Kawai tare da ginin majalisar Hungarian, baƙi zuwa Budapest za su iya samu Takalmi a bankin Danube. Ya ƙunshi takalma 60 da ke fuskantar kogin da ke kallon yamma, abin tunawa ne mai raɗaɗi ga Yahudawan Budapest waɗanda gwamnatin fasikati ta Arrow Cross ta kashe a tsakanin 1944 zuwa 1945. An umarce su da su cire takalmansu kafin a harbe su. Jikinsu ya fada cikin kogin.
Wadanda aka kashe ta wannan hanyar sun kasance kadan ne kawai na mutanen Hungary da aka kashe a Holocaust. A cikin kwanaki 56 a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1944 kaɗai, hukumomin Hungary sun yi aiki tare da gwamnatin Nazi don korar Yahudawa 437,402, musamman zuwa sansanonin ɓarkewa a Auschwitz da Birkenau. Kasancewa kusa da majalisar dokokin kasar Hungary, bikin tunawa da irin raunin da mulkin demokraɗiyya ya yi da kuma munanan ayyukan ta'addanci da aka yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Sabbi da tsofaffin siffofi
Babu wani abu na musamman na Hungarian game da waɗannan abubuwan, ba shakka. Turai tana da tsananin tashin hankali da tarihin wariyar launin fata. Babu wani yanki na nahiyar da zai iya da'awar rashin laifi idan aka zo ga tarihi da gadon farkisanci.
Mummunan firgicin da ya faru a baya shima yana iya makantar da mu wani lokaci ganin bullowar kishin kasa da farkisanci a sabbin salo. Idan babu sansanonin halakarwa, shin ya kamata mu gamsu da cewa 'yan dama na zamani sun dace da, kuma sun yarda da dimokuradiyya da 'yancin tsiraru? Masu ci gaba da dimokuradiyya a yawancin ƙasashen Turai a yau suna fuskantar wannan tambaya daidai. Jamus, Italiya, Faransa, Biritaniya, Austria, Poland, Netherlands, Sweden da Spain, don bayyana wasu fitattun lamurra, duk ƙasashen da ke da girma ko haɗin kai na dama a fagen siyasar ƙasarsu.
Wataƙila saboda tarihin da ke da alaƙa da kalmomin fasikanci, masu lura da yawa ba sa son bayyana waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin irin wannan harshe, maimakon haka sun gwammace su lakafta shi '' populism-right-right populism '. Haɗarin wannan sauyi na harshe shi ne, zai iya taimakawa wajen daidaita waɗannan sabbin rundunonin dama na dama zuwa wani yanki mai karɓuwa na yanayin siyasar Turai. Bayan haka, farkisanci na ƙarni na 20 bai fara tafiya zuwa sansanonin halaka ba ta hanyar amincewa da wannan a matsayin manufarsa.
Wani ɓangare na ikon tattara sabbin dama a Turai ya ta'allaka ne a cikin 'siyasar tunawa' yadda ake tunanin farkisanci na ƙarni na 20 a yau. Sabuwar dama ta ki amincewa da duk wani ra'ayi na alhakin kasa na farkisanci. Suna da'awar cewa ba sa ci gaba da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tarihi, yayin da suke zana ra'ayi na yawancin fararen fata waɗanda ke kama da maganganun farkisanci na gargajiya: cewa ƙwararrun masu sassaucin ra'ayi a tsari na lalata fararen fata na asali don amfanin ƙabilanci da tsirarun addinai.
Dimokuradiyyar rashin sassaucin ra'ayi
A yau, Hungary ta tsaya a tsakiyar waɗannan ci gaba. Tun shekara ta 2010, a karkashin Firayim Minista Viktor Orbán da gwamnatinsa ta Fidesz, kasar ta fara yin abin da suka kira 'dimokradiyyar rashin sassaucin ra'ayi'. Ga masu sa ido na kasa da kasa harshen Orbán da jam'iyyarsa ke amfani da shi yana da ban sha'awa musamman ga yadda suke ƙin ƙa'idodin 'yanci. Suna adawa da ra'ayin cewa ƙungiyoyin farar hula na da 'yanci da 'yanci dangane da gwamnati a kan cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ba a zaɓe su da rinjaye ba. Suna amfani da irin wannan salon na 'majoritarian' don ƙin yarda da ra'ayin cewa ƙungiyoyin tsiraru da ƙabilanci suna da 'yancin ɗan adam.
Ganin cewa jam'iyyu masu tsatsauran ra'ayi galibi ana tunanin su zama masu matsakaici yayin da suke matsawa kusa da mulki, Fidesz ya ba da labari na daban. Jam'iyyar ta fara rayuwa ne bayan faduwar tsarin gurguzu a matsayin matashiya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ko da akida, amma bayan lokaci ya zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Zsuzsanna Szelényi, 'yar adawar kasar Hungary, ta bar jam'iyyar a shekara ta 1994. Ta yi daidai da kama Orbán na mulkin kama karya na jam'iyyar daga 1992 zuwa gaba da mulkinsa a ofis.
"Da wuri Viktor Orbán… ya tura jam'iyyar… da hannu mai karfi… Dukkanin tsarin yanke shawara, musamman dangane da kudaden jam'iyya, cikin sauri ya zama mara gaskiya," in ji ta. Ga Szelényi, muradin Orbán ne na mulki, maimakon duk wani zurfin akida mai zurfi ga kimar kishin ƙasa, shine ya motsa shi.
Tattaunawar iko
Yawancin 'yan adawar Hungary suna da wannan hangen nesa. Suna jayayya cewa sau da yawa maganganun da gwamnatin Fidesz ta yi game da ƙaura da kuma Musulunci ana amfani da su ta hanyar wulakanci don samun goyon baya da kuma kawar da 'yan adawa.
Dániel Bartha, darektan wani tanki mai tunani na Budapest, ya ba da hujjar cewa babban tasirin mulkin Orbán shine 'ƙarfafa ƙarfi akan sikelin'. Fidesz ya ƙirƙiri sabon ƙwararrun masu aminci a cikin kasuwanci, cibiyoyin jama'a, jami'o'i da kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ya cancanta ta hanyar yaren kishin ƙasa na Hungary da ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Wani tasiri shi ne kawar da daidaito tsakanin jam'iyyun da ke takara a zabuka. An kashe makudan kudaden masu biyan haraji kan ‘kamfen na bayanai’ na gwamnati, alal misali, wadanda suka shafi George Soros da shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Jean-Claude Juncker mai barin gado a matsayin alkalumman da ke wakiltar wani dan gudun hijira, mai kyamar Kiristanci na ‘yancin kai na duniya kan kasar Hungary. . An yi wa kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu saniyar ware yayin da gwamnati ta tara kudaden shiga na tallace-tallace a kan cibiyoyin tallafi, yayin da ta kauracewa masu mahimmanci. Magoya bayan kasuwancinta sun shiga ciki, suna fama da yunwar kudi. Haka kuma an mayar da kafafen yada labarai na sassan gwamnati su zama masu goyon bayan gwamnati marasa suka.
roko na duniya
Maganganun Orbán ba shi da ƙima da fa'ida. Gwamnatin Hungary ce ta fassara jawabansa duka zuwa Turanci, kuma ana buga su ta yanar gizo, yana mai jaddada ƙwarin gwiwarsa na haɓaka waɗannan ra'ayoyin a duniya. 'Yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun taimaka wa waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Fidesz ya kasance memba na kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Turai (EPP), kodayake a halin yanzu an dakatar da shi har sai an gudanar da bincike. Manfred Weber, shugaban jam'iyyar EPP, ya aika sakon taya murna ga Orbán a shafinsa na twitter bayan nasarar da ya samu a zaben kasar Hungary a shekarar 2018, duk da cewa 'yan kwanaki kadan kafin Orbán ya shaida wa masu kada kuri'a na Hungary cewa sun fuskanci gwagwarmayar ceto kasarsu daga ' Alchemical workshop na George Soros' da kuma cewa 'hijira ita ce tsatsa da za ta cinye ƙasarmu sannu a hankali.' Haɗin kyama da kyamar Islama, inda ake kai wa Yahudawa hari don ba da goyon baya ga shige da fice na musulmi, shine babban jigon sabon dama. .
Sauran 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma sun yi farin ciki tare da gwamnatin Fidesz. A cikin Maris, Orbán ya yi magana a wani taro a Budapest kan ƙaura tare da tsohon shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy. Orbán ya yi amfani da jawabin nasa don bayyana sigar sa na abin da ake kira 'babban maye gurbin' ka'idar maƙarƙashiya, wacce ta ce ƙaura wani ɓangare ne na makircin masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
A Biritaniya, babban mai goyon bayan Orbán shine Nigel Farage. ‘Alhamdu lillahi, akwai wani shugaba na Turai da ya shirya tsayawa tsayin daka don kare manufofinsa, al’ummarsa, al’adunsa, da jama’arsa,” in ji Farage kwanan nan. Haɓaka sabuwar Jam'iyyar Brexit ta Farage ta kasance haɓaka ga Turai ta dama.
Cibiyoyin EU za su zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmanci don yaƙi da haɓakar farkisanci a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Ko da wane irin yanayi na ƙarshe na matsayin Biritaniya a Turai, yana da mahimmanci mu shiga cikin juriya na kasa da kasa ga ci gaba mai nisa kuma mu ɗauki nauyin mu na adawa da farkisanci da gaske.
Luke Cooper ɗan'uwan baƙi ne a kan shirin Turai na gaba a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Dan Adam (Vienna). A halin yanzu yana aiki akan wani littafi da jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen podcast akan rikicin Turai
Muryoyi daga ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Hungary
An shiga cikin yakin neman zabe na gwamnati
Zoltán Mester
Tun daga 2006, Gidauniyar Emberség Erejével (Tare da Ƙarfin Dan Adam) ta shiga cikin ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Pécs, kusa da iyakar Croatian, a kudancin Hungary. Garin shine tsakiyar yankin da ba shi da ci gaban tattalin arziki, yanki mara kyau, garin jami'a mai fa'ida, da Babban Babban Al'adun Turai a 2010.
A shekara ta 2010, gidauniyar ta fara aiki tare da yara marasa galihu da ke zaune a wani yanki mai rauni na Pécs, kuma a cikin 2013 ta buɗe musu makaranta. Babban manufar, baya ga taimakawa koyo, shine samar da damammaki daidai, don haka yara matalauta zasu iya fuskantar ayyukan da ba a saba da su ba.
Yana da aikin tushe na kwanan nan, kodayake, wanda ya haifar da cikakken hari daga masu iko. Shirin Growing Civic Communities zai ga gidauniyar rarraba forints miliyan 100 (£ 270,000) ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin al'umma sama da shekaru uku, daga Gidauniyar Open Society. Wannan ya gan mu a cikin yakin farfagandar gwamnati game da George Soros da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Hungary da ke goyon bayan tushe.
Ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓen dai shi ne amincewa da wata sanarwa da Majalisar ta Pécs ta yi, inda ta nemi jama’ar gari da kada su bar mu mu yi hayar ofishin gidauniyar mu. A sakamakon haka, mun yi asarar kayanmu na haya, amma an yi sa'a mun sami wasu tayin da yawa.
A yau, yaƙin neman zaɓe na farfaganda da aka shirya a tsakiya ya rasa ƙarfinsa, kodayake har yanzu wakilan gwamnati suna ƙoƙarin ƙara wahalar aikinmu.
Mun haɓaka dabarun mai da hankali kan sadarwa mai kyau, ƙoƙarin yin aikin da muka yi imani da shi, ba tare da la’akari da yanayin ba, tare da ƙimar duniya da Turai waɗanda a halin yanzu ba su da farin jini sosai a Hungary. A ra'ayinmu, a cikin shekaru 30 tun bayan sauya tsarin mulki, ba a taɓa samun irin wannan buƙatu mai girma ga ƙungiyoyi, cibiyoyi da tushe na Turai su kasance masu himma da tasiri wajen tallafawa al'ummar Hungary ba.
Yaki da yancin samun gidaje a tsarin dimokuradiyya mara hankali
Éva Tessza Udvarhelyi
Garin na kowa ne ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ganin gidaje masu fafutuka don kare mutuncin marasa gida da haƙƙin samun gidaje ga kowa. An kafa ƙungiyarmu a shekara ta 2009 ta mutanen da ba su da matsuguni da abokansu. Tun daga kafuwar mu, muna fafutukar yaki da masu aikata laifuka na rashin matsuguni, korar mutane ba tare da wani wuri dabam ba, lalata rumfunan da aka gina da kansu, 'yan sanda suna tursasa mutanen da ba su da matsuguni da kuma 'yancin samun adireshi da 'yancin yin hidimar zamantakewa mai kyau. da sauran abubuwa.
A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, an kori mutane kusan 10,000 a kasar Hungary, wanda ke nufin dubun dubatar mutane sun rasa gidajensu. Yayin da gwamnatin Orbán ta sadaukar da makudan kuɗaɗen jama'a don tallafawa mallakar gida na ƙarin iyalai masu wadata, ta dakatar da shirin bayar da tallafin gidaje na ƙasa da ake samarwa ga masu karamin karfi, ta ƙi haɓaka gidajen jama'a tare da yin watsi da hauhawar haya a cikin birane. .
Baya ga kakkausar murya da kakkausar murya ga gwamnatin kasar Hungary da bin doka da oda da suka shafi dukkan 'yan kasar Hungary, gwamnatin Orbán ta yi wa marasa galihu musamman a tituna hari ta hanyar zartar da jerin dokoki tun daga shekarar 2010 wanda ya sanya Hungary ta zama kasa daya tilo a duniya da ta aikata laifin barci a sararin samaniyar jama'a. a matakin tsarin mulki. Sabon salo na wannan doka, wanda ya ba da damar tsare mutanen da ba su da matsuguni da kuma sanya su a gidan yari saboda sun kwana a kan titi, a halin yanzu kotun tsarin mulkin kasar na sake duba ta.
Garin na kowa ne kuma ƙungiyar 'yar'uwarmu ta Streetlawyer Association, tare da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fasaha, ƙwararrun jama'a, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙwararrun likitoci, ƙwararrun jama'a da ƴan ƙasa na yau da kullun, sun tashi tsaye kan wannan doka ta rashin adalci da rashin adalci ta hanyar zanga-zangar, ba da agajin doka. da wakilci da bayar da tallafi ga mutane marasa gida.
Jiran ƙarshen duhu yayin da kafofin watsa labaru masu 'yanci suka ɓace
Nagy Gergely Miklós
An canza yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na Hungary da yawa a cikin shekaru tara na gwamnatin Orbán - kodayake kalmar 'canji' tayi laushi sosai ga yadda canjin ya kasance mai ban tsoro.
A gaskiya, ban tabbatar da ainihin lokacin da ya fara ba. Kafin 2010 (shekarar da Orbán ya hau kan mulki) akwai nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, tare da ƙimar hagu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi ko na dama. Labaran yau da kullun, tashoshin labarai, mako-mako, rediyo - na yau da kullun. Dimokuradiyyarmu ba ta kasance cikakke ba, kuma tana da matashi, amma yanayin watsa labarai ya ji kamar al'ada.
Yanzu komai ya tafi.
Yanzu ba ma magana game da 'hagu-reshe' ko 'dama-reshe' danna wani kuma, amma game da fadada injin farfaganda. Wannan kafafen yada labarai na fitar da sakonnin adawa da shige da fice na tsawon sa'o'i 24, da kuma yunkurin tsoratarwa da halaka duk wanda ya kuskura ya soki gwamnati a bainar jama'a.
Wani lokaci suna amfani da bayanan sirri na mutane a kansu. Wani lokaci suna cin zarafin ’yan uwa. Suna amfani da cikakken karfin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a don hidimar mulki.
Jam'iyya mai mulki ta Hungary, Fidesz, tana ci gaba da siyan kafofin watsa labarai, rufe su, sarrafa kasuwar talla, da kuma shaƙa ragowar 'yan jaridu na gaske ko kuma canza shi zuwa ƙarin farfaganda.
A gaskiya, ba ni da kyakkyawan fata game da halin da ake ciki. Duk wannan ya dace da hoto mafi girma. Abin da Orbán ya yi kuma ya yi kowace rana ba sabon abu ba ne, amma wani nau'i ne na musamman na sabon ra'ayin jama'a na kasa. Saƙonni masu sauƙi, masu suna scapegoats, koyaushe a babban girma. A Yammacin Turai ko a cikin Amurka, cibiyoyi daban-daban da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a za su sami ƙarin ƙarfi don tsayayya da waɗannan muryoyin da tasirinsu. Amma ƙasa kamar Hungary, wacce ba ta da tushe mai zurfi a cikin al'adun dimokiradiyya, na iya shiga cikin babbar matsala.
Duk da haka, darasin a bayyane yake gare mu kuma yana iya kasancewa ga kowa da kowa: idan kowace gwamnati ta fara kai hari ga manema labarai, wannan shine kawai alamar farko. Kar a jira na biyu.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi