Labari mai dadi a nahiyar Turai shi ne cewa jam'iyyar Neo-Nazi National Front ta Marine Le Pen ta samu galaba a zaben shugaban kasar Faransa da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu. Mummunan labari dai shi ne, shirin na wanda ya lashe zaben, Emmanuel Macron, na iya mayar da Le Pen cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa.
Macron alkawura don rage ayyukan gwamnati 120,000, rage kashe kudi da Yuro biliyan 60, jettison satin aiki na sa'o'i 35, haɓaka shekarun ritaya, raunana ƙarfin tattaunawa na ƙungiyoyi da rage harajin kamfanoni. Shiri ne da ba zai iya farfado da tattalin arzikin Faransa ba, amma tabbas zai kara tabarbare wa matasa da tsofaffi marasa aikin yi tare da mika harsashin National Front na zaben 2022.
Turai ta tsunduma cikin rikicin tattalin arziki da tsarin Tarayyar Turai (EU) ya haifar, a daya bangaren kuma yanayin tsarin jari-hujja. Wannan haduwar ta kawo cikas ga tattalin arziki a cikin kungiyar kasuwanci mai mambobi 27, ta talauta dubun dubatar miliyoyin jama'a, sannan ta taimaka wajen hada kan wariyar launin fata, masu ra'ayin ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda wasu 'yan asarar zabe ba za su iya hana su ba.
Rufe tushen wannan rikicin shine tatsuniyar cewa bashi ya samo asali ne daga halin kashe-kashe, tabarbarewar tattalin arziki sakamakon yawan haraji, da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki da ke daure kasuwanci da hana ci gaba. Shugabar gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel tana jin daɗin cewa ya kamata ƙasashe su kasance kamar "zamba na gidan Swabian".
Shin abin lura da Merkel ya samo asali ne a kan tatsuniya ko kwatanci ne? Yayin da wani misali shine "ma'anar ma'anar wani batu a ƙarƙashin sunan wani," tatsuniya ita ce "aikin gama gari wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba ko ƙarya wanda ake amfani da shi don tabbatar da wata cibiyar zamantakewa." Bambancin na iya zama kamar mai ban mamaki, duk da haka, komai ne, kuma, saboda tatsuniyoyi suna da wahalar warwarewa da zarar sun zama tartsatsi, yana da mahimmanci a buɗe ainihin yadda EU ta sami kanta cikin matsala.
Wani ɓangare na matsalar ita ce tsarin jari-hujja kanta, tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da babban ƙarfin aiki da rudani na tattalin arziki.
Tsarin jari-hujja yana fama da shi iri biyu na rikicin, cyclical da kuma tsarin. The cyclical wadanda - koma bayan tattalin arziki - yakan faru da yawa a kowace shekara 10. Amurka da Turai sun shiga cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980, farkon 1990s, da farkon shekarun 2000. Suna da zafi da rashin jin daɗi amma gabaɗaya a cikin kusan watanni 18.
Kowace shekara 40 ko 50, duk da haka, ana samun rikicin tsari kamar hadarin 1929 da Babban Bala'in da ya biyo baya.
Lokacin da rikici ya taso, tsarin jari-hujja ya sake tsara kansa. A cikin 1930s, mafita ita ce ƙirƙirar tsarin jari-hujja na sake rarrabawa wanda ya yi amfani da ikon gwamnati don inganta tsarin tattalin arziki da kuma rage wasu rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da irin wannan sake fasalin. Inshorar rashin aikin yi da Tsaron Jama'a sun cire wasu daga cikin zafin, ayyukan jama'a sun mamaye wasu marasa aikin yi, kuma ƙungiyoyi sun sami 'yancin tsarawa da yajin aiki.
Tsarin jari-hujja ya shiga cikin wani rikicin tsarin a ƙarshen 1970s, kuma shi ne faɗuwa daga wancan wanda a halin yanzu ya addabi EU-da Amurka Amfani da koma bayan tattalin arziki na 1979-81 a matsayin allo, an rage haraji kan kamfanoni da masu hannu da shuni, kasuwanci da kuma hana kuɗaɗen kuɗi, cibiyoyi na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, da cin zarafin ƙungiyoyi. Tsarin jari-hujja kuma ya tafi duniya.
Tsarin duniya ya haifar da babban girma, amma tare da aibi mai zurfi. Yayin da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi suka raunana—a wani ɓangare ta hanyar kai hari kai tsaye, a wani ɓangare na tarin arha na arha a yanzu da ake samu a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa—labashi ya tsaya cik ko kuma ya faɗo a Turai da Amurka, kuma tazara tsakanin attajirai da talakawa ya faɗaɗa. Wani bincike da Oxfam ta gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa yanzu kashi 1 cikin 20 na bil'adama ne ke iko da rabin arzikin duniya, kuma kashi 94.5 na sama na da kashi 80 cikin dari. A takaice, kashi 5.5 na duniya suna samun kashi XNUMX na arzikin duniya.
Wannan ba matsala ba ce ga masu tasowa da kuma waɗanda ke ƙasa da ƙasa. Jamus tana da mafi girman tattalin arziki a cikin EU, kuma ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya. A shekara ta 2000, manyan kashi 20 na Jamus sun sami kashi 3.5 fiye da kashi 20 na ƙasa. A yau adadin ya karu sau biyar. Kashi 10 na ƙasa, kuɗin shiga ya faɗi a zahiri. Yayin da abin da ake samu ya karu da kashi 6 cikin dari, tsadar rayuwa ya karu da kashi 24 cikin dari. Idan wannan yaudarar gidan Swabian tana cikin kashi 10 cikin XNUMX, hakan bai haifar da bambanci sosai ba yadda ta kasance mai taurin kai, ta lalace.
Haɗin kai na duniya ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya ta hanyar haifar da rikici na tarawa. Wasu 'yan mutane suna da kuɗi da yawa, amma da yawa da yawa suna da kaɗan, tabbas ba su isa su shawo kan abin da tattalin arzikin duniya ke samarwa ba. Jari-jari na duniya ya cika da tsabar kuɗi, amma ina za a yi amfani da shi? Amsar ita ce hasashe na kuɗi-musamman tunda yawancin ƙuntatawa da matakan tsaro an cire su ta hanyar lalata.
Ga Turai, galibin hakan hasashe ya shiga cikin ƙasa. Farashin filaye a Spain da Ireland sun tashi da kashi 500 daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A batun Ireland, kusan ba gaskiya ba ne. Lamunin gidaje na Irish ya tashi daga Yuro biliyan 5 a 1999 zuwa Yuro biliyan 96.2 a 2007, ko fiye da rabin Babban Samar da Cikin Gida (GDP) na Jamhuriyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, bashin gida na Turai ya karu akan matsakaici da kashi 39 cikin dari.
Cewa wannan kumfa a bayyane take kuma duk kumfa suna fitowa nan ba dade ko ba jima. Wannan ya fashe a cikin Amurka a ƙarshen 2007 kuma cikin sauri ya bazu zuwa Turai.
Abin da ke da mahimmanci a tuna shi ne cewa ƙasashen EU da suka shiga cikin matsala ba su kasance masu kashe kuɗi ba. Spain, Portugal, da Ireland duk suna da matsakaicin rabon bashi da rarar kasafin kuɗi a lokacin rikicin.
Matsalar ba gwamnatocin almubazzaranci ba ne, sai dai hauhawar farashin lamuni da aka yi ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sa ake yin tsadar kuɗin ayyukan gwamnati. Hakan ya biyo bayan shawarar da aka yanke na yin amfani da kudin masu biyan haraji wajen ceto bankunan da suka samu kansu cikin matsalar hasashe a kan kadarorin. Ainihin, Portuguese, Sipaniya, Girkawa da Irish sun karɓi basussukan bankunan da ba su taɓa rancen komai ba.
Masu biyan haraji na Irish sun fitar da Euro biliyan 30 don ceto bankin Irish-Anglo, adadi daidai da kudaden shiga na harajin Jamhuriyar na tsawon shekara guda. Tun da babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe da ke da irin wannan kuɗin a hannu, sun nemi “bailouts” daga Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Babban Bankin Turai, da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, abin da ake kira “troika.” Wasu kashi 89 cikin 24 na waɗancan tallafin sun tafi bankuna. A ranar da aka ba da sanarwar ceton Girka, hannun jarin bankin Faransa ya karu da kashi XNUMX cikin dari.
Ba wai kasashen EU ba su da bashi ba, amma a cikin 2014, kwamitin na a Binciken Jama'a akan Bashin Jama’a ya gano cewa tsakanin kashi 60 zuwa 70 na wadancan basussukan ba su wuce kima ba, sai dai a rage haraji ga kamfanoni da masu hannu da shuni, da karuwar kudaden ruwa. Na karshen yana son masu bashi da masu hasashe. Kwamitin ya gano cewa mafi yawan gibin da aka samu ya samo asali ne daga "yanayin siyasa" da ke canza dukiya daga wannan aji zuwa wani.
A cikin dogon lokaci, za a gafarta wa wasu bashin domin ba za a iya biya ba. Yarjejeniyar Bashi ta Landan ta 1952 wacce ta yanke bashin Jamus bayan yaƙin kuma ta haifar da farfaɗo da tattalin arziƙi na iya zama samfuri.
Haɗuwa da wannan rikicin na jari-hujja shine hanyar da aka tsara EU, kodayake su biyun ba su da 'yanci daga juna. Yawancin tsauraran matakan EU an tsara su musamman don fifita jari da kuɗi da kuma kawar da ikon da membobin ƙungiyar miliyan 500 ke da shi kan harkokin tattalin arziki.
Matsala ta farko ita ce duk shawarar da aka yanke na tattalin arziki ta hanyar "troika," wanda ba a zaba ba wanda ba ya amsa ga kowa. Akwai Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, amma ba ta da iko ko iko kan harkokin kudi. Haka lamarin yake ga gwamnatocin membobin EU. Lokacin da tsohon ministan kudi na Girka Yanis Varoufakis ya shaidawa ministan kudi na Jamus Wolfgang Wolfgang Schauble cewa jam'iyyarsa ta Syriza ta hagu ta zabi jam'iyyarsa ta hagu don yin adawa da manufofin tsuke bakin aljihu na EU, Schuable ya amsa da cewa, "Ba za mu iya barin zabe ya canza komai ba."
Matsala ta biyu ita ce gwamnatocin kasashe ba su da iko kan darajar kudin Euro. Daga cikin mambobi 27 na EU, 19 daga cikinsu na amfani da kudin bai daya kuma sun hada da yankin na Euro. Halin Jamus don barin alamar da karɓar kuɗin Yuro shi ne cewa an buƙaci membobin Tarayyar Turai su kiyaye gibin kasafin kuɗi zuwa fiye da kashi 3 cikin 60 na kudaden shiga na ƙasa, da kuma matakan bashi zuwa fiye da kashi XNUMX na GDP. Yayin da tsari yana aiki da kyau don ƙirar fitarwa mai ƙarfi na Jamus, ba don adadin sauran ƙasashe masu amfani da Euro ba.
Babban bankin Turai ne ya tsara darajar kuɗin Yuro, wanda ke nufin membobin ba za su iya rage darajar kuɗinsu ba, dabarar da ake bi don magance basussuka, kuma na kusa kuma abin ƙauna ga Baitul malin Amurka. Muddin yana tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali, wannan doka tana aiki, amma lokacin da rikicin kuɗi ya faɗo, kuɗin gama gari da ƙuntatawar bashi na iya haifar da babbar matsala ga ƙanana, tattalin arziƙin da ke da fifikon fitarwa zuwa waje. Lokacin da kumfa na kudi ya karu a cikin 2008, kasashe kamar Italiya, Spain, Portugal da Ireland - kuma zuwa wani lokaci, Faransa - sun ga basussukan da suke bi, tare da dabarun magance shi ta hanyar ka'idojin Tarayyar Turai.
Kuma wannan shine lokacin da matsala ta uku ta shiga cikin Tarayyar Turai. Yayin da akwai kudin gama gari, babu rabon bashi ta hanyar karbar haraji. A cikin tsarin kuɗi guda ɗaya kamar Amurka, ƙasashe masu ƙarfi a California da New York suna biyan kuɗi a wurare kamar Mississippi da Louisiana.
Wasu 44 bisa dari na Kasafin kudin jihar Louisiana Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke biyan haraji a jihohi masu hannu da shuni, ta kuma fitar da wasu daga cikin su zuwa yankunan da tattalin arzikinsu ya yi kadan ko kuma ya gaza biyan bukatunsu na kasafin kudi. Idan kun sami matsala a cikin yankin Euro, kuna kan kanku.
Yayin da EU ta kasance mai kyau ga bankuna da ƙasashe kamar Jamus da Austria, bai yi kyau sosai ga sauran membobinta ba. Aiwatar da tsuke bakin aljihu a matsayin maganin bashi ba zai magance matsalar ba, sai dai ya haifar da karkatar da basussuka da yawa. Kamar yadda Rana Farohar, marubucin kasuwanci don Financial Times Ya ce, "Babu wata al'umma da za ta iya girma lokacin da mabukaci, da kamfanoni, da na jama'a suka daina kashe kudi."
Domin galibin jam’iyyun hagu na tsakiya sun sayi tsarin tsuke bakin aljihu-a matsayin maganin basussuka, sun lalace a rumfunan zabe. An murkushe jam'iyyar Labour ta Holland a zaben da ya gabata, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa ta samu kasa da kashi 7 cikin dari na kuri'un da aka kada, kuma da kyar 'yan gurguzu na Spain ke ci gaba da gaba da jam'iyyar Podemos da ta bari. Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Italiya ta yi watsi da sama da maki 15 a rumfunan zabe kuma a yanzu tana goyon bayan kungiyar Five Star Movement. Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.
Darasi na hagu zai yi kama da cewa ƙaura zuwa tsakiya ko dama takardar shaidar bala'in zabe ne,
Sabuwar jam'iyyar Macron ta En Marche!, ta yi nasara, amma akasari saboda kuri'ar kin jinin Le Pen. Shirinsa na austerity, ƙuntatawa a kan ƙungiyoyi, da kuma rage harajin kamfanoni ya shahara ga kowa da kowa, kodayake En Marche! ya yi kyau a zagayen farko na zaben ‘yan majalisar, kuma kuri’ar jin ra’ayin jama’a ta nuna cewa yana iya samun rinjaye. Idan bai yi haka ba, yana shirin tura matakan ta hanyar doka.
Yana da wuya irin wannan shirin na tsakiya zai yi wani abu don rage yawan rashin aikin yi a Faransa - kashi 9.6 gabaɗaya da kashi 25 cikin ɗari a tsakanin matasa masu shekaru 18 zuwa 29 - ko haɓaka tattalin arziƙin. Ma'aikata "gyara" da austerity ba sa tsalle fara tattalin arziki, kuma haraji ragi yana da daidai m rikodin. Lalle ne, kamar yadda Farohar ya yi nuni da cewa, babu misali guda a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata da rage harajin kasuwanci ko masu hannu da shuni ya zaburar da tattalin arziki. Tabbas, karuwar tattalin arziki a cikin shekarun 1990 ya faru yayin da adadin haraji ke karuwa.
Idan yanayin tattalin arziki ya ta'azzara, ko ma ya tsaya iri ɗaya, 'yancin zai kasance yana jira don faɗakar da amsoshinsu cikin sauƙi game da rikicin tattalin arziki: kishin ƙasa da wariyar launin fata.
Agogo yana kurawa. Jamus za ta gudanar da zabe a watan Satumba, kuma da alama ita ma Italiya za ta kada kuri'a a fakar. A Spain, gwamnatin 'yan tsirarun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na neman kara tabarbarewa kuma wani zabe mai yuwuwa ne.
Jam'iyyun hagu na tsakiya suna da kyau a Portugal, inda masu ra'ayin gurguzu suka yi al'ada tare da wasu jam'iyyun hagu biyu. A Biritaniya, jam'iyyar Labour ta yi kaca-kaca da ra'ayin jam'iyyar, ya karfafa jam'iyyar Conservative, tare da hana ta rinjaye a majalisar dokoki. Kwanan nan Ka jefa kuri'ar YouGov ya gano cewa yawancin 'yan Biritaniya sun goyi bayan dandalin hagu na Labour kan shirin tsuke bakin aljihu na Conservatives.
Haɗin gwiwar Portuguese yana nuna cewa akwai samfuran tattalin arziki masu nasara a can don magance bashi da ci gaban da ba sa talauta mutane da yawa don amfanin kaɗan. Tambayar ita ce, iya hagu a Italiya, Spain da Jamus sun haɗa shirye-shiryen da suka shafi tashin hankalin da rashin daidaito na duniya ya haifar?
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi