Charles McCollester, Farfesa mai ritaya na masana'antu da hulɗar aiki a Jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania da kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Pennsylvania. Shi ne marubucin littafin Mahimmancin Pittsburgh: Ƙirƙiri da Gwagwarmaya a Forks na Ohio.
JUAN GONZALEZ: Shugabanni da wakilai na G-20 sun isa Pittsburgh da yammacin alhamis a karkashin inuwar jami'an 'yan sanda na murkushe masu zanga-zangar. ‘Yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma dauke da muggan makamai sun kasance a ko’ina a cikin birnin, kuma sun yi amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye, da gurneti, da gwangwani masu hayaki da kuma kararraki masu kara kuzari, wadanda ke sarrafa sautin hayaniya. An yi imanin wannan shine karo na farko da aka yi amfani da igwa mai sauti a bainar jama'a a Amurka.
To, Pittsburgh ba bako ba ne ga zanga-zangar. Garin dai yana da dadadden tarihi na boren aiki. Don ƙarin bayani kan canjin fuskar wannan tsohon babban birnin ƙarfe, muna tare da mu da dadewa mazaunin Pittsburgh, masanin tarihi kuma mai tsara ƙwadago, Charles McCollester. Shi malami ne mai ritaya a fannin masana'antu da hulɗar aiki a Jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Pennsylvania. Littafinsa mai suna Mahimmancin Pittsburgh: Ƙirƙiri da Gwagwarmaya a Forks na Ohio. Ya kasance masanin injiniya a Union Switch da Signal a ƙarshen 1970s kuma shine wanda ya kafa Taron Jiha Tri-State akan Karfe da Hukumar Karfe, dukkansu suna aiki a gwagwarmayar rufe shuka ta Mon Valley na 1980s da 90s.
Charles McCollester, barka da zuwa Democracy Now!
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: Na gode sosai.
JUAN GONZALEZ: To, da farko, gaya mana, da farko, tunanin ku game da zanga-zangar da kuma yadda aka dawo da Pittsburgh cikin dandalin duniya, a zahiri, tare da taron G-20 a can.
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: Ee, yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Na kasance kusa da layin gaba na ƙungiyoyin anarchist daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin maci a cikin gari. Kuma akwai, ban sani ba, 'yan sanda 500 zuwa dubu kai tsaye a inda nake tsaye.
Kuma abin mamaki ne domin yana da nisan mil mil daga mashigar titin 26, inda a shekara ta 1877 'yan bindigar Philadelphia suka shiga cikin yadi, suka tura 'yan wasan gaba da magoya bayansu kimanin 10,000 a cikin kwalabe a wannan mashigar, kuma aka jefa dutse ko biyu. , kuma ‘yan bindigar sun bude wuta ba-zata a cikin jama’ar inda suka kashe mutane ashirin da suka hada da mace da yaro, inda a nan ne aka ga ‘yan bindigar Pittsburgh da ke zaune a kan tudu suna kallon haka suna jefar da kayansu, amma ba bindigoginsu, kuma sun bi 'yan ta'addar Philadelphia, kuma an yi artabu na tsawon sa'o'i goma sha hudu, inda aka fatattaki 'yan bindigar daga garin, inda suka yi ta harbe-harbe har zuwa kogin Allegheny. Kuma kusan mil goma a wajen Pittsburgh, ana ci gaba da harbe su.
Don haka abin mamaki ne a tsaye a wurin. Na kasance a can tare da watakila ɗari kawai Pittsburghers, m, tsaye a can ina jiran anarchists su isa. Kuma sun samu - a zahiri sun samu - ɗaya daga cikin rukunin ya ɓace a cikin mahaukatan hanyoyin sadarwar mu. Kuma na yi tunani, idan wani ya jefa kwalbar ƙasa-akwai gungun mu gaba ɗaya tsaye a kan abin da ya faru - za mu iya samun mummunan yanayi a nan. Muna da wani mai zanga-zangar da ke tsaye a wurin tare da "zama na kamfani" kuma - ba zato ba tsammani, wasu runduna biyu, kusan ɗari kowanne, 'yan sanda sun fara sanya abin rufe fuska tare da tayar da kulakensu a kan wannan mutumin da ke da alamar kwadayin kamfani. Don haka lokaci ne mai tsananin tashin hankali kuma zai iya zama wani abu mai banƙyama.
Ainihin, ko da yake, 'yan sanda na Pittsburgh yakamata su kasance gabaɗaya - tabbas a cikin wannan yanayin, abin da na gani - yabo. Su ne mafi girman kai kuma mafi kwarewa a wurin. Abin da ya fi ban tsoro shi ne wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin 'yan sanda na waje waɗanda ba su fahimci yanayin yankin da mutanen yankin ba.
JUAN GONZALEZ: Kuma menene martanin mazauna Pittsburgh, ga zanga-zangar da kuma, a zahiri, killace yankin cikin gari don taron G-20?
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: To, ina jin an yi ta bacin rai game da hakan. A zahiri, yadda filin yake a nan, kusan duk motocin bas dole ne su bi ta cikin gari. Kuma a zahiri talakawa da ma’aikata ne ke amfani da motocin bas. Don haka an samu cikas sosai. Don haka, yana da cakudewa sosai. Ina nufin, a cikin sharhin ƴan unguwanni masu aiki ko ƙanƙanta da nake a kwanakin baya, an gauraya. Ina nufin, wasu mutane suna yi wa yaran murna suna cewa, "Ku tafi." Wasu kuma suna cewa, “Me kuke yi a nan? Fita daga unguwarmu!” Don haka aka rabu sosai.
Gabaɗaya, matasa da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba su kai hari kan kowane shagunan uwa-da-pop ba. Sun yi jujjuya kwandon shara a titi da makamantansu. Daga baya ne da maraice, a fili, a Oakland, inda mafi yawan fasa tagogin ya faru, kuma hakan ya kasance, a cewar takardun safiyar yau, taron jama'ar Jami'ar Pittsburgh, wanda aka yi ƙoƙari ya kasance - ya karye. 'yan sanda sun tashi. Bayan da manyan mutane suka bar Phipps Conservatory, 'yan sanda sun matsa kan wannan rukuni, kuma a lokacin ne yawancin lalacewa, ko lalata jiki, ya faru.
A yau, akwai gagarumin gangamin zaman lafiya da adalci. An halatta. Tafiya ce mai tsayi sosai. Kuma za mu ga abin da ya faru. Wannan tattakin zai fito ne daga Oakland, inda tashin hankalin na daren jiya ya kai kololuwa, zuwa cikin gari. Za a dakatar da su a kewayen tsaro. Kuma, ba shakka, akwai yuwuwar kawo cikas ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke son kawo cikas ko kuma ta hanyar jami’an ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ke nan, waɗanda ke da ban mamaki. Kimanin 'yan sanda 4,000 ne ke kan tituna. Don haka, dole in yi tafiya a nan da safe. An toshe shigarwar motoci masu zaman kansu daga cikin gari gaba ɗaya. Gari ne a kulle. Na ci gaba da ce wa mutane, yayin da nake tsaye a kusurwa, "Wannan ita ce yadda dimokuradiyya ta kasance?"
JUAN GONZALEZ: Bari in tambaye ku game da yadda ita kanta Pittsburgh take. Yana da tsawo - ya kasance dogon babban birnin karfe na Amurka, da yammacin Pennsylvania, cibiyar samar da kwal, kuma. Ta yaya sabon rikicin tattalin arziki da durkushewar kuɗi ya shafi Pittsburgh da yammacin Pennsylvania?
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: To, a gaskiya, na baya-bayan nan bai shafe shi ba kamar sauran ƙasar, ainihin saboda mun rigaya - mun rushe a cikin 80s da farkon 90s. Don haka, ana yin la'akari da wannan yayin da muke babban canji, babban misali na sauyi zuwa sabon tattalin arziki. Matsalar da ke tattare da wannan bincike ita ce, an rage yawan mutanenmu daga 1960 zuwa 740,000 zuwa 320,000 a yanzu. Ajin aikinmu su ne—ayyukan masana’antu 200,000 sun yi asarar a kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania. Kuma suna ko'ina cikin kasar. Abin da muke kira Steeler Nation ne. Akwai sanduna Steeler tara a Montana. Muna da mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma waɗannan mutanen ba su je can da son rai ba. Kuma har yanzu suna son wannan garin. Suna da yawan sha'awar hakan. Amma wannan shine masana'antu - babban rukunin ma'aikata na masana'antu da gaske ya tarwatse a nan da farko. Don haka wannan babbar nasara da aka zayyana a nan ba ta da ma'ana. Ba mu da wurin sanya su. A cikin 1980s da farkon 90s, tattalin arziki a wasu sassan ƙasar na iya ɗaukar 'yan gudun hijirar masana'antu. Wannan shi ne— duk ƙasar tana cikin matsala a yanzu, kuma da gaske—wannan ba shine mafita ba.
Amma a lokacin farin ciki, Pittsburgh ya kasance mai iyawa, tsawon shekaru hamsin, wuri mafi inganci a duk duniya. Ya samar da adadin gawayi, karfe, gilashin da ba a yarda da shi ba. Ya ƙirƙira, m, alternating current. A nan ne aka fara tace mai. A nan ne aka kirkiro sarrafa abinci na zamani da yawa. Don haka hakika wannan gari ya kasance wanda ya kafa al'ummar masana'antu a duniya. A halin yanzu, ba mu samar da kusan kome ba a nan.
JUAN GONZALEZ: Kuma wane irin ayyuka ne suka maye gurbin waɗannan ayyukan masana'antu?
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: Ainihin, likita. Muna da babbar cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Muna da mafi yawan tarin jami'o'i, duka biyun ba masu zaman kansu ba ne kuma ba sa biyan haraji a cikin asusun birni, don haka ainihin birnin yana gab da faɗuwa tsawon shekaru, yana yanke ayyuka ga unguwannin. Mazaunan birni, waɗanda kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan cikin-Pittsburgh, suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan don kula da birni. Don haka, da gaske nauyin birnin ya ta'allaka ne kan mutanen da ke samun dala 33,000 a shekara, wanda shine matsakaicin albashi a cikin birnin Pittsburgh. Don haka tsarin haraji ne mai matuƙar rashin adalci.
Mutane suna fushi da shi. Kuma tabbas, kun sani, masu sharhi na dama suna ƙoƙari su nuna fushin mutane ga gwamnati. Gwamnati tana cike da zunubai da yawa a nan, amma ainihin matsalar ita ce rinjayen kamfanoni, wanda ya karkatar da tsarin gaba dayan ma'aikata.
JUAN GONZALEZ: To, birnin kuma ana daukarsa yanzu a matsayin koren cibiya. Kuma shi kansa babban taron ko taron G-20 da kansa, ana gudanar da shi ne a wata cibiya da ke alfahari da kasancewar koren kore—da ke da fasahar kore da yawa. Hankalin ku na ko- yuwuwar maye gurbin waɗannan ayyukan ƙarfe tare da sabbin ayyukan kore?
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: To, ji, wannan shine mafi-a gare ni, wannan shine-tun farkon, ranar farko da na ga wannan, a cikin 1973, na ga Pittsburgh, ina tsammanin yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun birane a duniya. Kuma na kasance a cikin kasashe hamsin da biyar, na kai su talatin da biyar. Kuma ya fi kyau yanzu. Amma suna da'awar cewa sun mai da shi kore. Amma su da gaske - ba aikin gwamnati ba ne, ko kuma kawai aikin da aka yi shi ne barin da kuma rufe duk abubuwan da ake samarwa na masana'antu a nan. Abin da ya sa ya zama kore. Don haka ba aikin da ya dace ba ne, a’a, mataki ne mara kyau, shi ya sa garin ya yi tsafta.
Akwai ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da yawa na ban mamaki a ginin kore-tabbas suna goyan bayan hakan. Amma abin da na fi sha'awar, kuma ina tsammanin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan karafa da sauran su sun fi sha'awar, muna son masana'antar kore. Muna son hasken rana, iska. Muna son jigilar jama'a. Na yi shekaru da yawa ina ƙoƙarin gina tsarin Maglev a Amurka. Wurin da ake gina shi da kasuwanci shine China. Wannan dama ce ta farfado da ayyukan masana'antu na fasaha.
Kafa a nan ba ya son masana'antu. Sun yi farin ciki da ganin an biya ma'aikatan masana'antu daga nan, sun kasance masu adawa da su. Kuma da gaske ba su da sha'awar masana'antu kwata-kwata. Kuma wannan yana da tushe sosai a nan, kuma batu ne mai zurfi sosai, saboda Pittsburgh ya taɓa samun babban matsakaici, masana'antu, haɗin gwiwa, tare da fa'idodi, albashin iyali, matsakaicin aji. An tarwatsa hakan. Kuma abin da muke da shi a yanzu shine tsarin girma na nau'i biyu: masu arziki sosai, waɗanda ke cin gajiyar sabon tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya, tattalin arzikin duniya, sannan kuma mutanen da ke cikin sashin sabis waɗanda ke biyan albashi daban-daban.
JUAN GONZALEZ: Kuma kun ambaci tarihin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi a Pittsburgh da yammacin Pennsylvania. Kwanan nan AFL-CIO ta yi babban taronta na ƙasa-
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: Dama.
JUAN GONZALEZ: - kuma suka zaɓi Richard Trumka, wani sananne a gare ku kuma jama'a a yammacin Pennsylvania. Shin kuna ganin wani bege da wasu canje-canje a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwadago na Amurka wanda zai iya sauƙaƙawa ko ba da damar sake farfado da wannan matsakaiciyar aiki?
CHARLES McCOLLESTER: To, eh, ina tsammanin Richard Trumka mutum ne mai hankali sosai. Mutum ne mai gwagwarmaya. Kuma ina tsammanin Leo Gerard a nan tare da ma'aikatan karafa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙwadago a ƙasar.
Kuma ina tsammanin dalilin da ya sa - bambanci tsakanin nan da Seattle shine cewa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun tsaya a nan, ina tsammanin saboda girmamawa ga Shugaba Obama. Ya zo taron AFL-CIO a makon da ya gabata, ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, wanda zai sami zaɓi na jama'a. Ya yi alkawarin zabar ma'aikaci kyauta. Sannan kuma ya dauki matakin kai tsaye dangane da jibge tayoyin da kasar Sin ta yi a kasuwannin Amurka. Kuma ina tsammanin an yaba wa waɗannan abubuwan sosai a nan. Tabbas za su yi kokarin ganin gwamnatin Obama ta cika alkawuran da ta dauka. Amma ina tsammanin, ka sani, a wannan lokacin, suna da kyakkyawan fata. Tabbas muna buƙatar zaɓi na kyauta na ma'aikaci.
Ina nufin, batun da ya dawo a shekarar 1877, kusa da inda muka tsaya jiya, shi ne dukiya da mulkin gama-gari. Kuma mulkin kasa yana shan wahala, kuma dukiya ta yi ta habaka. Kuma dole ne a sami hanyar tsawaita ka'idoji, ka'idojin aiki na duniya na duniya, na 'yancin ɗan adam da haƙƙin muhalli. Waɗannan su ne abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci, ina tsammanin, a duniya.
Kuma ina tsammanin Leo Gerard, musamman ma'aikatan karfe, sun fahimci wannan sosai. Sun kai ga ƙungiyoyi a duk faɗin duniya. Sun kasance suna da hannu sosai tare da Saliyo Club da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Sun fahimci wannan buƙatar samun haƙƙin muhalli tare da haƙƙin aiki. Kuma ina ganin wannan ita ce hanyar gaba. Kuma da fatan za mu iya samun wani wuri tare da - samun 'yancin ma'aikata don samun murya a kan aikin da kuma fadada ikon ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kuma fara daidaita harkokin kuɗi, wanda shine abin da wannan yake a fili, wannan taro a Pittsburgh, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin haƙƙin aiki na duniya, haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin muhalli.
JUAN GONZALEZ: To, Charles McCollester, farfesa mai ritaya na masana'antu da dangantakar ƙwadago a Jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania, Ina so in gode muku don kasancewa tare da mu. Shi ne kuma marubucin Mahimmancin Pittsburgh: Ƙirƙiri da Gwagwarmaya a Forks na Ohio.
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Bada Tallafi