“Idan har gwamnati ba za ta iya rage tsadar rayuwa ba sai kawai ta fice, idan ‘yan sanda da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna so su harbe mu, hakan ba komai, domin a karshe idan har ba a kashe mu da harsashi ba, za mu mutu da yunwa. ."
- Wani mai zanga-zanga a Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Wani mai zanga-zanga a Port-au-Prince, Haiti
A Haiti, inda akasarin mutane ke samun karancin adadin kuzari na kashi 22 cikin 1 fiye da mafi karancin da ake bukata don samun lafiya, wasu suna kawar da radadin yunwa ta hanyar cin "biskit laka" da aka yi ta hanyar hada yumbu da ruwa tare da danyen mai da gishiri.[XNUMX]
A halin yanzu, a Kanada, gwamnatin tarayya a halin yanzu tana biyan $ 225 ga kowane alade da aka kashe a wani babban kiwo na alade, a matsayin wani shiri na rage noman alade. Manoman alade, wadanda farashin alade ya matse da tsadar abinci, sun mayar da martani cikin farin ciki cewa kisa zai yi amfani da duk kudaden da aka ware kafin shirin ya kare a watan Satumba.
Ana iya ba da wasu daga cikin aladun da aka yanka ga Bankuna Abinci na gida, amma yawancin za a lalata su ko kuma su zama abincin dabbobi. Babu wanda zai je Haiti.
Wannan ita ce mummunar duniyar noma ta jari-hujja - duniyar da wasu mutane ke lalata abinci saboda farashin yayi ƙasa da ƙasa, wasu kuma a zahiri suna cin ƙazanta saboda farashin abinci ya yi yawa.
Yi rikodin farashin abinci mai mahimmanci
Muna cikin tashin farashin kayan abinci da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a duniya wanda ya kai farashinsa zuwa mafi girman matakansa cikin shekaru da yawa. Ƙaruwar tana shafar yawancin nau'o'in abinci, amma musamman mafi mahimmancin kayan abinci - alkama, masara, da shinkafa.
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce a tsakanin watan Maris na 2007 zuwa Maris 2008 farashin hatsi ya karu da kashi 88%, mai da mai da kashi 106%, da kiwo kashi 48%. Ma'aunin farashin abinci na FAO gaba ɗaya ya karu da kashi 57 cikin ɗari a cikin shekara ɗaya - kuma yawancin karuwar ya faru ne a cikin 'yan watannin da suka gabata.
Wata majiya mai suna Bankin Duniya ta ce, a cikin watanni 36 da suka kawo karshen watan Fabrairun 2008, farashin alkama ya tashi da kashi 181 cikin 83 sannan kuma farashin kayan abinci a duniya ya karu da kashi 2004 cikin dari. Bankin yana tsammanin yawancin farashin abinci zai kasance sama da matakan 2015 har zuwa aƙalla XNUMX.
An sayar da shinkafa mafi farin jini a Thailand kan dala 198 a kan ton shekaru biyar da suka wuce da kuma dala 323 a tan shekara guda da ta wuce. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, farashin ya kai $1,000.
Haɓaka ya ma fi girma a kasuwannin gida - a Haiti, farashin kasuwa na buhun shinkafa mai nauyin kilo 50 ya ninka sau biyu. mako daya a karshen Maris.
Wannan karuwar bala'i ne ga mutane biliyan 2.6 a duniya waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dalar Amurka 2 a rana kuma suna kashe kashi 60% zuwa 80% na abin da suke samu akan abinci. Daruruwan miliyoyin ba sa iya cin abinci.
A wannan watan, mayunwata sun yi yaƙi.
Fitowa kan tituna
A Haiti, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, masu zanga-zanga a kudancin birnin Les Cayes sun gina shingaye, sun dakatar da manyan motocin da ke dauke da shinkafa tare da rarraba abincin, tare da kokarin kona wani gida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Nan da nan zanga-zangar ta bazu zuwa babban birnin kasar, Port-au-Prince, inda dubban mutane suka yi maci a fadar shugaban kasar, suna rera taken "Muna jin yunwa!" Da dama dai sun yi kira da a janye sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma dawowar Jean-Bertrand Aristide, shugaban da ke gudun hijira wanda wasu kasashen waje suka hambarar da gwamnatinsa a shekara ta 2004.
Shugaba René Préval, wanda da farko ya ce ba za a iya yin komai ba, ya sanar da rage kashi 16% na farashin shinkafa. Wannan shine mafi kyawun ma'auni na tsayawa, tunda an rage raguwar na wata ɗaya ne kawai, kuma masu siyar da kaya ba dole ba ne su rage farashin su.
Ayyukan da aka yi a Haiti sun yi daidai da irin wannan zanga-zangar da mutane masu fama da yunwa suka yi a wasu kasashe fiye da ashirin.
A Burkino Faso, wani yajin aikin gama gari na kwanaki biyu da kungiyoyin kwadago da masu shaguna suka yi ya bukaci a rage “gami da inganci” a farashin shinkafa da sauran kayan abinci.
A Bangladesh, sama da ma’aikata 20,000 daga masana’antun sarrafa masaku a Fatullah sun shiga yajin aikin neman rage farashi da karin albashi. Sun yi jifa da bulo da duwatsu kan ‘yan sanda, inda suka harba hayaki mai sa hawaye a cikin jama’ar.
Gwamnatin Masar ta aike da dubban dakaru zuwa rukunin masaku na Mahalla da ke yankin Delta, domin hana yajin aikin gama-gari na neman karin albashi, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, da kuma rage farashi. An kashe mutane biyu sannan sama da 600 aka daure.
A birnin Abidjan na kasar Cote d'Ivoire, 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye kan matan da suka kafa shingaye da kona tayoyi da kuma rufe manyan tituna. Dubban mutane ne suka yi tattaki zuwa gidan shugaban kasar, suna rera wakar "Muna jin yunwa," da kuma "Rayuwa ta yi tsada, kana kashe mu."
A Pakistan da Thailand, an tura sojoji dauke da makamai domin hana talakawa kwace abinci a gonaki da rumbun ajiya.
An yi irin wannan zanga-zangar a kasashen Kamaru, Habasha, Honduras, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Thailand, Uzbekistan, da Zambia. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, shugaban bankin duniya ya fada wani taro a birnin Washington cewa, akwai kasashe 33 da tashin farashin kayayyaki zai iya haifar da tarzoma a tsakanin al'umma.
Babban Editan Time mujallar ta yi gargaɗi:
“Ra’ayin talakawan da ke fama da yunwa da rashin bege sun fito kan tituna suna kifar da gwamnatin tsarin mulkin farko ya zama kamar ba zai yuwu ba tun lokacin da tsarin jari-hujja ya yi nasara sosai a yakin cacar baka…. Amma duk da haka, kanun labarai na watan da ya gabata na nuna cewa hauhawar farashin kayan abinci na barazana ga zaman lafiyar gwamnatocin da ke karuwa a duniya. …. lokacin da yanayi ya sa ba zai yiwu a ciyar da ’ya’yansu masu fama da yunwa ba, ’yan ƙasa na yau da kullun za su iya zama masu fafutuka cikin sauri ba tare da wani abin asara ba.”[2]
Me Ke Kokawa Farashin Abinci?
Tun daga shekarun 1970, samar da abinci ya zama abin duniya da kuma maida hankali. Kasashe kadan ne suka mamaye kasuwancin duniya a cikin kayan abinci. Kashi 80% na alkama na zuwa ne daga masu fitar da kayayyaki guda shida, haka kuma kashi 85% na shinkafa. Kasashe uku suna samar da kashi 70% na masarar da ake fitarwa. Wannan ya bar kasashen da suka fi talauci a duniya, wadanda dole ne su shigo da abinci don su rayu, cikin jin kai na yanayin tattalin arziki da manufofin wadannan tsirarun kasashe masu fitar da kayayyaki. Lokacin da tsarin cinikin abinci na duniya ya daina bayarwa, talakawa ne ke biyan farashi.
Shekaru da yawa, cinikin abinci na yau da kullun na duniya yana fuskantar matsala. Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa guda huɗu sun rage haɓakar haɓakar samar da kayayyaki da haɓaka farashi.
Karshen Koren Juyin Juya Hali: A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, a kokarin magance rashin jin dadin manoma a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Amurka ta ba da kudi da tallafin fasaha don bunkasa noma a Indiya da sauran kasashe. The "kore juyin juya halin" - sabon iri, taki, magungunan kashe qwari, noma dabaru da kayayyakin more rayuwa - ya haifar da gagarumin karuwa a samar da abinci, musamman shinkafa. Yawan amfanin gona a kowace hekta ya ci gaba da haɓaka har zuwa 1990s.
A yau, bai dace ba gwamnatoci su taimaka wa talakawa su noma abinci ga sauran talakawa, domin “kasuwar” ya kamata ta magance duk wata matsala. The Economist Rahoton ya ce "kashe kudaden da ake kashewa kan noma a matsayin kaso na jimlar kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa a kasashe masu tasowa ya ragu da rabi tsakanin 1980 zuwa 2004."
Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekaru bakwai cikin shekaru takwas da suka wuce, duniya ta ci hatsi fiye da yadda ake nomawa, wanda ke nufin ana cire shinkafa daga cikin kayayyakin da gwamnatoci da dillalai suka saba rikewa a matsayin inshorar rashin girbi. Hannun hatsi na duniya yanzu sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a kowane lokaci, suna barin matashi kaɗan don munanan lokuta.
Climate Change: Masana kimiyya sun ce sauyin yanayi na iya rage samar da abinci a sassan duniya da kashi 50 cikin 12 nan da shekaru XNUMX masu zuwa. Amma wannan ba kawai batun nan gaba ba ne:
Australia yawanci ita ce kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da hatsi a duniya, amma mumunar fari da aka yi shekaru da yawa ya rage noman alkama da kashi 60% kuma an shafe noman shinkafa gaba daya.
A Bangladesh a watan Nuwamba, daya daga cikin guguwa mafi karfi cikin shekarun da suka gabata ta kawar da tan miliyan guda na shinkafa tare da yin mummunar illa ga amfanin gonakin alkama, wanda ya sa babbar kasar ta fi dogaro da abinci da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje.
Wasu misalan suna da yawa. A bayyane yake cewa rikicin yanayi na duniya ya riga ya kasance a nan, kuma yana shafar abinci.
Agrofuels: Yanzu manufar hukuma ce a Amurka, Kanada da Turai don canza abinci zuwa mai. Motocin Amurka suna kona isassun masara don biyan buƙatun shigo da kayayyaki na ƙasashe 82 mafi talauci.[4]
Ethanol da biodiesel suna samun tallafi sosai, wanda ke nufin, babu makawa, ana karkatar da amfanin gona kamar masara (masara) daga sarkar abinci zuwa cikin tankunan gas, kuma ana karkatar da sabbin jarin noma a duniya zuwa dabino, waken soya, canola da sauran su. tsire-tsire masu samar da mai. Bukatar noman man na kara farashin kayayyakin amfanin gona kai tsaye, kuma a kaikaice yana kara farashin sauran hatsi ta hanyar karfafa gwiwar masu noma su canza zuwa noma.
Kamar yadda masu samar da alade na Kanada suka gano, yana kuma haɓaka farashin samar da nama, tun da masara shine babban sinadari a cikin abincin dabbobin Arewacin Amurka.
Farashin Mai: Farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da farashin mai saboda ana iya sanya abinci a madadin mai. Sai dai hauhawar farashin mai kuma yana shafar farashin samarwa abinci. Ana yin taki da magungunan kashe qwari daga man fetur da iskar gas. Ana amfani da iskar gas da man dizal wajen shukawa, girbi da jigilar kayayyaki.[5]
An kiyasta cewa kashi 80 cikin XNUMX na farashin noman masara farashin man fetir ne - don haka ba hatsari ba ne farashin abinci ya tashi idan farashin mai ya tashi.
* * * *
A karshen shekara ta 2007, raguwar zuba jari a harkar noma ta duniya ta uku, da hauhawar farashin mai, da sauyin yanayi na nufin karuwar samar da kayayyaki yana raguwa kuma farashin yana tashi. Kyakkyawan girbi da haɓakar haɓakar fitar da kayayyaki na iya kawar da rikici - amma ba shine abin da ya faru ba. Abin da ya jawo shi ne shinkafa, babban abincin mutane biliyan uku.
A farkon wannan shekara, Indiya ta sanar da dakatar da yawancin shinkafar da take fitarwa domin sake gina ajiyarta. Makonni kadan bayan haka, kasar Vietnam, wadda wata babbar annoba ta yi wa noman shinkafar da kwari ke yi a lokacin girbi, ta sanar da dakatar da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen ketare na tsawon watanni hudu, domin tabbatar da samun isashen kasuwannin cikin gida.
India kuma Vietnam tare yawanci suna da kashi 30% na duk shinkafar da ake fitarwa, don haka sanarwarsu ta isa ta tura kasuwar shinkafa ta duniya da ta riga ta wuce. Nan take masu sayan shinkafa suka fara siyan hannun jari, inda suke tara duk wata shinkafa da za su samu don tsammanin karin farashi a nan gaba, da kuma kara farashin amfanin gona a nan gaba. Farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, rahotannin labarai sun bayyana "siyan firgici" na makomar shinkafa a Hukumar Kasuwancin Chicago, kuma akwai karancin shinkafa har ma a kan manyan kantuna a Kanada da Amurka.
Me ya sa aka yi tawaye?
An sami hauhawar farashin abinci a baya. Hakika, idan muka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, farashin abinci na duniya ya fi girma a cikin shekarun 1970 fiye da yadda suke a yau. Don haka me yasa wannan fashewar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya haifar da zanga-zangar gama gari a duniya?
Amsa ita ce, tun a shekarun 1970 kasashe mafi arziki a duniya, tare da taimakon hukumomin kasa da kasa da suke iko da su, sun yi kaurin suna wajen durkusar da yadda kasashe mafiya talauci ke iya ciyar da al’ummarsu da kuma kare kansu a cikin mawuyacin hali.
Haiti misali ne mai ƙarfi da ban tsoro.
An yi noman shinkafa a Haiti shekaru aru-aru, kuma har zuwa shekaru ashirin da suka wuce manoman Haiti suna samar da kusan tan 170,000 na shinkafa a shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 95% na amfanin gida. Manoman shinkafa ba su samu tallafin gwamnati ba, amma kamar yadda ake yi a kowace kasa mai noman shinkafa a wancan lokacin, ana samun kariya ta hanyar shiga kasuwannin cikin gida ta hanyar harajin shigo da kaya.
A cikin 1995, a matsayin yanayin bayar da lamuni da ake buƙata, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya ya buƙaci Haiti ta rage farashinta kan shinkafar da ake shigowa da ita daga 35% zuwa 3%, mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin Caribbean. Sakamakon haka shi ne kwararar shinkafar Amurka da aka sayar da rabin farashin shinkafar da ake nomawa a Haiti. Dubban manoman shinkafa sun yi hasarar gonakinsu da rayuwarsu, kuma a yau kashi uku cikin hudu na shinkafar da ake ci a Haiti na zuwa daga Amurka[6]
Amurka shinkafa ba ta mamaye kasuwar Haiti ba saboda ta fi dadi, ko kuma saboda masu noman shinkafa na Amurka sun fi inganci. Ya ci nasara ne saboda gwamnatin Amurka tana ba da tallafi ga fitar da shinkafa. A shekara ta 2003, masu noman shinkafa na Amurka sun sami dala biliyan 1.7 a cikin tallafin gwamnati, matsakaicin dala $232 a kowace hekta na shinkafar da aka noma.[7] Wannan kudi, wanda akasarinsu ya tafi hannun ’yan tsirarun masu mallakar filaye da kuma kamfanonin noma, ya baiwa masu fitar da kayayyaki daga Amurka damar sayar da shinkafa a kashi 30% zuwa 50% kasa da ainihin farashin nomansu.
A takaice, an tilasta wa Haiti yin watsi da kariyar gwamnati na aikin gona na cikin gida - sannan Amurka ta yi amfani da ita da tsare-tsaren kariya na gwamnati don karbe kasuwa.
An samu sauye-sauye da dama kan wannan batu, inda kasashe masu arziki na arewa suka sanya manufofin “yantar da jama’a” kan kasashen kudancin da ke fama da talauci da basussuka, sannan kuma suka yi amfani da wannan ‘yanci don kame kasuwa. Tallafin gwamnati yana da kashi 30% na kudaden shiga gonaki a cikin kasashe 30 mafi arziki a duniya, jimillar dalar Amurka biliyan 280 a shekara, [8] wani fa'ida da ba za a iya doke ta ba a cikin kasuwar "kyauta" inda masu arziki ke rubuta dokoki.
Wasan cinikin abinci na duniya ya yi tagumi, kuma an bar talakawa da rage amfanin gona ba tare da kariya ba.
Bugu da kari, tsawon shekaru da dama Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya sun ki ba da rance ga kasashe matalauta, sai dai idan sun amince da "Shirye-shiryen Daidaita Tsari" (SAP) wanda ke buƙatar masu karɓar lamuni don rage darajar kudadensu, yanke haraji, mayar da kayan aiki, da kuma masu zaman kansu. rage ko kawar da shirye-shiryen tallafi ga manoma.
An yi duk wannan tare da alkawarin cewa kasuwa za ta samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da wadata - maimakon haka, talauci ya karu kuma an kawar da tallafin noma.
"Kudin zuba jari na ingantattun shirye-shiryen noma da tallafin da ake bayarwa ya ragu kuma daga karshe ya bace a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na Afirka karkashin SAP. An yi watsi da damuwar da ake da ita na bunkasa ayyukan kananan yara. Ba wai kawai an janye tallafin gwamnatocin ba, tallafin da kasashen waje ke bayarwa ga noma ya ragu. Kudaden da bankin duniya ke bayarwa don samar da noma ya ragu. Noma kanta ya ragu sosai daga kashi 32% na jimlar lamuni a 1976-8 zuwa 11.7% a 1997-9."[9]
A lokacin tashin farashin kayan masarufi a baya, talakawa sukan samu akalla abinci da suka noma da kansu, ko kuma abincin da ake nomawa a cikin gida kuma ana samun su akan farashin gida. A yau, a ƙasashe da yawa a Afirka, Asiya da Latin Amurka, hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Kasuwannin duniya yanzu sun ƙayyade farashin gida - kuma galibi kawai abincin da ake samu dole ne a shigo da shi daga nesa.
* * * *
Abinci ba kawai wani kayan masarufi bane - yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam. Mafi ƙarancin abin da ɗan adam ya kamata ya yi tsammani daga kowace gwamnati ko tsarin zamantakewa shine ƙoƙarin hana yunwa - kuma sama da duka ba inganta manufofin da ke hana abinci ga mutane masu fama da yunwa ba.
Shi ya sa shugaban Venezuela Hugo Chavez ya yi daidai a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, don bayyana matsalar abinci a matsayin "babban nunin gazawar tarihi na tsarin jari hujja."
Me ya kamata a yi domin kawo karshen wannan rikici, da kuma ganin hakan bai sake faruwa ba?
Kashi na biyu na wannan labarin zai bincika waɗannan tambayoyin.
Kashi na biyu na wannan labarin zai bincika waɗannan tambayoyin.
Ian Angus shine editan Yanayi da Jari-Hujja
Bayanan kalmomi
[1] Kevin Pina. "Laka tattalin arzikin kuki a Haiti." Haiti Action Network, Fabrairu 10, 2008. http://www.haitiaction.net/News/HIP/2_10_8/2_10_8.html
[2] Tony Karon. "Yaya Yunwa Za Ta Iya Kashe Mulki." Time, Afrilu 11, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1730107,00.html
[3] "Sabuwar Fuskar Yunwa." The Economist, Afrilu 19, 2008.
[4] Mark Lynas. "Yadda Mai Arziki Yayi Yunwa A Duniya." New dattaku, Afrilu 17, 2008. http://www.newsstatesman.com/200804170025
[5] Dale Allen Pfeiffer. Cin Fossil Fuel. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island BC, 2006. p. 1
[6] Oxfam International Takarda Takarda, Afrilu 2005. "Kicking Down the Door." http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bp72_rice.pdf
[7] Ibid.
[8] Bayanan Bayani na OECD: Manufofin Noma da Gyaran Kasuwanci. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/23/36896656.pdf
[9] Kjell Havnevik, Deborah Bryceson, Lars-Erik Birgegård, Prosper Matondi & Atakilte Beyene. " Noma na Afirka da Bankin Duniya: Ci gaba ko Talauci?" Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal, http://www.links.org.au/node/328
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