Source: Budaddiyar Dimokuradiyya
Hoto daga DrimaFilm/Shutterstock
Idan kun saba da siyasar bipolar Westminster, tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa na Scotland na iya zama abin mamaki. Don haka yana da sauƙi ga kafofin watsa labaru na London su mai da hankali kan ruɓar gawar gwamnatin da ke mutuwa - mazan da ke adawa da rashin dacewarsu - fiye da bin sojojin da ke sake fasalin Scotland.
Hanya ta cikin zabukan Holyrood guda biyar zuwa yau an yanke ta da wata kungiya da za mu iya kira 'The radicals'. Waɗannan su ne mutanen da, yayin da bama-bamai suka tashi a Bagadaza a cikin 2003, suka yi watsi da kamfen na Labour da na Scotland (SNP) maras tasiri, suka zaɓi 'majalisar bakan gizo' wanda ya haɗa da MSPs na Scottish Socialist Party shida da Greens bakwai.
A shekara ta 2007 wadannan mutane sun koma bayan jam'iyyar SNP, inda suka ba jam'iyyar kujeru guda daya da kuma shimfida damar siyasa ta isa ta sami rinjaye a 2011.
Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka zo zagaye ga ra'ayin 'yancin kai na Scotland a gabanin zaben raba gardama na 2014, inda suka sami goyon baya daga kusan kashi 35% zuwa kuri'un karshe na 45%, sannan suka raba kuri'unsu tsakanin SNP da Greens a 2016. rike da rinjayen goyon bayan ‘yancin kai a majalisar.
Idan kun yi imani da jefa kuri'a, waɗannan masu jefa ƙuri'a za su sake zama masu yanke hukunci a zaɓen Holyrood na wannan makon, tare da jefa nauyi sosai a bayan jam'iyyar The Greens tare da tabbatar da aniyar sake gudanar da zaben raba gardama na 'yancin kai.
Amma wani abu kuma ya faru a zaben 2016: wani kaifi mai kaifi a cikin kuri'ar Tory. Kuma don fahimtar hakan, muna buƙatar tono cikin ƙaƙƙarfan aminci, ruɓewa da sake fasalin da suka haifar da siyasar Scotland tsawon ƙarni.
Bayan shafe lokaci a cikin 2005 yana tambayar mutanen da ke kusa da Scotland yadda suka shirya yin zabe, kuma me ya sa, amsar da aka fi sani da tambaya ta biyu ita ce 'haka muke yi koyaushe', sau da yawa tare da kiran mahaifi. Zabe ya kasance al'amuran ubangida ne.
A kwanakin nan, amsar da aka fi sani ita ce "Zan ga abin da za su ce". Jam'iyyar SNP ba ta zama wani bangare na sunayen mutane ba kamar yadda tsoffin jam'iyyunsu suka kasance. Sai kawai ya shawo kansu su kasance masu budaddiyar zuciya.
Rushewar Labour da Liberal Scotland
Kwal ɗin kwal ɗin da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin kugu na Scotland shine ginshiƙi na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Biritaniya, tanda ta samar da wani sabon nau'in tattalin arziki da al'umma. Jam'iyyar ta samu tsakanin kashi uku da rabi na kuri'un 'yan Scotland kowane zabe daga 1922 zuwa 2010, mamaye Central Belt - inda mafi yawan Scots ke rayuwa - kusan karni guda.
A arewa kuma, akwai wani tarihi daban. Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sune mafi rinjaye na Victorian Scotland, suna zana dabi'un Whiggish na aristocratic amma kuma a kan gado mai mahimmanci. A cikin 1880s, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Highland ta kawo ƙarshen ƙaddamar da Highland ta hanyar yajin aikin haya da kuma sana'ar filaye, kuma an zaɓi 'yan majalisar Crofters' Party a cikin yawancin tsaunuka da tsibiran. Lokacin da Firayim Minista William Gladstone - MP na Edinburgh - ya zartar da Dokar Crofters na 1886, 'yan majalisar Crofters' Party sun haɗu da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma iyalai da yawa a cikin Highland sun kasance masu aminci ga jam'iyyar har tsararraki.
Ƙauyen Scotland - tare da yankunan karkarar Wales da kudu maso yammacin Ingila - sun ba 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi gida don ja da baya a cikin shekarun su a tsakiyar karni na 20, da kuma tushe don tsarawa daga lokacin dawowarsu a cikin 1990s da 2000s: tunani. Charles Kennedy da Menzies Campbell.
Jam'iyyar SNP ba ta zama wani bangare na sunayen mutane ba kamar yadda tsoffin jam'iyyunsu suka kasance
A babban zaben Birtaniya na shekara ta 2005, jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats ta samu kashi 23% na kuri'un da aka kada a Scotland, kuma Labour ta samu kashi 40 cikin 2019: su ne kawancen gwamnati a Holyrood, kuma sun ba da umarni a tsakanin su da rinjayen kujerun Westminster na Scotland, da suka mamaye, bi da bi, yankunan karkara. da biranen Scotland. Ya zuwa zaben Westminster na 30, jam'iyyun biyu ba za su iya samun kashi XNUMX% a tsakaninsu ba. Jam'iyyar SNP ta mamaye Scotland.
Idan da masu tsattsauran ra'ayinmu ne suka yanke hanya ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara, to wannan shi ne bala'in da ya biyo baya. Rikicin wadancan masu jefa kuri'a yayin da suke ficewa daga jam'iyyun da ubansu suka zaba ya tsara siyasar Scotland cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata - kuma zai tsara yawancin siyasar Birtaniyya a shekaru masu zuwa.
Ƙasa mai albarka don SNP
Iyakar Highland layin kuskure ne na kasa wanda ya taso daga arewa maso gabashin Scotland - dan kudu kadan daga Aberdeen - zuwa kudu maso yamma - kadan daga arewacin Glasgow. Saboda diagonal ne, akwai yanki na ƙasar - Perthshire, Angus, kudancin Aberdeenshire - wanda ba Tsaunuka ba, ko Iyakoki, ko Tsakiyar Belt. Wannan shine inda SNP ta girma - kuma inda na yi, ma.
Tare da wadataccen ƙasan noma da ke gangarowa daga tsaunukan Cairngorm, wannan ƙasa ba ta da al'adun gargajiya iri ɗaya kamar tsaunukan yamma. Dokar William Gladstone's Crofting Act ba ta taɓa amfani da ita a nan ba, kuma amincin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba su taɓa yin ƙarfi ba. Amma ba tare da kabu-kabu da kwal-kwalen jiragen ruwa zuwa kudu da yamma ba, wannan bai taba zama yankin Labor na halitta ba.
Na dogon lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin yankunan karkarar Biritaniya, wannan yana nufin cewa ya sabawa Tories. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi kyakkyawan aiki na wakiltar mafi yawan masu aiki da ke zaune a garuruwan kasuwa da garuruwan niƙa daga Strathmore har zuwa Moray Firth.
A cikin 1997, wani matashin ɗan takarar SNP mai suna John Swinney ya zo har gidan iyayena a ƙauyen Perthshire kuma ya rinjaye su cewa ya fi dacewa ya kwance kujerar Tory MP. Kokarin da ya yi na isa can ya tabbatar da da'awar, kamar yadda wani daji na alamu masu haske ya yi a cikin lambuna na gidajen kansilolin da ke cikin karamar hukumar, amincin ya ci nasara ta hanyar yakin da ake yi da yanke ayyuka, masu zaman kansu da kuma aikin gargajiya na 'yan siyasa na dimokiradiyya.
Mazabar tana da dan majalisar SNP tun daga lokacin, kodayake Swinney ya sauya sheka zuwa majalisar dokokin Scotland inda a kwanakin nan, shi ne mataimakin minista na farko.
Dogon gazawar Scotland's Tories
Matsayin Tories a cikin Scotland koyaushe yana da haɗari, kodayake. Jam'iyyar Conservative ta zamani - wacce Robert Peel ya kafa a shekara ta 1833 - ba ta taba samun kuri'un da aka kada a nan ita kadai ba - duk da cewa ta kasance wani bangare na kawancen 'Gwamnatin kasa' da ta samu nasara sau biyu a farkon karni na 20, kuma ta maimaita. rawar sau biyu a cikin 1950s a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da sha'awar tarihi da ake kira National Liberals.
A fasahance, waɗannan ƙananan nasarorin wata jam'iyya mai zaman kanta mai ƙawance mai suna 'Unionists' ta samu nasara, wadda ta jaddada goyon bayanta ga Scotland. daban-daban cibiyoyi - Ikilisiya, tsarin shari'a, manyan gidaje, tsarin mulki, tsarin ilimi - kuma sun gina tushe daga masu sana'a na tsakiya waɗanda ke jin dadin tafiyar da su ba tare da dimokiradiyya ba na majalisa.
Wannan shi ne haɗin kai na Tartanri, tare da Scottishness da aka saka a cikin masana'anta na United Kingdom, samfurin al'adu da aka sayar wa Hollywood, masu arziki na barewa da masu yawon bude ido na Amurka. An yi la'akari da fasali na musamman azaman kitsch son sani don jin daɗin tsofaffi da sababbi, da kuma biki ta tsarin jari-hujja na Birtaniyya.
Ƙoƙarin da aka yi tun 2008 don maye gurbin magungunan jin daɗi mai arha tare da kitsch imperial nostalgia ba su sake tashi ba a Scotland
Wannan juzu'in haɗin kai ya rushe cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, saboda bambancin Scotland ya zama fiye da kayayyaki da za a iya siyarwa kuma ya fara wakiltar babbar barazana ga ƙasar Burtaniya. Tories na Scotland sun koma baya kan Conservatism na Anglo-British, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar tashi da tutar Tarayyar, fushin da ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba a alamun hanyar Gaelic/ Turanci da ja-jajayen fuska, fushi mai cike da tofi a kowane ra'ayi na Scotland.
Conservatism ya ja da baya daga faffadan ra'ayi na unionism zuwa jigon Toryism: imani da tatsuniyoyi na kasar Burtaniya da mulkinta. Ƙarfin wannan labari ne ga Ingilishi wanda shine, ainihin dalilin da ya sa Ingila akai akai kuri'u Tory duk da cewa jama'arta gabaɗaya suna kusan zama dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa da masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar makwabtansu a Scotland. Kuma rauninsa a Scotland ya bayyana dalilin da yasa ba mu yi ba.
‘Yan Jari-hujja da Yakub
Yaya koma baya ya kamata mu bi zaren al'adun siyasar Scotland? Aƙalla har zuwa 1767, lokacin da Adam Ferguson, wanda aka haife shi a ƙauyen Logierate a cikin Perthshire - kusa da iyakar Highland - ya buga 'An Essay on the History of Civil Society', wanda ya ƙirƙira kalmar 'tsarin jama'a', ya rinjayi Karl Marx. kuma ya sanya shi kakan ilimin zamantakewa.
A cikin littafin, Ferguson ya rubuta zuwan 'al'ummar kasuwanci' - abin da Marx daga baya ya yi baftisma 'jari-hujja' - a cikin Highlands na ƙuruciyarsa, yana kwatanta shi da 'al'ummar farar hula' wanda ya wanzu a baya.
Yayin da fadada tsarin jari-hujja ya kasance akai-akai tare da juriya a ko'ina Turai ta farko-zamani, lokacin da wannan rikici ya kai tsaunukan tsaunuka, ya fusata da cewa an maye gurbin dangin Stuart na Scotland da Sarkin Holland William a kan gadon sarautar Scotland da Ingila a yanzu, kuma ya shiga cikin tawayen Jacobite, yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare tare da Yaƙin Culloden a 1746, yaƙin ƙarshe da aka yi a ƙasar Biritaniya.
Wannan ba tarihin mutuwa ba ne a Scotland. A karshen wannan makon, na sami kaina da ba-sani-ba-sabo ina rera tsoffin waƙoƙin Yakubu ga ɗiyata. Rabin abubuwan tunawa da tashe-tashen hankula sun mamaye al'adun Scotland, kuma sun rage goyon bayan House of Windsor wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci ga Toryism na Anglo-British.
Da yake kasa mai sarauta Fiye da kowane bangare na Burtaniya, yunƙurin tun daga faduwar kuɗi na 2008 don maye gurbin magungunan jin daɗi mai arha tare da kitsch imperial nostalgia ba su sake tashi ba a Scotland kamar yadda suke yi a yawancin Ingila.
Bikin titin Jubilee da bukukuwan aure na sarauta, gaudy poppy-fests, tropes na al'adun da Brexit ya zo a nannade: babu ɗayan waɗannan da ya taso da yawa goosebumps a Scotland kamar na Ingila.
Amma wannan ba yana nufin ba su da masu sauraron su. Tsakanin kwata da kuma na uku na mutanen Scotland sun bayyana a matsayin ko dai ɗan Biritaniya kafin Scotland, ko kuma daidai ɗan Biritaniya da Scotland. Cibiyoyin al'adu na wannan rukuni sun haɗa da makarantun posh da cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka haɗa tare da haɗin gwiwar 'tsohon yaro', Orange Lodges da dakarun soja.
A al'adance tsakanin Labour, Lib Dems da Tories, wannan sashe na zaɓe na Scotland ya yi gangami a kusa da Tutar Union a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Scotland na 2016 - wanda ya gudana watanni 20 kacal bayan kuri'ar raba gardama na 'yancin kai - kuma ya zabi Ruth Davidson's Tories, wanda ya dauke su daga 14. % zuwa 23% na kuri'un: isa ga kafofin watsa labarai na abokantaka don yin bikin.
Amma Davidson bai daɗe da fara'a ba. Wata mai zuwa ya ga abin da wani mutum a Ireland ta Arewa zai kwatanta min daga baya a cikin faifan Freudian a matsayin 'Ra'ayin raba gardama na Ingila'.
Watsewar Biritaniya
Sanin ra'ayin Biritaniya ya fito a wani lokaci a ƙarshen 1940s yayin da gwamnatin Clement Attlee ta rage daga mulkin Indiya zuwa yin amfani da makaman nukiliya, ta kafa NHS kuma ta gina 'gidaje don jarumai'.
Daular Biritaniya - wacce cin nasara ya kasance dalilin haɗin kai tsakanin Scotland da ajin mulkin Ingila - yana watsewa. Wata sabuwar al'umma mai tarin tsibiri ta fice daga cikin tarkace kuma, a hankali, ta shiga sashin gyara tsoffin 'yan mulkin mallaka, Tarayyar Turai.
Amma a lokacin da Ingila ta zabi duba shirin da fatan za ta sake farfado da kwanakin daukakarta, ya riga ya bayyana cewa wannan sigar ta Burtaniya ta tafi. An sassauta dokar zaman lafiya an sayar da ita. Tsarin bankunan da man fetur na Arewa ya yi amfani da shi ya bi kaddarar mai, kuma ya tashi cikin hayaki.
Idan kuri'ar 'Eh' kashi 45 cikin 2014 a zaben raba gardama na 'yancin kai na XNUMX, kawance ne na, a daya bangaren, wadanda suka fi nuna karfi a matsayin 'yan Scotland maimakon Burtaniya, sannan kuma, a daya bangaren, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na fara wannan makala da su, wadanda suka kammala. cewa kasar Biritaniya ta ba da hanyar da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba zuwa duniyar da ta fi dacewa, to da alama Brexit ta ƙara wani rukuni zuwa wannan haɗin gwiwa: ƙwararrun masu goyon bayan Turai, kuma kowa ya firgita da ɓacin rai zuwa dama da Brexit ya yi kama.
'Yanci ba barazana ba ne kuma
Kowane zaɓe na Holyrood yana da irin wannan motsi: Labour da Tories sun kai hari ga SNP don tallafawa 'yancin kai; Jam'iyyar SNP ta kawar da kai harin ta hanyar jinkirta duk wani yanke shawara zuwa kuri'ar raba gardama, kuma a maimakon haka ta yi aiki don shawo kan masu jefa kuri'a cewa shi ne wakilin gaskiya na tsohuwar al'adun dimokuradiyya da zamantakewar al'umma wanda mafi yawan 'yan Scots suka dade suna zabe.
Misali, nasarar SNP ta 2007 ta zo ne a lokacin rani na ƙarshe na Tony Blair's Labour Premiership, kuma an ci nasara tare da alkawuran kawo ƙarshen raba hannun jarin NHS da kuma soke kuɗin karatun jami'a.
A karo na gaba, zaben na 2011 ya zo ne shekara guda bayan Nick Clegg ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Lib Dems zuwa gamayyar jam'iyyar Tories, kuma dadadden kuri'un jam'iyyarsa ya lalace, inda wasu suka je jam'iyyar SNP, wasu kuma sun ba da wani dan lokaci ga Labour ta Scotland, wanda masu zabe na gargajiya suka ci gaba da yin zabe. yi watsi da su, kuma ga SNP.
A cikin 2016, yawancin waɗannan tsoffin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Lib Dem sun bayyana sun yi watsi da Jam'iyyar Labour da Jeremy Corbyn ke jagoranta, rarrabuwa tsakanin SNP da Scottish Tories, karkashin jagorancin Ruth Davidson, wanda ya yi nasarar gabatar da jam'iyyarta a matsayin sabon gida mai jin dadi don musamman irin tsohon Liberal.
A karshen mako, za mu gano abin da waɗannan masu jefa ƙuri'a suka yi a gaba. Amma daya daki-daki yana daukar hankali daga yakin neman zabe.
A cikin 2016, Davidson ya yi nasarar yada fargaba game da wani zaben raba gardama na 'yancin kai a tsakanin wani yanki na masu zabe. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Douglas Ross yana ƙoƙarin yin hakan. Amma da alama ba a ɗauka ba. Masu jefa ƙuri'a na cikin farin ciki suna muhawara game da manufofin ilimi, kiwon lafiya da kuma siffar farfadowar tattalin arziki mai zuwa.
Yayin da matasa 'yan shekaru 16 da 17 suka kada kuri'a, dubunnan masu yajin aikin makaranta za su fito rumfunan zabe a karon farko, tare da sauyin yanayi kan gaba a tunaninsu, kuma da annobar da ke haifar da gagarumin sauyi, kamar yadda hudu daga cikin manyan jam'iyyu biyar suka yi. Ana magana ne game da gwada hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na duniya.
Bayan shekaru goma na austerity, Brexit, Boris Johnson, COVID da rikicin yanayi, har ma da yawa daga cikin waɗanda ke kan daidaito za su gwammace su ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya, 'yancin kai ba shine bogeman da ya kasance ba. Ƙara, yana kama da gaba.
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