Safiya ce ta Kabul. Dandalin Malik Ashgar ya riga ya zama mai cin karo da taksi na Corolla, korayen jeeps na 'yan sanda, kananan motocin kirar kirar, da masu tuka babura. Akwai yara maza masu sayar da katin waya da kuma wasu mazaje suna daga wasu makudan kudade domin yin musaya, duk suna zagayawa da motocin cikin hayakin hayaki. A kofar makarantar Lycée Esteqial, daya daga cikin manyan makarantun kasar, dalibai suna ta harbin kwallon kafa. A ma'aikatar ilimi, wani tsohon gini irin na Soviet da ke gaban makarantar, layin ma'aikata ya zube kan titi. Ina haye dandalin, na nufi hidima, sai na ga dan kunar bakin wake.
Ya na da siffofi na Scandinavian. Sanye yake sanye da blue jeans da farar t-shirt, sanye da babbar jaka, ya fara harbin ma’aikatar. Daga wurina, kusan mita 50, na kasa ganin yanayinsa, amma kamar bai yi sauri ko firgita ba. Na yi faki a bayan wata motar haya. Ba a daɗe ba sai da ƴan sandan da ke kan hanya suka gudu kuma dandalin ya kwashe motoci.
Mutane 2009, galibi fararen hula ne suka mutu a hare-haren da aka kai a ma'aikatar ilimi, da ma'aikatar shari'a, da sauran wurare a fadin birnin a wannan rana a shekara ta XNUMX. Bayan haka, hukumomin Amurka sun dora alhakin Haqqani Network, wata kayyayaki mai duhu da ke aiki daga Pakistan da ta yi majagaba. amfani da ‘yan kunar bakin wake da dama wajen kai hare-hare a cikin birane masu daukar hankali kan labarai. Ba kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin Taliban ba, hanyar Haqqanis game da rikici ta duniya ce kuma ta zamani: sun ɗauki Larabawa, Pakistani, har ma da Turawa, kuma sabon tunanin Islama ya rinjaye su. Shugabansu, jagoran 'yan tawayen Septuagenarian Jalaluddin Haqqani, wani abu ne kamar Osama bin Laden da Al Capone wanda aka mirgina a matsayin daya, mai tsananin akida kamar yadda ya kasance mara tausayi.
Kuma bayan shekaru da yawa, mabiyansa suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya. Ko da Amurka ta janye yawancin sojojinta a wannan shekara, har zuwa 10,000 na musamman na Ayyuka na Musamman, na CIA, da masu goyon bayansu za su kasance a baya don yakar Haqqani, Taliban, da makamantansu a yakin da ake ganin ba shi da iyaka. Tare da irin waɗannan maƙiyan da suka daɗe, rikici a yau yana da iska na rashin makawa - amma zai iya faruwa duka daban.
Ko da yake yanzu yana da wuya a yi tunanin, a tsakiyar 2002 babu wani tashin hankali a Afghanistan: al-Qaeda ya gudu daga kasar kuma Taliban ta daina kasancewa a matsayin motsi na soja. Jalaluddin Haqqani da wasu jiga-jigan 'yan Taliban sun kai wa daya bangaren yunkurin yanke yarjejeniya da ajiye makamansu. Dubun dubatar sojojin Amurka, duk da haka, sun isa ƙasar Afganistan, bayan-9/11, da manufa ɗaya: yaƙi da ta'addanci.
Kamar yadda na bayar da rahoto a cikin sabon littafina, Babu Nagartattun Mutane Daga cikin Rayayyun: Amurka, Taliban, da Yaƙi ta Idon Afganistan, Amurka za ta tuhumi wannan yaƙin duk da cewa babu abokin gaba da zai yi yaƙi. Don fahimtar yadda yakin Amurka a Afghanistan ya kasance ba daidai ba na dogon lokaci, darasi na tarihi (boye) yana cikin tsari. A cikin waɗancan farkon shekarun bayan 2001, wanda idée fixe ya jagoranta cewa duniya ta rabu cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi zuwa sansanonin 'yan ta'adda da waɗanda ba na ta'addanci ba, Washington ta haɗu da shugabannin yaƙi na Afghanistan da ƙwararru. Maƙiyansu sun zama namu, kuma ta wurin da ba daidai ba, an mayar da husuma a matsayin “ta’addanci.” Labarin Jalaluddin Haqqani, wanda ya juya daga kawayen Amurka zuwa babban makiyanta, shi ne abin da ke nuni da yadda yaki da ta'addanci ya haifar da makiya da take neman kawar da ita.
Yaƙin neman Fitar da Haqqani: 2001
Jalaluddin Haqqani yana tsaye kusan matsakaicin tsayi, ga gira mai bushewa, hancin aquiline, faffadan murmushi, da faffadan gemu, wanda cikin girmansa ya hadiye rabin fuskarsa. A kasarsa ta haihuwa, larduna uku kudu maso gabashin Afganistan da aka fi sani da Loya Paktia, wani abu ne na gwarzon yaki, mujahidan Soviet mai adawa da jaruntaka kuma kusa da juriya na tatsuniya. (Sau ɗaya, bayan an harbe shi, ya ƙi maganin kashe radadi domin yana azumi.) A cikin shekarun yaƙin cacar-baki, Amurkawa sun ƙaunace shi - ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Texas Charlie Wilson ya kira shi “mai kyawun hali” - da kuma Osama bin Laden. . A cikin 1980s, Amurka ta ba shi kudi da makamai a yakin da gwamnatin Soviet ke marawa baya a Kabul da Red Army, yayin da kungiyoyin Larabawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka ba da guraben daukar ma'aikata don karfafa karfinsa na Afghanistan.
Jami'an Amurka suna da wannan tarihin a zuciyarsa sa'ad da aka fara yaƙin Afganistan na biyu a watan Oktoba na 2001. Da fatan su shawo kan Haqqani (wanda ya goyi bayan Taliban da al-Qaeda a shekarun bayan Tarayyar Soviet) su sauya sheka, sun kare yankinsa na Loya Paktia daga tsananin yakin bama-bamai da suka salwanta a yawancin sassan kasar. A nasu bangaren, kungiyar Taliban ta dora shi kan gaba dayan rundunonin soji, inda bangarorin biyu ke ganin cewa nasa na iya zama masu kada kuri’a a yakin. Haqqani ya gana da manyan jiga-jigan Taliban da Osama bin Laden, sai dai ya tashi zuwa Pakistan, inda ya shiga tarurrukan tarurrukan da Pakistan da 'yan Afghanistan masu samun goyon bayan Amurka.
Wakilan nasa sun kuma fara ganawa da jami'an Amurka a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, inda daga karshe Amurkawa suka yi masa tayin mika wuya ga tsare shi, da hada kai da sabbin hukumomin sojan Afganistan, kuma bayan lokacin da ya dace, zai kasance. kyauta don tafiya. Ga Haqqani, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutanen Loya Paktia, wanda aka fi sani da shi, begen zama a bayan sanduna ya yi wuya a gane. Arsala Rahmani, wani abokinsa, wanda zai ci gaba da zama sanata a gwamnatin Afghanistan, ya gaya mini cewa, “Yana so ya sami matsayi mai muhimmanci a Loya Paktia, amma sun ce za su kama shi. Ya kasa gaskatawa. Za ka iya tunanin irin wannan cin mutuncin?”
Haqqani ya ki amincewa da tayin na Amurka, amma ya bar kofa a bude don tattaunawa a nan gaba. Babban ɗabi'ar da aka yi a cikin Amurka, ko da yake, shine cewa kuna tare da mu ko kuma kuna gaba da mu. "Ni da kaina ko da yaushe na yi imani cewa Haqqani mutum ne da za mu iya aiki da shi," in ji wani tsohon jami'in leken asirin Amurka ga dan jarida Joby Warrick. "Amma a lokacin, babu wanda ya kalli sararin sama, inda za mu kasance a cikin shekaru biyar. Ga masu bin manufofin, kawai 'ya zana waɗannan ƙananan mutane launin ruwan kasa'.
A farkon watan Nuwamba, Amurka ta fara jefa bama-bamai a Loya Paktia. Bayan dare biyu, jiragen yaki sun kai hari gidan Haqqani a garin Gardez, kusa da iyakar Pakistan. Ba ya nan, amma surukinsa da wani bawan iyalinsa sun mutu a fashewar. Washegari da yamma, jiragen Amurka sun kai hari a wata makarantar addini a kauyen Mata China, daya daga cikin Haqqani da yawa da suka gina a Afganistan da Pakistan, wanda ya samar da daki, da jirgi, da ilimi ga yara matalauta. Malem Jan, abokin dangin Haqqani, ya zo da safe. "Ban taba ganin irinsa ba," in ji shi. “Akwai gawawwaki da yawa. Rufin ya kwanta a kasa. Na ga yaro guda ɗaya da yake raye a ƙarƙashinsa, amma ba wanda ya iya fitar da shi cikin lokaci.” Mutane 34, kusan dukkan yara ne suka rasa rayukansu.
Haqqani ya kasance a gidansa na farko a ƙauyen Zani Khel da ke kusa, rukunin gidajen laka mai ƙura wanda ya taɓa zama tungar Soviet. "Mun ji fashewar fashewar, sannan kuma karar jirage a sararin sama," wani dan uwansa, da ke makwabtaka, ya gaya mani. "Mun tsorata sosai." Haqqani ya koma gidan Mawlawi Sirajuddin, wani basarake. Ba'a dade ba gidan ya girgiza da karfi sakamakon harin da jirgin ya kai kai tsaye. Haqqani ya samu munanan raunuka amma ya samu ya haura daga cikin baraguzan ginin ya tsere. Shi kuwa Sirajuddin bai yi sa’a sosai ba: an kashe matarsa Fatima, jikoki uku, jikoki shida, da wasu ‘yan uwa 10.
Washe gari Haqqani ya aika da saƙo zuwa ga waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma tsoffin kwamandojinsa yana ba su shawarar su miƙa wuya. Amurkawa, duk da haka, sun riga sun sami abokin tarayya a Loya Paktia da suke nema, wanda zai zama jagoran yaki kuma mai goyon bayan Sarkin Afganistan mai gudun hijira mai suna Pacha Khan Zadran. Tare da kauri uni-brow da handbar gashin baki, PKZ (kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga Amurkawa) yayi kama da Saddam Hussein na Afghanistan. Mai hazaka, jahilci, kuma mai saurin fushi, ya kasance ta fuskoki da dama kishiyar Haqqani, wanda ya yi yaki a karkashinsa na dan lokaci a lokacin jihadi na Sobiyat. Ya isa Loya Paktia jim kadan bayan da 'yan Taliban suka tsere a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba kuma suka ayyana kansa a matsayin gwamnan larduna uku. Ba da dadewa ba, ya rufe alakarsa da Amurkawa ta hanyar yin alkawarin isar da mutumin da suke so a yanzu: Jalaluddin Haqqani.
"Lokacin da na gan shi," in ji Malem Jan, "ya damu da bacin rai. Ya ce in ceci kaina in tafi, domin Pacha Khan ba zai bar mu mu rayu ba.” Da sanyin safiya a karshen watan Nuwamba, Haqqani ya tsallaka kan iyakar Pakistan. Ba za a sake ganinsa a bainar jama'a ba.
Ƙoƙarin sulhuntawa a cikin harshen wuta: 2001
A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2001, Hamid Karzai mai samun goyon bayan Amurka yana shirye-shiryen rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na Afghanistan. Kusan 100 daga cikin manyan dattawan kabilar Loya Paktia ne suka fito a yammacin ranar a cikin ayarin motocin Kabul domin taya Karzai murna tare da ayyana amincinsu, lamarin da zai yi nisa wajen halasta mulkinsa a tsakanin al'ummar kasar. Daga Pakistan, Haqqani ya aika 'yan uwa, abokai na kud da kud, da abokan siyasa don shiga cikin ayarin motocin - reshen zaitun ga sabuwar gwamnati.
Kimanin motoci 30 ne dai ayarin motocin suka yi ta tafiya cikin sahara na tsawon sa'o'i. Kusa da faɗuwar rana, ya isa wani tudu kuma an tilasta masa tsayawa: PKZ da ɗaruruwan mutanensa dauke da makamai suna tare hanya. Malek Sardar, dattijo daga kabilar Haqqani, ya zo wurinsa. "Yana bukatar dattawa su karbe shi a matsayin shugaban Loya Paktia," in ji Sardar. "Yana son buga babban yatsan mu da sa hannu a nan da can." Sardar ya yi alkawarin dawowa bayan rantsar da shi don tattaunawa kan lamarin, amma PKZ ba za ta yi kasa a gwiwa ba, don haka ayarin motocin suka goya baya suka nufi hanyar da za ta bi ta Kabul.
A wayarsa ta tauraron dan adam, Sardar ya kira jami'ai a babban birnin Afghanistan da kuma ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Peshawar, Pakistan, yana neman taimako, amma ya makara. PKZ, wacce ke da kunnuwan manyan sojojin Amurka, ta sanar da su cewa, wata rundunar sojan ruwa ta “Haqqani-al Qaeda” tana kan hanyar zuwa Kabul. Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da wasu bama-bamai suka tashi, motoci suka fara cin wuta. “Muna iya ganin fitilu a sararin sama, suna wuta a ko’ina. Jama'a na ta kururuwa muka gudu," in ji Sardar. Amurkawa dai sun yi ta luguden wuta kan ayarin motocin. Za a ci gaba da kai hare-haren na tsawon sa'o'i. Yayin da Sardar da wasu suka fake a wasu kauyukan da ke kusa da su, jirage sun yi ta zagaya da baya suka afkawa wuraren biyu, inda suka lalata gidaje kusan 20 tare da kashe mutane da dama. Baki daya, mutane 50, da suka hada da fitattun dattawan kabilar, sun mutu a harin.
A halin yanzu dai a karshen watan Disamba ne, kuma a Qale Niazi, wani kauye da ya kasance tungar Haqqani a shekarun 1980, harin bam ya tsoratar da dattawan da suka karbe ikon jibge makamai na shekaru da dama. "Ba ma son Pacha Khan ya dauki wadannan makamai ya yi amfani da su," in ji dattijo Fazel Muhammad. "Ya kamata su kasance na gwamnatin Karzai, don haka mun kiyaye ta har sai da suka zo."
Yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa kauye wata rana da daddare domin bikin aure, sai ya ji jiragen Amurka. Bayan wani lokaci, gidajen laka da ke gabansa sun fashe a wani hari kai tsaye. Bam na biyu ya tashi a ma'ajiyar makaman, inda ya tada tashe-tashen hankula. Saman dare ya haskaka, yana haskaka mata da yara masu gudu. "Wasu jirage masu saukar ungulu sun zo," in ji Muhammad, "sannan kuma wadannan mutanen ba su kasance ba."
Da safe fazel Muhammad yaje neman gidan 'yan uwansa, inda aka yi walima, amma duk ya tarar akwai bulo na laka da aka tarwatsa, murɗaɗɗen hoton hoto, gurɓatattun tukwane, takalman yara, gashin kai mai waƙaƙƙen gashi. yanke yatsun mutane. Bayan haka, kwamitin kabilanci da aka kafa don gudanar da bincike kan kisan kiyashin ya tabbatar da cewa PKZ ta ciyar da Amurkawa “hankali” cewa Qale Niazi wata tungar Haqqani ce. A cewar wani bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane 52 sun mutu: maza 17, mata 10, da yara 25.
Sulhu da Harshe: 2002
A cikin makonni shida, yakin da Amurka ta yi na kashe Jalaluddin Haqqani ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula 159, wani ƙauye maras kyau, rugujewar gidaje 37, wargajewar shugabancin ƙabilanci, da hawan wani mutum Pacha Khan Zadran, a matsayin ɗan wasa mafi muhimmanci a Loya Paktia. A halin da ake ciki dai Haqqani da mabiyansa suna fakewa a Pakistan, suna kallon larduna uku da suka ji daxi da kuma arziƙi a cikin su, sun kuɓuce daga hannunsu. Rayuwa a cikin Pakistan ta ɗan yi kyau. Yayin da Haqqani ya buya a Peshawar, iyalinsa sun koma wani yanki na Miram Shah, babban birnin hukumar kabilanci ta Arewacin Waziristan. Sojojin Pakistan, a wancan lokacin, suna aiki kafada da kafada da Washington, don kama wadanda ake zargi da al-Qaeda da Taliban. A watan Disamba, sojojinta sun kai farmaki gidan Miram Shah, inda suka kama dansa Sirajuddin. Makonni bayan haka, sun mamaye maboyar Peshawar, da kyar Haqqani ya tsere.
A cikin watanni masu zuwa, tawagogin sojojin Amurka na musamman sun yi kutse cikin sirri cikin Pakistan don kai farmaki a gidajen Haqqani da makarantun hauza, wanda ya tada fushi a cikin al'ummar yankin. “Ba za mu taba barin wani ya ruguza cibiyoyin addininmu ba,” in ji Hajji Salam Wazir, wani dattijon kabilanci. "Na yi mamakin yadda Amurkawa ke amfani da Musulmai," in ji shi. "Har jiya, Haqqani ya kasance jarumi kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci ga Amurka, kuma sun aika da nasu kwararrun soja don horar da shi. Yanzu shi dan ta’adda ne.”
Tsakanin barazanar kama Pakistan da kisan Amurka, Haqqani ya yanke shawarar sake tuntuɓar sabuwar gwamnatin Afghanistan. A watan Maris din shekarar 2002, ya aika da dan uwansa Ibrahim Omari zuwa kasar Afganistan a wani yunkuri na sasantawa da Karzai. A wani taron jama'a da ya samu halartar daruruwan shugabannin kabilu da kuma jiga-jigan yankin, Omari ya yi mubaya'a ga sabuwar gwamnati tare da yin kira ga mabiya Haqqani da su dawo daga Pakistan su yi aiki da hukuma. Daga nan aka nada shi shugaban majalisar kabilu na lardin Paktia, cibiyar da ke da nufin danganta dattawan kauyuka da gwamnatin Kabul. Ba da daɗewa ba, ɗaruruwan tsofaffin kwamandojin Haqqani, waɗanda suka fake saboda tsoron PKZ, suka shigo daga sanyi.
Malem Jan na daya daga cikinsu. Da dogayen gashin idanu masu dunkulewa, da dabobin kohl a karkashin idanunsa, da goge-gogen farcen yatsa, yana da sha'awar rawa, wanda sau da yawa yakan yi solo don jin dadin abokansa. Ya kuma kasance kwamandan kwamanda, wanda ya yi yaki a karkashin Haqqani a farkon shekarun 1990 don yakar gwamnatin gurguzu. A cikin bazara na 2002, ya tattara tsoffin mayakansa kuma ba da jimawa ba suna aiki da CIA a matsayin rukunin soja, suna ba da tsaro ga ayyukan Amurka don neman al-Qaeda.
"Lokaci ne mai kyau," Malem Jan ya tuna. "Muna aiki tare, muna raba abinci, musayar tsegumi." Mayakan CIA, wadanda akwai rabin dozin a Loya Paktia, nan ba da jimawa ba za su yi girma zuwa runduna ta inuwar mutum 3,000, wacce ake kira Tawagar Ta'addanci, wacce ke aiki har yau a wajen ikon gwamnatin Afghanistan da amsa ga Amurka kawai. sojojin.
An sake farfado da tuntubar juna tsakanin Haqqani da CIA, inda dan uwansa Omari ya kasance mai shiga tsakani. An yi shirin ganawa tsakanin Haqqani da kansa da wakilan Hukumar. Mabuɗin yarjejeniyar ita ce tabbacin cewa za a ba shi damar komawa Afghanistan da kuma shiga harkokin siyasar Loya Paktia. Matsalar ita ce PKZ, wadda ta kalli irin wannan yunkuri da kishi, kuma har yanzu tana daure kai tsaye wajen sarrafa larduna uku. "Dole ne a ba ni damar zama gwamna," in ji shi ga Austin American-Statesman. "Idan ba ni ba, zai zama wani daga al-Qaeda."
A lokacin da Karzai ya nada sabon mutum don ya jagoranci lardin Paktia, PKZ ta yi yunkurinsa, inda ta yi wa gidan gwamnan kawanya tare da kashe mutane 25. A lokaci guda kuma, ya shawo kan jami'an sojan Amurka da su kakkabe Haqqani. Wata maraice, yayin da Omari ke ziyartar gidan wani jami'in gwamnati da ke kusa da Kabul, dakarun Amurka na musamman sun bayyana - ba tare da sanin CIA ba - kuma suka kama shi. A wancan makon, an kama irin wannan kame na mabiya Haqqani a fadin Loya Paktia.
Da Malem Jan ya fahimci abin da ke faruwa, sai ya gudu zuwa Pakistan, amma an tattara wasu da yawa daga cikin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa, aka tura su zuwa sabon gidan yarin Amurka da ke Bagram Air Base, cibiyar faɗaɗa rundunar soja cikin sauri. Swat Khan, mataimakinsa, ya ce a farkon tambayarsa an rataye shi da wuyansa daga silin. Daga baya, an yi masa duka. A ƙarshe, an tura shi zuwa Guantanamo, inda, bayan ƴan shekaru, ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa. "Duk yana nan lokacin da na rufe idona," in ji shi bayan an sake shi. "Mafarkin dare bai bar ni ba."
Sai da CIA ta ɗauki watanni kafin ta gane cewa Omari yana cikin wani kulle-kulle na Amurka. Da aka sake shi sai ya yi kama da wani mutum daban. Ranar kaka ce aka yi sanyi, a kan wani tudu da ke kusa da garin Khost, lokacin da daruruwan dattawan kabilu da jami'an gwamnati suka zo tarbarsa. Akwai manyan mutane daga kauyukan da jiragen Amurka da dakarun PKZ suka yi ta luguden bama-bamai da kuma kai musu hari, dattijai da suka tsira daga wannan bala'in, manoma da aka aike da 'ya'yansu zuwa Guantanamo.
“Da farko ban ma iya gane shi ba,” in ji dattijon ƙabila Malek Sardar. "Ba zai yi magana game da abin da suka yi masa ba. Da alama yana da zafi don tambaya." A hankali muryarsa na rawa Omari yayi jawabi. Babu fata ga wannan gwamnati ko Amurkawa, in ji shi. Wasu dattawa sun yi wa Karzai ihu. Wasu kuma sun ce Amurkawa ba su da bambanci da na Rasha. Omari ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai sake taka kafarsa a kasar Afganistan ba har sai ta sami ‘yanci daga “kafirai”. Bai dade ba ya tafi Pakistan.
Cibiyar Haqqani: 2004-2014
A lokacin rani na 2004, Malem Jan yana zaune tare da Sirajuddin Haqqani, ɗan Jalaluddin na biyu, a sansaninsu na Pakistan a garin Miram Shah na Arewacin Waziristan, sai suka ji sunayensu a BBC. Amurkawan dai sun bayar da dala 250,000 da dala 200,000, a matsayin tukuici ga duk wanda ya bayar da bayanan da ya kai ga kama su. Mai shiga tsakani, mai addini, kuma mai tsananin hankali, Haqqani qaramin yana saurin karbe ragamar hanyar sadarwar mahaifinsa da ke fama da rashin lafiya, ya yi murmushi a tunanin mataimakinsa, Malem Jan, yana samun lada mafi girma fiye da shi. "Sun ce wanda yake da falala mafi girma a kansa shi ne mafi kusanci ga Allah," in ji shi.
Haqqani a yanzu sun kasance a fili a yaki da Amurkawa. Yayin da mahaifinsa ya shugabanci Loya Paktia tare da goyon bayan jama'a, Sirajuddin ya yi mulki daga inuwa ta hanyar tsoro - kisa, sace-sacen mutane, kwace, da kuma tayar da bama-bamai a gefen hanya. Miram Shah ta zama babban birnin duniya na jihadi mai tsatsauran ra'ayi, gida ga al-Qaeda da kuma tarin 'yan Chechens, Uzbek, da Turawa da ke yaki a karkashin tutar Haqqani. ISI, ma'aikatar leken asiri ta Pakistan, yanzu tana tallafawa Haqqanis a matsayin hanyar tasiri a cikin Afghanistan, kamar yadda Islamabad ke kawance da Washington a bainar jama'a.
Ta hanyar rarraba wasu ƙungiyoyi a matsayin 'yan ta'adda, sannan kuma yin aiki da waɗannan rabe-raben, ba da gangan ba Amurka ta kawo ainihin yanayin da ta sa gaba don yaki. A shekara ta 2010, cibiyar sadarwar Haqqani ita ce mafi muni na tashin hankalin da ke ci gaba da lakume rayukan fararen hula marasa adadi, da kuma sojojin Amurka. Yana da wuya, a lokacin, har ma a tuna cewa, a tsakiyar 2002, sojojin Amurka sun kasance ba tare da abokan gaba ba: ragowar al-Qaeda sun gudu zuwa Pakistan, Taliban sun rushe, kuma Haqqanis suna ƙoƙarin yin sulhu.
Idan Pacha Khan Zadran ya iya shawo kan abokansa na Amurka in ba haka ba, ya kasance saboda basirar yaki da ta'addanci. "Ta'addanci" ba a fahimci wani tsari ne na dabara ba (yi garkuwa da mutane, kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da mota), amma a matsayin wani abu da ya samo asali daga ainihin masu aikata ta, kamar tsayi ko yanayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa, da zarar ya ayyana "dan ta'adda," Jalaluddin Haqqani ba zai iya girgiza alamar ba, ko da lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin yin sulhu. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da PKZ ta yi fatali da gwamnatin Karzai kuma suka juya bindigoginsa ga Amurkawa, an lakafta shi ba dan ta'adda ba amma "mai tawaye ne." (A karshe ya gudu zuwa Pakistan, aka kama shi, ya mika shi ga gwamnatin Afganistan, daga baya kuma aka zabe shi a majalisa.)
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Amurka ta kai wani gagarumin yakin neman zabe kan 'yan Haqqani a tungarsu ta Arewacin Waziristan. An kashe kwamandojinsu da dama ciki har da babban hafsan sojinsu, Badruddin Haqqani. An kama wasu da dama. A yau, cibiyar sadarwar Haqqani ita ce inuwar tsohuwarta.
Tasirin ƙungiyar, duk da haka, yana rayuwa. A cikin 2012, na sami kiran waya daga dangin Arsala Rahmani, ɗan majalisar dattawan Afghanistan wanda na zama abokantaka da shi. Da safiyar ranar, wani dan bindiga ya taka tare da motar Rahmani, yana zaune a wata mahadar cunkoson jama'a, ya harbe shi babu komai. Daga baya, na sami labarin cewa wani tsohon kwamandan Haqqani mai suna Najibullah ne ya aikata laifin; ya kaddamar da nasa bangaren, Mahaz-e-Fedayeen, wanda rashin tausayinsa ya sa Haqqani ya zama tamkar 'yan koyo. A yanzu a cikin rigingimun dakarun Amurka na yaki da ta'addanci, kungiyarsa ita ce makiya na baya bayan nan a yakin da ba zai taba kawo karshe ba.
Anand Gopal, TomDispatch na yau da kullun, shine marubucin littafin nan da aka buga Babu Nagartattun Maza a cikin Rayayyun: Amurka, Taliban, da Yaƙi ta Idon Afghanistan (Littattafan Biritaniya). Ya ba da rahoto game da Yaƙin Afganistan don Jarida ta Wall Street da Cibiyar Kula da Kimiyya ta Kirista kuma yanzu ɗan'uwa ne na Gidauniyar New America. Kuna iya bin sa akan twitter @Anand_Gopal_.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana akan TomDispatch.com, gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar ta Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Daular Amurka, marubucin Ƙarshen Al'adun Nasara, kamar na labari, Kwanakin Ƙarshe na Bugawa. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan shine Hanyar Yakin Amurka: Yadda Yakin Bush Ya Zama na Obama (Littattafan Haymarket).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
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