Latin Amurka, wanda aka taba tunaninsa a matsayin "gidan baya" na Amurka, yana ci gaba da tafiya daga sararin samaniyar Amurka a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A matsayin filin gwaji na manufofin neman sassaucin ra'ayi da Washington ta gindaya, Latin Amurka yanzu ta zama wurin da jerin jagororin hagu da ke adawa da wadannan manufofin, kuma yayin da suke yin hakan, sun koma ga abokan kawance a Turai, Sin, da Gabas ta Tsakiya a matsayin mai adawa da mulkin Amurka. Turai, musamman ma, ta fara zayyana wasu manufofin da ke sa Amurka ta zama ta zama saniyar ware a tsarinta na Latin Amurka.
Tsakanin tsakiyar 1970s zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, an tsara matakan daidaita tsarin na mai zaman kanta, ba da izini, da kuma ci gaban kasuwa a cikin tsari mai ma'ana kuma mai fa'ida na ka'idodin neoliberal da aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Washington, kuma an bukaci yin gyare-gyare kan ƙasashen Latin Amurka. Shekaru goma na 1990s an yi alama da girman dangi na tsarin neoliberal da aikace-aikacen sa a duk yankin.
Washinton ya yi shelar tsarin neoliberal a ko'ina a matsayin maganin da zai iya magance rikicin bashi na ketare da kuma haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar farfado da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wani muhimmin bangare na manufofin ciniki cikin 'yanci shi ne yarjejeniyar ciniki da aka gabatar da aka sani da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Amurka (FTAA), wanda zai rage shingen kasuwanci tsakanin Amurka da kasashe na Amurka. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar farko tsakanin Mexico, Kanada da Amurka, wanda aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Atlantic (NAFTA). NAFTA ta bukaci aiwatar da manufofin daidaita tsarin a Meziko, kuma ta gamu da wani gagarumin bore daga Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1994, ranar da ta fara aiki.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an yi gangami a duk faɗin ƙasar a duk faɗin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka don adawa da masu zaman kansu da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci. Shugabanni da dama da ke kalubalantar tsarin mulkin neoliberal zuwa girma da karami sun hau kan karagar mulki: Hugo Chávez a Venezuela a 1998, Lula Inacio Lula da Silva a Brazil a 2003, Nestor Kirchner a Argentina a 2003, Tabaré Vázquez a Uruguay a 2004, Evo Morales a Bolivia a cikin 2005, Daniel Ortega a Nicaragua a 2006, da Rafael Correa a Ecuador a 2006. Tattaunawar kasa, korar 'yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da zaben shugabannin bangaren hagu, ya nuna zurfin kin amincewa da tsarin neoliberal fiye da sake zagayowar zanga-zangar farko. .
Wannan matsayi na musamman na Latin Amurka na iya kasancewa saboda matsayinsa a matsayin abin da Greg Grandin ya kira "bitar daular", wurin da Amurka ta sami ra'ayin kanta a matsayin daula, makarantar da suka koyi yadda ake aiwatar da tashin hankali ta hanyar wakilai. da kuma filin da za a yi gwaji tare da gina ƙasa mai 'yanci. Daga cikin wadanda suka fara fuskantar illar manufofin daidaita tsarin, kasashen Latin Amurka su ma sun kasance na farko da suka fara mayar da martani tare da nuna rashin amincewarsu, kuma a halin yanzu akwai gibi da ke kara tabarbarewa tsakanin gwamnatocin hagu da na hagu na yankin, da kuma sabon tsarin mulki. fursunoni a Washington. Shugabannin hagu da dama sun ki amincewa da George Bush's War on Terror, FTAA, kuma ya ce daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF).
Ban da yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Chavez a shekara ta 2002, ci gaban dabi'un masu ra'ayin gurguzu bai riga ya kai ga cin karo da makami ko juyin mulkin da Amurka ta samu ba wanda ya fuskanci gwamnatin gurguzu ta Salvador Allende a kasar Chile a shekarun 1970, da Farabundo Martí. National Liberation Front (FMLN) a El Salvador da Sandinistas a Nicaragua a cikin 1980s. Wani bangare na dalilin shi ne shigar Amurka a Iraki. Amma abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a Columbia suna nuni ne da dabarun bayan gida da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka za ta iya amfani da su wajen tsoma baki cikin harkokin Latin Amurka. Bayan wani samame da aka kai a sansanin dakarun juyin juya hali na Colombia (FARC) a cikin watan Maris, gwamnatin Colombia ta yi ikirarin samun shaidu a kan kwamfutoci masu alaka da Chavez da FARC. Da'awar, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a tabbatar ba, jaridu da jami'ai na Amurka sun kama su a matsayin shaida cewa Chávez na amfani da FARC don tada zaune tsaye a yankin. Sai dai akasin wadannan ikirari, 'yar siyasar Faransa-Colombia Ingrid Betancourt, wacce aka sako kwanan nan bayan da kungiyar ta FARC ta yi garkuwa da ita tsawon shekaru shida, ta godewa Chávez kan yadda ya shiga tsakani a madadin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su, a wata wasika da ta rubuta yayin da take tsare a watan Disamba. 2007.
Amurka tana ba da taimakon soji ga gwamnatin Alvaro Uribe mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar kayan aikin sojanta, mafi girma shine sansanin sojojin sama na Manta da ke Ecuador. Correa kwanan nan ya yi barazanar rufe tushe lokacin da yarjejeniyar ta kare, kuma ta ba da sararin ga China. Wannan yuwuwar ta kwatanta zaɓukan da ke buɗewa ga gwamnatin Amurka wajen aiwatar da shisshigi na riga-kafi.
Wani wuri mai haske a cikin mummunan yanayin dangantakar Amurka da Latin Amurka shine yiwuwar zaben dan takarar Democrat Barack Obama a zaben watan Nuwamba. Obama ya nuna babban budi na tattaunawa da shugabannin masu ra'ayin gurguzu a yankin idan ya hau kan karagar mulki, ciki har da wargaza harkokin kasuwanci da kuma shingen diflomasiyya da Cuba. Duk da haka, ya kuma ba da jawabi ga jama'a ga gidauniyar Cuban American National Foundation mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke Miami, yana mai alkawarin ci gaba da takunkumin da aka kakabawa Cuba. Ya kira Hugo Chavez a matsayin demagogue. Kuma a rikicin baya-bayan nan da Colombia, Obama ya kare ‘yancin Colombia na mamaye Ecuador domin neman ‘yan ta’adda. Ko dai kawai ya fadi wadannan abubuwa ne don gamsar da muhimman mazabu da tabbatar da zabensa ko kuma a zahiri zai yi riko da wadannan manufofi idan ya hau mulki.
Sabanin haka, a baya-bayan nan Turai ta dauki kan gaba wajen tsara wasu hanyoyin da za a bi don bibiyar Latin Amurka. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni ne Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'a kan kawo karshen takunkumin diflomasiyya da aka kakabawa Cuba a shekara ta 2003. Wannan matakin yana da nasaba da fakitin gyare-gyaren da shugaban Cuba Raúl Castro ya yi a 'yan watannin nan, wanda ya hada da baiwa 'yan Cuba damar fita kasashen waje. ba tare da neman izinin hukuma ba, halalta auren jinsi ɗaya, soke dokokin da suka hana ƙaura na cikin gida, ba da izini ga ƙananan sana’o’i, da ikon Cuban na hayar gidajensu da dakunansu a cikin gidajensu. Wani mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ya soki matakin dage takunkumin na Turai, yana mai cewa sauye-sauyen na kwaskwarima ne kuma bai kamata gwamnatin Raúl Castro ta halasta ba. Amma waɗannan maganganun sun kasance ƙarin nuni ne na yadda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ke da ra'ayin jama'a a ƙasashen waje da kuma cikin Amurka.
Kamar yadda ƙasashe a cikin Amurka suka samar da sababbin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a matsayin madadin FTAA, suna kuma kallon Turai a matsayin abin koyi na haɗin kai na cikin gida. A yayin taron koli na uku na shugabannin kasashe da aka gudanar a Brasilia a watan Mayu, kasashen Latin Amurka da dama sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta kafa kungiyar kasashen kudancin Amurka. An tsara ƙungiyar ta Tarayyar Turai (EU), kuma ta haɗu da ƙungiyoyi biyu na kasuwanci - Mercosur da Andean Community. Hedkwatar kungiyar za ta kasance a Quito, Ecuador; Majalisar Kudancin Amurka a Cochabamba, Bolivia; kuma Bankin Kudu zai kasance a Caracas, Venezuela. Shugabannin suna fatan za su yi koyi da ƙungiyar tasu bisa tsarin EU, tare da raba kuɗin shiga, fasfo, da majalisar dokoki kafin 2019.
Wannan ba yana nufin cewa Turai tana maye gurbin matsayin Amurka a cikin lamuran Latin Amurka ba, ko kuma Amurka ba ta da mahimmanci. Akwai alamu da yawa da ke nuna cewa har yanzu sojan Amurka da karfin tattalin arziki na kan karagar mulki. Shugabannin hagu na iya komawa zuwa ga wasu tsofaffin masu taimaka musu na Yaƙin Cacar don samun tallafi a wannan lokacin. Misali, bayan da Amurka ta dakatar da sayar wa Venezuela a cikin 2006, Chavez ya koma Rasha don siyar da makamai. Amma a lokacin yakin cacar baka, Latin Amurka tana fitar da wani aiki mai zaman kansa ga kanta, kuma maimakon majiɓinta ko masu taimako tana buƙatar abokantaka. Matsayin da waɗannan shugabannin suka samu nasarar gina waɗannan ƙawancen - tare da Turai da kuma bayan - na iya zama mahimmanci ga dorewar sabbin manufofin hagu a cikin Amurka.
Sujatha Fernandes: [email kariya]
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