma fiye da kowane ƙima. Ko da ƙananan iyaka na 95% CI ya fi girma fiye da mafi girman ƙididdiga daga kowane tushe (Table 1). Bugu da ƙari, rauni. da aka ambata a baya da kuma rashin daidaituwa da yawa a cikin ayyukansu da aka buga suna lalata amincin kiyasin su. […] Duk da yake IBC ba shakka ba a rasa wasu mace-mace a Bagadaza, yana da wuya cewa za su rasa matsakaicin mutuwar sama da 100 na tashin hankali a rana, saboda Matsayin watsa labarai a cikin birni. Don haka mun kammala cewa kiyasin mutuwar Baghdad ya kusa kammalawa, wanda ILCS ya kara tabbatar da cewa [...] (Kiyasin mace-mace a cikin rikice-rikicen cikin gida: darussa daga Iraki, ta Debarati Guha-Sapir da Olivier Degomme, daga Cibiyar Bincike kan Cututtuka na Bala'i, Brussels)
Kammalawa
Wasu daga cikin magoya bayan Media Lens sun bayyana imanin cewa dalilin antiwar ya lalace ta hanyar rahoton kafofin watsa labarai na kididdigar IBC a fifita kiyasin mafi girma.4 Yana da kyau a tuna a nan cewa miliyoyin mutane sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da yakin kafin a fara - kuma yana da kyau a ɗauka cewa a mafi yawan lokuta adawa da yakin ba, kuma ba, yana da sharadi ba akan adadin wadanda suka mutu. Yana yiwuwa ko da yaushe, ba shakka, cewa masu sharhi na yaki za su gabatar da gardama bisa ga madaidaicin algebra na mutuwa (ta yin amfani da "mafi ƙasƙanci" matattun matattun yaƙe-yaƙe da za su iya samu) amma hanya mafi ma'ana don magance wannan ba ta hanyar dagewa ba. akan adadi da aka ba (mafi girma), amma ta ƙin yarda da ƙa'idar cewa ana iya siyar da rayuka ga wasu kamar kwakwalwan caca da yawa. Rikodi da ƙididdige yawan mutuwar yaƙi yana da mahimmanci don dalilai da yawa (duba, misali, IBC's ma'ana), amma idan an yi imani da tasiri na adawa da yaki ta hanyar wani abu mai sauƙi kamar girman adadin mutuwar da kafofin watsa labaru suka ruwaito, to, wannan adawa ba zai taba bayyana tasiri a cikin yanayin "ƙananan" yaƙe-yaƙe ba, ko kuma a cikin yakin basasa. gudu-gudu zuwa tashin hankali.
Wani abin al’ajabi shi ne Afganistan, inda ake auna matattun yakin “kawai” a cikin dubbai, kuma inda za a iya fassara lissafin “yawan mace-mace” a matsayin fifita mamayar NATO, idan aka dauki lambobi a matsayin ma’auni kawai. Misali, aNazarin Jami'ar Johns Hopkins (Gilbert Burnham, marubucin marubucin binciken Lancet Iraq na 2006) ya sami raguwar yawan mace-macen jarirai da yara, saboda ingantacciyar kulawar likita, bayan mamayewar. Abin nufi a nan shi ne, adadin rayukan da aka ceto ya zarce adadin da aka kiyasta da kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon fadan.5
Idan bincike ya nuna "fa'idodin" daga yakin zalunci, shin ya biyo bayan cewa yana ba da "farfaganda" ga masu ba da labari? Hakanan za'a iya yin wannan tambaya game da binciken da, saboda iyakoki na aiki, ke gabatar da ɓangarori ko cikakkun bayanai na illar yaƙi. Media Lens baya magance waɗannan tambayoyin gabaɗaya a cikin ma'anar ma'ana, amma yana da takamaiman takamaiman a cikin ɗayan ƙarshe game da IBC: "Tabbas mun yarda cewa aikin IBC yana samar da farfaganda mai karfi ga mutanen da ke da alhakin aikata munanan laifukan yaki." (Masu gyara na Media Lens ne suka buga a allon saƙonsu, Maris 23, 2006). Abin ban mamaki, wannan cajin yana da ma'ana kawai daga tsarin warware batutuwan, saboda don fassara sakamakon binciken irin wannan (misali matattun yaƙe-yaƙe) a matsayin goyon bayan shari'ar yaƙi, dole ne mutum ya karɓi wasu wuraren yaƙi don fara da (duba bayanina na sama game da rayuwar ciniki kamar kwakwalwan gidan caca). Idan ba tare da irin wannan fassarar binciken bincike ne kawai ba, ba " farfaganda ba ".
Yaki da mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki sun hada da cin zarafi na take hakkin dan Adam, wanda ya ninka har sau da yawa wanda ba zai iya fahimtar girmansa ba, sai dai ta wata hanya ta zahiri ta lambobi. Hujja a kan yaƙin, a gare ni aƙalla, ta kasance mai daidaituwa tun kafin a fara a cikin Maris 2003, kuma game da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. A bayyane yake yana da mahimmanci a ƙididdige adadin mace-mace daga yaƙi, kuma wannan yana da rawa wajen kawo ƙarshen ko hana tashe-tashen hankula. Amma ba batun yin amfani da adadin wadanda suka mutu ba ne don haɓaka shari'ar adawa da (ko don) yaƙi dangane da rage rayuwar ɗan adam zuwa raka'a masu musanyawa. Ko da a cikin mahallin da suka bayyana a sarari cewa ba wannan ba ne nufin, ya kamata mu dakata don tunani kafin mu koma ga kowane adadin matattu a matsayin "ƙananan".6
Bayanan kalmomi
1. Misali, daban-daban tsayin da aka ruwaito Los Angeles Times da kuma Associated Press.
2. Bayanan IBC sun nuna mutuwar 16,933-19,415 na tsawon lokaci har zuwa karshen Satumba 2004 (kimanin 17,000-19,500). Matsakaicin adadi ya fi dacewa don kwatantawa da binciken tun da yawancin kewayon IBC don rashin tabbas na farar hula ne / yaƙi, wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ga binciken. Media Lens, duk da haka, da alama ya ɗauki ƙaramin adadi (17,000) azaman kwatancen. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce amfani da adadi mafi girma, amma don rage mutuwar Anbar (kimanin 2,000). Na yi amfani da madaidaicin adadi na 17,687 kamar yadda wata tushen ilimi ta yi amfani da ita: http://tinyurl.com/4xsjtl [PDF, p47]
3. ILCS ta kiyasta mutuwar fararen hula da mayaƙa 24,000 dangane da yaƙi; Adadin IBC ya kai kusan mutuwar fararen hula 14,000 na lokacin ɗaukar hoto na ILCS: http://tinyurl.com/4xsjtl [PDF, p47]
4. Misali: "Lalacewar da alkaluman alkaluman Irakin suka yi abu ne mai girma, mai ban tsoro da ban tsoro." (Gabriele Zamparini, Afrilu 14, 2006)
5. A Labarin Jaridar Kasa da'awar cewa binciken Burnham na Afghanistan ya nuna cewa an "An kiyasta jarirai 89,000 a kowace shekara" an cece su ta hanyar inganta kiwon lafiya, kuma wannan adadi "Ya wuce kiyasin mutanen da aka ruwaito sun mutu a fada tsakanin gwamnati da Taliban.".
6. Irin kalmomin da sau da yawa sukan bayyana akan allon saƙo na Media Lens (wanda ke kwatanta adadin IBC a matsayin "ƙananan") an nuna baƙin ciki a shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ('Amsoshin Tambayoyi Game da Binciken Mutuwar Iraki', ba a samuwa a kan JHU) gidan yanar gizo): "Ƙananan adadin mutuwar Iraqi da IBC ta ruwaito ya ba da ta'aziyya ga mutane da yawa." - har sai an cire wannan kalmar bayan koke-koke a farkon 2008.
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