Source: Waging Nonviolence
"Mutane na gari?" Wannan ita ce tambayar da ta haifar da cece-kuce a cikin 2014 da tsohon shugaban kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Biritaniya Beowulf ya yi - don yin watsi da damuwar da ake da shi game da tasirin hakar ma'adinin ƙarfe a kan al'ummar Sami na asali. An saita aikin a Gállok, yankin Arctic dake cikin Sápmi. Wannan shine sunan yankin kakannin Sámi, waɗanda suka rayu cikin jituwa tare da duk wasu halittu masu rai da suke zaune a wannan yanki tun a tarihi. Wato har sai an kai hari ga wannan salon rayuwa ta hanyar mulkin mallaka da Norway, Sweden, Finland da Rasha suka yi.
Kusan shekaru takwas bayan haka, a ƙarshen Maris 2022, gwamnatin dimokiradiyya ta Sweden a ƙarshe ta ba da lasisin hakar ma'adinai ga Gállok. Duk da yunƙurin dakatar da aikin, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar goyi bayan Beowulf, tare da yin watsi da ɗimbin sukar da hukumomin Sami, masu fafutukar kare muhalli, masana kimiyya da manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ke yi. Dangane da shirye-shiryen mika mulki na gwamnatocin Yamma a halin yanzu, wannan shawarar za ta iya ba da hanyar share fage na rayuwar 'yan asalin kasar, lalata nau'ikan halittu da take hakki na asali.
A cikin Fabrairu 2013, hukumar gwamnati da ke kula da buƙatun ma'adinai - Ƙungiyar Geological Society ta Sweden - ta sanya Gállok a matsayin "yankin da ke da sha'awar ƙasa don ma'adanai." Wannan shawarar ta ba da haske mai haske don fara hakowa a Gállok. Dangane da mayar da martani, Sámi da abokansu sun tattara ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyin juriya na adawa da masana'antar hakar a Sweden zuwa yau.
Shirin hakar ma'adinin ƙarfe na Beowulf zai ci gaba da dawwamar da batutuwan da suka danganci hakar masana'antu a Sápmi, kamar tauye haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, kawar da yanayin ƙaura na reindeer da kuma lalatar koguna. Bugu da ƙari, yankin wani abu ne mai rai a kansa, kuma buɗaɗɗen ramin ƙarfe zai haifar da haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasa.
Jan-Erik Länta, wanda mahakar ma'adinan zai shafi al'ummar da suke kiwo da barewa ta ce: "A yau, barewarmu za ta yi rayuwa tare da mummunan tasirin samar da makamashi na 'sake sabuntawa' da kuma manyan gandun daji," in ji Jan-Erik Länta. "Bugu da ƙari, dole ne mu yi aiki a kan abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙarancin manufofin kiyayewa."
A cewar Länta, Sápmi ya rigaya ya gamu da tarin tasirin yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, wanda ke ƙara haɓaka al'amuransu. "Babu sauran damar zama tare tsakanin samar da Sami da masana'antu masu hako," in ji shi.
Yayin da rugujewar muhallin duniya ke amfana da ƴan ƙarami, tasirin ana amfani da shi akan yawancin duniya baki ɗaya, Baƙar fata, ƴan asali da mutane masu launi, musamman mata da ma'aikata.
Dukansu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jihohi suna ƙara da'awar cewa ayyukansu a Sápmi "kore ne" kuma suna iya taimakawa sauƙaƙe tasirin sauyin yanayi. Alal misali, kamfanoni na Sweden kamar Sveaskog sun sake sanya gonar bishiyoyi a yankin a matsayin "wuraren ajiyar carbon." A halin yanzu, LKAB ya halatta ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin Sápmi ta hanyar lalata, kuma Vattenfall ya ɓoye mummunan tasirin muhalli na madatsun ruwa ta hanyar jaddada cewa suna samar da "makamashi mai sabuntawa."
Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, gwamnatocin Sweden sun ƙi ɗaukar matakan da za su magance tsarin cin zarafi na ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasashen da Sweden ke da'awar kanta. Misali, ba su amince da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa don kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ba, gami da Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙabila Nr. 169 ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya. Sabanin haka, mulkin mallaka na Sweden yana ci gaba da haɓaka ta hanyar kofa mai jujjuyawa tsakanin shugabannin kamfanoni na duniya, masu fafutuka na masana'antu da manyan jami'an gwamnati.
Tare, suna ba da shawarar hanyoyin warware yanayin yanayi na ƙarya a duk faɗin tattalin arzikin da ya shimfiɗa fiye da Sápmi. Misali, sabuwar waya mai zurfin teku da aka kafa kwanan nan don jigilar iska da makamashin ruwa da aka samo daga Sápmi zuwa Nahiyar Turai an yi mata lakabi da “Haɗin koren.” Duk da ingantattun illolin bala'i na masana'antun iska da ruwa a kan al'ummomin Sami, kamfanonin Holland, Jamus da Norway da ke bayan wannan shirin suna alfahari da yin aiki. “Makarfin kore yana samuwa cikin aminci da araha a cikin EU” Wannan ya misalta yadda ake raina wa]annan ’yan fim idan aka zo ga sakamako mai kyau na ayyukan da suke yi, musamman ga al’ummomin ’yan asali irin su Sami.
Greenwashing mulkin mallaka
Sabanin ra'ayi na gama-gari, mulkin mallaka ba wai kawai ƙauyuka ne kawai ke tafiyar da shi ba, cin galaba na soja da kwace kamfanoni - kuma ba a iyakance tasirinsa ga mutane da ƙasashe masu nisa ba. A yau, ana kiyaye mulkin mallaka ta hanyar cibiyoyin mulkin mallaka. Hukumomi kawai suna nuna alamun haƙiƙanin ƙa'idodin doka da gwamnatocin fasaha don sake tattarawa da kuma halatta tashin hankalinsu a matsayin mugunyar da ta wajaba don abin da ake kira babban alheri.
Don kawar da kai daga barnar tattalin arziƙin da ake samu a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙasashe masu mulkin mallaka kamar Sweden galibi suna nuni ga tuntuɓar juna a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da daidaito da daidaito. Koyaya, al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar da masu bincike akai-akai suna ba da rahoton yadda irin waɗannan hanyoyin ke ƙarewa ga kamfanoni. A aikace, yawancin waɗannan shawarwarin allo ne kawai na hayaƙi don cin moriyar mulkin mallaka, yin watsi da mahimman ka'idoji kamar izini, da farko da sanarwa. Wadannan ka'idoji suna kiyaye su ta hanyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na kasa da kasa tare da fahimtar 'yancin mutane na yanke shawarar yadda suka zaɓa don ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
A cikin 2020, alal misali, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kawar da Wariyar launin fata, ya kimanta mahakar ma'adinai, kwatankwacin wanda aka tsara a Gállok, wanda aka gina a kan wuraren da ake kira Vapsten Sámi. A ciki rahotonta, kwamitin ya nuna yadda tsarin shawarwarin da jihohi suka amince da shi a Sweden ke haifar da ra'ayi na zabi yayin da rage haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin tattalin arziki kawai. Misali, tuntuɓar ba sa ƙyale al'ummomin Sami su ƙi ayyukan - haɗarsu ana nufin kawai don " goge aikin da ɗanɗano daga hangen nesa na kiwo." Kwamitin ya ayyana wadannan ayyuka a matsayin ayyukan nuna wariyar launin fata a asusun da dama.
Idan har za mu kawar da dystopia na yanayi kuma mu samar da adalci, lafiya da dorewar makoma ga kowa, to dole ne mu goyi bayan 'yancin kai na al'ummomin 'yan asalin.
Bayan yunƙurin wankin kore, ƙasashen yammacin duniya na ci gaba da tabbatar da ayyukan mulkin mallaka ta hanyar mayar da waɗanda suke mulkin mallaka ba su cancanci mulkin kansu da ƙasashensu ba. Wannan hanyar ta lalata rayuwar al'ada kuma tana ba da damar ƙirƙirar wuraren sadaukarwa, alal misali, kamar yadda ambaliyar ruwa ta afku a Sápmi a lokacin gina madatsun ruwa. Damuwar rikicin yanayi ya haifar da samar da sabbin wuraren sadaukarwa. Wannan koren mulkin mallaka yana samun sauƙi ta hanyar faɗaɗa masana'antar iska a Sápmi, masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu suna haɓakawa kamar Jamusanci Aquila Capital ko bankunan duniya kamar Credit Suisse.
Ganin ci gaba da Yamma fifikon ci gaban tattalin arziki, kowane aikin da aka dakatar a wani yanki na sadaukarwa yana ƙara matsi a wani. Wannan ba batun siyasa ba ne; kasawa ce ta tsarin da ke juya duniya gaba daya zuwa yankin sadaukarwa. Hukunce-hukuncen kamar na ma'adinai a Gállok sun ƙarfafa rawar da ake samu na ɗan gajeren lokaci na tattalin arziki don jagorantar yadda ake kimanta ci gaban zamantakewa.
Yayin da rugujewar muhallin duniya ke amfana da ƴan ƙarami, tasirin ana amfani da shi akan yawancin duniya baki ɗaya, Baƙar fata, ƴan asali da mutane masu launi, musamman mata da ma'aikata. An misalta hakan da yadda kasashen da ke da yawan cin abinci a Arewacin duniya kadai ke da alhaki Kashi 92 cikin ɗari na hayaƙi fiye da iyakar duniya.
Babban abin lura shi ne cewa mafi yawan hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi na yanzu da gwamnatocin Yamma ke bayarwa suna fanshi makomarmu gaba ɗaya ta hanyar haɗa mutane da juna. A misali, alal misali, wadannan hanyoyin sun dogara ne da ma'aikatan gandun daji, masu hakar gwal, da kuma bayin gwamnati su aiwatar da take hakkin dan adam, wanda aka tilasta fitar da ecosystems.
Dole ne mu rike ƴan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke haɓaka irin wannan rashin adalci da yaudarar hanyoyin magance yanayi. Muhimmin al'amari na wannan aikin shi ne tsayayya da yaduwar harshe na yaudarar muhalli, wargaza wariyar launin fata da kuma raya labarun don magance kadaitaka na fasahar zamani na yammacin Turai. Kamar yadda al'ummomin 'yan asalin duniya suka yi ta maimaitawa: ra'ayin lalata yanayi don kare ta ba shi da lafiya a mafi kyau kuma yana da kisa a mafi muni.
Don inganta ingantattun hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi
Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli ta Yan asalin kwanan nan ta kalli tasirin juriyar da ƴan asalin ƙasar ke jagoranta ga ayyukan mai a cikin tsibirin Turtle - ƙasar da aka fi sani da Arewacin Amurka. Sun sami cewa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, "'Yan adawa na asali sun dakatar ko jinkirta gurɓatarwar iskar gas daidai da aƙalla kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na hayaƙin Amurka da Kanada na shekara."
Sojojin tarihi na mulkin mallaka sun daure mu gaba daya. Idan har muna so mu kawar da dystopia na yanayi kuma mu haifar da adalci, lafiya da dorewar makoma ga kowa da kowa, to dole ne mu goyi bayan yunƙurin yunƙurin kai na al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar, mu yi koyi da masu ilimin 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma mu mayar da ƙasashen da aka sace a hannun masu kula da kakanninsu.
"A yau, ana buƙatar Sámi da su yi kira ga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da tsarinsu na shari'a don nuna damuwa game da ayyukan da suka shafi yankunanmu," in ji Sanna Vannar, wanda aikin hakar ma'adinai a Gállok zai shafi al'ummar da suke kiwo. “Amma ba mu yi watsi da yankunanmu ba. Ya kamata dokar al’ada ta Sámi da kuma kula da filaye su kasance su ne za su kasance da ra’ayin ƙarshe kan duk wani shiri a Sápmi.”
A karkashin tsarin siyasa na yanzu, ana tilasta wa Sámi su ci gaba da tafiyar da rayuwarsu dangane da kowane irin kutse na mulkin mallaka, daga manufofin nuna wariya zuwa kalaman ƙiyayya da masana'antu. Yunkurin da ake yi a Gállok ba martani ne kawai ga shirin Beowulf na gina ma'adinan ƙarfe ba. Ƙoƙarin kare rayuwa, al'adu da filaye bai tsaya ga Gállok ba. Nasu siyasa ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta ƙin yarda da ke da alaƙa da tsararraki na Sami waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin haƙƙin 'yancin kai na jama'arsu.
Dole ne mu samar da sararin da ya dace don magance yadda ayyukan yau da kullun na gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai da kamfanoni masu rikitarwa suke sake haifar da tsarin zalunci da tashin hankali. Waɗannan matakai suna buƙatar mu, alal misali, haɓaka alaƙar juna, mu canza al'ummominmu don zama masu kulawa a cikin hidimar duniyarmu da kuma kawar da ra'ayin ɗan adam.
Yanayin gaggawar yanayi lamari ne na tsari. Babu sarari don tabbatar da koren wanke-wanke na kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba. Ayyuka kamar ma'adinai a Gállok an ƙera su ne don ciyar da dodanni na jari hujja waɗanda ke da alhakin haɓaka rikicin yanayi. Tare, muna da kayan aiki da ilimin da za mu sa mafitacin yanayi na ƙarya ya ƙare, yana mai da hankali kan kerawa, ƙauna da tunaninmu.
Hanyoyin al'adar Sámi na rayuwa cikin jin daɗi tare da ƙasashensu, ta hanyar kiwo, kamun kifi da farauta, sun samar da mafi daidaiton tsari don cimma dangantaka tsakanin mutane da yanayi a Sápmi a yau. Suna koya mana cewa ingantattun hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi suna buƙatar aiwatar da sauye-sauye na adalci, shigar da ra'ayin jama'a, maido da koguna da barin barewa suna yawo.
Maimakon tilasta wa Sámi su daidaita rayuwarsu da al'adunsu zuwa mahakar ma'adinai a Gállok, ya kamata mu tallafa musu don ci gaba da kansu a matsayinsu na ƴan asalin ƙasar ƴanci.
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