Shari'ar Entergy's Case da Vermont tana da Mummunan aibi
da James Marc Leas
Yin aiwatar da hare-hare biyu, Entergy yana hada aikin kotu tare da gagarumin yakin neman zaben jama'a don ci gaba da aiki da tashar nukiliya ta Vermont Yankee bayan Maris 21, 2012. Ƙoƙarin samun nasara kan goyon bayan jama'a-ko a kalla hana zabtarewar ƙasa na adawa da ita. kwat a Vermont – muhimmin sashi ne na dabarun doka na Entergy. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na dangantakar jama'a yana da mahimmanci musamman ganin shari'ar Entergy da jami'an jihar Vermont ke da rauni sosai.
Entergy's kara a kotun tarayya da ke Vermont [1] yana neman umarni don hana aiwatar da dokar Vermont game da tsawaita aiki na Vermont Yankee da kuma hana jami'an jihar daukar kowane mataki na rufe Vermont Yankee a ranar da aka shirya rufewa na Maris 21, 2012.
Har ila yau, Entergy yana son kotu ta yanke hukunci cewa dokar tarayya ta hana jami'an Vermont damar neman Entergy don samun kowace irin amincewar jihar na takardar shaidar amfanin jama'a don sarrafa masana'antar ko adana man fetur da aka kashe a can. Har ila yau ƙarar ta nemi hukuncin kotu cewa dokar tarayya ta hana jami'an Vermont damar yin aiki da masana'antar bayan 21 ga Maris, 2012 akan yarjejeniyar Entergy don samar da farashin wutar lantarki na ƙasa zuwa Vermont.
Wata rana bayan shigar da karar ta Entergy ta buga tallace-tallacen cikakken shafi a cikin jaridu a cikin jihar tare da sauti na al'ada wasika zuwa Vermonters [2] da J. Wayne Leonard, Shugaban Entergy da Shugaba.
Wasiƙar Leonard ta tabbatar da cewa Vermont na keta haƙƙin Entergy. Leonard ya yarda cewa Entergy "ya shiga yarjejeniya da jihar [3] cewa za mu sami Takaddun Shaida ta Kyautar Jama'a daga Hukumar Sabis na Jama'a ta Vermont idan muna son tsawaita lasisin shuka fiye da Maris na 2012." Amma Leonard ya ce a shekara ta 2006 Babban Taro “ya canza yarjejeniyarmu da gwamnati kuma ta hana mu wasu haƙƙoƙin da muka dogara da su wajen siyan shukar.” Wasiƙar ta gane cewa yawancin Vermonters ba su yarda da tsawaita aiki na Vermont Yankee da ya wuce 2012 ba, amma Leonard ya yi kira ga gaskiya na Vermonters kuma yana neman lallashe mu cewa Entergy yana da doka a gefensa kuma dalilinsa shine adalci.
Musamman, Leonard yana tuhumar hakan Dokar 160, dokar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar a 2006 [4] (gaba ɗaya a cikin House, 18-5 a cikin Majalisar Dattijai, kuma Gwamna Jim Douglas ya sa hannu) sun hana Entergy haƙƙin sa.
Dokar 160 ta tanadi cewa Vermont Yankee ba za ta iya aiki fiye da ranar da aka ba da izini a cikin takardar shaidar amfanin jama'a, Maris 21, 2012, sai dai idan majalisar dokokin Vermont ta amince kuma har sai hukumar hidimar jama'a ta ba da takardar shaidar amfanin jama'a.
A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2010 Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont ta kada kuri'a S. 289 [5] ta kuri'ar 26-4. Daftarin dokar, idan aka amince da shi, zai amince da ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan VYNPS da kuma adana man da aka kashe daga aikin na VYNPS har zuwa ranar 21 ga Maris, 2032.
Leonard yayi iƙirarin cewa an hana haƙƙin Entergy saboda:
kowanne daga cikin kudirorin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarar da ta gabata don ba da irin wannan amincewa ko dai an kada kuri'a ko kuma a bar su su yi rauni. Ko kuri'ar "a'a", ko babu kuri'a kwata-kwata, tasirin iri daya ne. Majalisar ta hana Entergy damar samun takardar shedar jin dadin jama'a (CPG) daga hukumar kula da ma'aikata.
Wannan a fili ya bambanta da abin da muka amince da baya a 2002. Mun amince da wani tsari wanda wata hukumar kwararru mai zaman kanta za ta yanke shawarar makomar Vermont Yankee bisa hujja da hujjojin da aka samu ta hanyar rashin son kai tare da yiwuwar, idan ya cancanta, na sake duba kotu. . Ba mu yarda da tsarin da ya shafi Majalisa ba, wanda ke da nasaba da siyasa.
Kuri'ar Majalisar Dattijai hakika siyasa ce ta ma'anar cewa ta yi daidai da nufin yawancin mutanen Vermont. Misali, ya yi daidai da kuri'un taron gari a garuruwa 51 na Vermont a cikin 2009 da 2010 wanda ya nemi majalisar dokoki da su “(1) kin amincewa da aikin Vermont Yankee bayan Maris na 2012, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen 40 shekaru tsara rayuwarta. ; (2) na buƙatar Kamfanin Entergy na Louisiana ya cika alƙawarinsa don cikakken ba da kuɗin tsaftacewa da rage farashin rufe Vermont Yankee; da (3) neman aminci, sabuntawa, hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na yanki tare da inganci da matakan kiyayewa don maye gurbin ikon da Vermont Yankee ke bayarwa a yanzu."
An tabbatar da kuri'un 'yan majalisar dattawa da na gari a zaben gwamna a lokacin da dan takarar ya fi yin kira ga Vermont Yankee da ya rufe kan jadawalin ya lashe zaben fidda gwani da babban zabe.
Yarjejeniyar Leonard ta ce Entergy da aka shiga tare da jihar ana kiranta "Memorandum of Understanding" (MOU). Tare da kayan aikin Vermont guda uku (GMP, CVPS, da VYNPC) da Sashen Sabis na Jama'a na Vermont (DPS) kamfanoni biyu mallakar Entergy (wanda ake kira ENVY da ENO) waɗanda yanzu suka mallaki kuma suke sarrafa Vermont Yankee sun sanya hannu kan MOU a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2002. VYNPC ita ce Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation, kamfanin da a baya ya mallaki kuma ya sarrafa shuka kuma ya sayar da shuka ga Entergy. DPS ita ce hukuma reshen zartarwa wacce ta goyi bayan tayin Entergy don siyan Vermont Yankee dangane da shigar da shigar da MOU. Hakanan an ambata a cikin MOU shine VYNPS wanda shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Vermont Yankee. "Hukumar" ita ce Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Vermont.
Sakin layi ɗaya kawai na MOU ya dace da izinin aiki na Vermont Yankee bayan 2012. Ga cikakken rubutun wannan sakin layi:
12. Amincewar Hukumar Sabunta Lasisin Ayyuka: Masu rattaba hannu kan wannan MOU sun yarda cewa duk wani umarni da hukumar ta bayar na bayar da amincewar siyar da VYNPS ga ENVY da duk wata Takaddar Amfani da Jama'a ("CPG") da hukumar ta bayar ga ENVY da ENO. zai ba da izinin aiki na VYNPS kawai har zuwa Maris 21,2012 sannan kuma zai ba da izinin HASSADA da ENO kawai don ƙaddamar da VYNPS. Duk wani umarni na Hukumar da ke amincewa da siyarwar zai kasance cikin sharadi, kuma duk wani umarni na Hukumar da ke ba da CPG ga ENVY da ENO zai samar da cewa aikin VYNPS bayan Maris 21,2012 za a ba da izini kawai idan aikace-aikacen sabuntawar iko a ƙarƙashin CPG don gudanar da aikin. VYNPS an yi kuma an ba shi. Kowane VYNPC, CVPS, GMP, HASSADA da ENO a bayyane kuma ba tare da sokewa ba: (a) cewa Hukumar tana da hurumi a ƙarƙashin dokar ta yanzu don ba da ko ƙin amincewa da aiki na VYNPS bayan Maris 21,2012 da (b) don yin watsi da duk wani da'awar kowanne na iya samun cewa dokar tarayya ta ba da izinin hukumar ta dauki nauyin. ayyuka da kuma sanya sharuɗɗan da aka amince da su a cikin wannan sakin layi don sabuntawa, gyara ko tsawaita ENVY CPG da ENO CPG don ba da damar aiki na VYNPS bayan Maris 21,2012, ko don, ƙi sabunta, gyara ko tsawaita.
Babban taron Vermont ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar. Babu wani abu a cikin wannan sakin layi da ya ce an hana yanke shawara na dimokiradiyya a Vermont ko kuma "ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu zaman kansu ce kawai ta yanke shawarar yanke shawara.
Domin musanya yarjejeniyar Entergy ga MOU, Entergy ta sami goyon bayan DPS mai mahimmanci ga hukumar don amincewa da tayin Entergy don siya da sarrafa Vermont Yankee. Hukumar ta amince da siyan bisa ga shawarwarin tallafi daga DPS. Tun lokacin siyan sa na 2002, Entergy ya tara biliyoyin daloli na kudaden shiga daga siyar da wutar lantarki daga Vermont Yankee. Idan Entergy ya kula don ci gaba da gudana Vermont Yankee, Entergy zai karɓi wani dala biliyan 6 daga siyar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa a farashin 6 cents/kW-h na yanzu.
"A zahiri kuma ba tare da sokewa ba ya yarda"
Ko da yake Leonard ya ambaci yarjejeniyar 2002 a cikin wasiƙarsa, ya bar ambatar cewa yarjejeniyar tana amfani da jumla mai ƙarfi musamman - "ta yarda kuma ba tare da sokewa ba" game da biyun ƙarshe na sharuɗɗanta.
Abin sha'awa, har ma a cikin shafin yanar gizon Entergy na 57 tare da kotun tarayya, yayin da Entergy ya yi magana da yawa daga sakin layi, ko ta yaya Entergy ya tsallake ambaton kalmar "tabbatacce kuma ba tare da izini ba."
Tunanin Entergy akan barin wannan magana daga cikin korafinsa ba shi da wuyar fahimta. Shigar yana iya zama daidai idan yana tunanin cewa lokacin da kuka sanar da kotu cewa kun amince da wani abu a sarari kuma ba tare da sokewa ba, yarjejeniyarku ta kasance cikakke kuma babu abin da ya faru daga baya zai iya canza shi. Duk da haka, ta hanyar barin cikakken bayanin yarjejeniyar da ke buƙatar kotu ta soke, Entergy na iya zama ba da gangan ba ga kotun tarayya ta kwatanta babbar matsalar da Entergy ke da shi tare da fadin gaskiya wanda yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont ta jefa kuri'a mai yawa. saukar amincewar S. 289, lissafin da zai ba da izini ga PSB don ba da CPG idan an zartar.
Shari’ar Entergy da ke gaban kotun tarayya ta dogara ne akan iƙirarin da ta yi na cewa dokar tarayya ta ɓata dokar jiha, gami da ikon Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama’a. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Entergy "a bayyane kuma ba tare da sokewa ba" ya amince a cikin MOU shi ne cewa ta yi watsi da duk wani iƙirarin cewa dokar tarayya ta ƙaddamar da ikon hukumar. Gazawar Entergy don sanar da kotu cewa ta amince a zahiri a fili kuma ba za a iya warwarewa ba don yin watsi da irin wannan iƙirarin na iya nuna cewa Entergy yana matuƙar son raina waɗannan kalmomi da wannan alƙawarin.
Lokacin da Babban Mai Shari'a ya gabatar da martaninsa ga ƙarar Entergy za mu san abin da AG ya ɗauka a matsayin hujjar shari'a mafi karfi a jihar. A halin yanzu, a ƙoƙarin da ake yi na yin tir da kamfen ɗin hulɗa da jama'a na Entergy, na gabatar a nan wasu hujjoji da dokoki waɗanda za a iya taso. Masu karatu za su ga cewa Entergy na cikin wani yanayi mai matukar rauni don haka bai kamata jama’a su karaya ba ko kuma su ji sun mamaye kud’in kamfani da mulki da kuma kamfen din sa na hulda da jama’a.
Entergy daidai ne cewa jin ra'ayin jama'a muhimmin abu ne, kuma shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan bayyane don kare jihar daga Entergy, kamar wasiƙu zuwa ga edita, halartar shari'ar, da kuma shiga cikin sauran al'amuran jama'a, za su taimaka sosai wajen magance abubuwan Entergy biyu- kai hari.
Bari mu yi bita, cikin bayyananniyar harshe abubuwa biyar da Entergy ta amince da su a cikin sakin layi mai dacewa na MOU da aka ambata a sama:
- Entergy ta amince cewa takardar shaidar amfanin jama'a (CPG) da Hukumar ta bayar a 2002 za ta ba da izinin Entergy don sarrafa shukar kawai har zuwa 21 ga Maris, 2012.
- Entergy ya yarda cewa CPG da Hukumar ta bayar a 2002 za ta ba da izinin Entergy kawai don lalata shuka bayan wannan kwanan wata.
- Entergy ta yarda cewa za a ba da izinin gudanar da aikin shuka fiye da 21 ga Maris, 2012 kawai idan an yi kuma ba da izinin sabunta ikon da ke ƙarƙashin CPG don sarrafa shuka.
- Tare da abubuwan amfani, Entergy ya ƙara "a bayyane kuma ba za a iya soke shi ba" ya yarda (a) cewa Hukumar tana da hurumi a ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu don ba da ko ƙin amincewa da aiki na Vermont Yankee bayan 2012.
- Tare da abubuwan amfani, Entergy ya ƙara "tabbatacce kuma ba zato ba tsammani" ya amince (b) don kawar da duk wani iƙirari cewa dokar tarayya ta ƙaddamar da ikon hukumar.
A cikin korafin da ta yi da kotun tarayya, Entergy ta yi ikirarin cewa
Daga baya Vermont ta yi watsi da MOU, ta karya waccan yarjejeniya kuma ta ba da uzuri ga wajibcin ENVY da ENOI na ci gaba da bibiyar sharuɗɗanta (musamman, tanadin waiver) ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙa'idodi da ke kawar da "hukuncin dokar ta yanzu" ta PSB kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin sharuɗɗan MOU kuma a maimakon haka. Ana buƙatar amincewa kai tsaye na Babban Majalisar Vermont kafin PSB na iya ba da CPG don aikin tashar Vermont Yankee bayan Maris 21, 2012 ko don ajiyar man nukiliya da aka kashe da aka samu daga aiki bayan Maris 21, 2012.
Na farko, Entergy yana ɗaukar jimlar, "hukunce-hukuncen doka na yanzu" daga mahallin. A cikin MOU kalmar kawai sanarwa ce ta yarda da gaskiyar cewa hukumar tana da hurumi a ƙarƙashin doka na yanzu don ba da ko ƙin amincewa da aiki na Vermont Yankee bayan 2012. A cikin shigar da ƙara zuwa kotu. a matsayin sharadi.
Na biyu, babu wani abu game da dokar Vermont ta 2006 da ta canza ikon Hukumar don ba da izini ko hana izini da zarar Babban Taro ya zaɓi amincewarta. Dokar 160, dokar da Majalisar Vermont ta amince da ita, ta yi daidai da Hukumar da ke da ikon ba da CPG kuma ta amince da Hukumar tana da wannan ikon. Dokar ta tanadi cewa hukumar za ta iya fara binciken ta kafin majalisar ta yi aiki. Dokar kawai ta ƙara ƙuri'a mai kyau ta Babban Majalisar a matsayin sharadi kafin Hukumar ta iya ba da oda na ƙarshe ko ba da CPG.
A cikin ma'ana Dokar 160 ta sanya majalisar Vermont a kan daidaito daidai da Entergy. A karkashin MOU, Entergy yana da zaɓi ko yin aikace-aikacen sabuntawar iko a ƙarƙashin CPG don yin aiki bayan Maris 21, 2012. . Dokar 160 haka ma ta ba wa zaɓaɓɓen majalisa dama bisa duk wani ra'ayi da dokar tarayya ba ta tsara ba kafin PSB ta iya kammala yanke shawara. Dokar 160 don haka ta sanya zaɓaɓɓun wakilan jama'ar Vermont da na Kamfanin Entergy a kan daidaito.
Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da MOU a 2002, Entergy ya san cewa Vermont dimokuradiyya ce kuma mutanen Vermont, ta hanyar 'yan majalisar dokokinsu suna da 'yancin zartar da dokoki. Tare da gagarumin adawar jama'a ga tsawaita shekaru 20 a Vermont, kuma tare da al'adar mutanen Sacramento, California kuri'ar rufe tashar nukiliyar Rancho Seco [6] a cikin 1989, ana iya ganin cewa daga cikin dokokin da majalisa za ta iya zartar akwai wanda ya kara wani ƙarin sharadi, kamar kuri'a mai kyau a cikin majalisa kafin PSB ta iya ba da oda na ƙarshe ko ba da CPG.
Bugu da ƙari, Entergy ya san cewa Vermont yana da rassa uku na gwamnati waɗanda ke da iko daban-daban kuma suna ba da cak da ma'auni akan juna. Entergy ya san cewa DPS, hukumar jihar da ta rattaba hannu kan MOU, wani bangare ne na Reshen Zartarwa. Entergy ya san cewa majalisar dokokin Vermont ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar 2002. Hujjar Entergy na cewa jihar Vermont ta karya yarjejeniyar ta kasa gane cewa bangaren zartarwa ne kawai ke cikin yarjejeniyar kuma majalisa ce ke da alhakin gudanar da aikinta da ya dace don dubawa da daidaitawa.
Bugu da ƙari, Entergy ya san cewa majalisar dokokin Vermont na iya zama mai jin daɗin ra'ayoyin jama'ar Vermont kamar yadda aka bayyana a rumfunan zaɓe, ƙuri'un taron gari, zaɓe, da halartar jama'a. Babban kamfen na hulɗa da jama'a na Entergy yana kwatanta ilimin Entergy cewa goyon bayan jama'a ga Vermont Yankee don aiki bayan rayuwar ƙirar shekaru 40 ta ƙare a 2012 yana da mahimmanci. Don haka, ya kamata Entergy ya san cewa yin aiki da shuka cikin hankali, gami da guje wa haɗarin kiyayewa, yana da mahimmanci don samun ƙuri'a mai kyau a cikin majalisa.
Entergy ya dauki irin wannan kasada, sakamakon haka wuta ta tashi kusa da na’urar taranfoma a shekarar 2004 kuma hasumiya masu sanyaya sanyi sun ruguje a shekarar 2007. Da kasa koyo daga wannan taron, Entergy ya ci gaba da daukar irin wannan kasada kuma tritium da strontium 90 sun leka daga bututun karkashin kasa zuwa Vermont. Ruwan karkashin kasa a shekarar 2009 da kuma bawul din tsaro da aka kera don shigar da ruwa a cikin reactor core don sanyaya shi yayin wani hatsari an gano cewa ba sa iya aiki a lokacin da aka katse mai a shekarar 2010.
Lokacin da Entergy ya zaɓi kada ya yi aikin rigakafin da zai hana waɗannan matsalolin kuma lokacin da Entergy ya zaɓi yin maganganun ƙarya a ƙarƙashin rantsuwa ga Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta la'akari da bukatar da ta yi na tsawaita shekara ashirin, Entergy ta ɗauki alhakin cewa za ta tozarta kanta. ma'aikaci mai hankali, mai iyawa, kuma mai gaskiya wanda ya cancanci amana, girmamawa, da yabawa. Entergy ce ta yi zabin da ya kai ga asarar goyon bayan jama'a wanda kamfen dinsa na hulda da jama'a ya nuna ya san ya zama dole a tsarin dimokuradiyya don amincewa da aiki bayan 2012.
Bugu da ƙari, Entergy ya nuna cewa ya san yadda za a iya magance irin waɗannan yanayi da ake iya gani a cikin MOU. MOU ya haɗa da aƙalla tanadin sharadi guda 6, gami da waɗanda ke ba da izinin shigar da 'yancin yin aiki idan wasu sharuɗɗan ba a cika su ba. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tanade-tanaden ya tanadi:
Idan har hukumar ta kasa amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya gaba dayanta ko kuma ta yi watsi da ko kin amincewa da wani bangare na wannan bangare, kowane bangare ya yarda cewa yarjejeniyar da aka gindaya a cikinta na iya wargajewa, idan irin wannan jam’iyya ta kayyade bisa ga ra’ayin ta, kuma kowanne zai iya kawo karshe. suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya kamar yadda kowannensu zai yi rashin wannan Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar.
Entergy zai iya haɗawa da irin wannan tanadi game da wani aiki da majalisa ta yi wanda ya ƙara wani ƙarin mataki, kamar wanda ainihin majalisa ta zartar. Musamman ma, ko da game da Hukumar, Entergy ba ta haɗa da yanayin ƙarewa ba idan Hukumar ta yanke shawarar ƙara ƙarin mataki. Gaskiyar cewa yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi wani takamaiman yanayin ƙarewa idan an yi watsi da tanadi ko kuma ba a yarda da shi ba yana nufin cewa duk wani taron, kamar ƙarin matakin da hukumar ta ƙara, ba dalilai bane na ƙarewa. Hakazalika, idan aka yi la’akari da ainihin tanadin dakatarwa da ke kunshe a cikin yarjejeniyar, wani karin matakin da majalisar ta kara zai ma yi wuya a ga dalilin da zai kawo karshensa.
Entergy zai iya haɗawa da sharadi akan alkawuransa idan wani abu game da doka game da amincewar hukumar ya canza. Madadin haka, Entergy ya yi daidai da akasin lokacin da ta “tabbatacce kuma ba zato ba tsammani” ta yarda da cewa Hukumar tana da hurumi kuma ta yi watsi da da’awar ta tarayya. Wannan furcin yana nufin cewa yarjejeniyarta a kan waɗannan batutuwa biyu cikakkiya ce.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana da kyau a ambaci cewa yayin da kalmar "ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu" ta bayyana a cikin ma'anar iko (a) na tanadin da Entergy "ya yarda da gaske kuma ba tare da izini ba," jumlar game da dokar yanzu ba ta bayyana a cikin keɓantaccen tanadin ba da izini (b) .
Idan muka ɗauka, a halin yanzu, cewa ana iya fassara batun dokar ta yanzu a cikin yanki (a) a matsayin wani yanayi, gaskiyar cewa “dokar ta yanzu” ta fito fili a ƙarƙashin batu (a) dole ne saboda babu wani zato ta atomatik wannan batu. (a) ya kasance ƙarƙashin "dokar yanzu." Saboda yarjejeniyar ba ta haɗa da wani abu game da dokar yanzu a fili a cikin keɓantaccen batu (b), ya kamata a fassara MOU a matsayin ma'anar cewa kawai batu (a) yana ƙarƙashin yanayin doka na yanzu da kuma wannan batu (b), sabanin batu (b). a), baya ƙarƙashin dokar da ta kasance a lokacin da aka shigar da MOU.
Idan ɓangarorin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun yi niyya cewa batun watsi (b) ya dogara ne akan dokar yanzu ta kowace hanya, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi, za su iya kuma yakamata su bayyana a fili cewa a cikin aya (b), kamar yadda Entergy yayi ikirarin sun yi. a aya (a). Jam'iyyun ba su yi ba, don haka ya kamata a riƙe su ga abin da a zahiri suka aiwatar a cikin aya (b), wato CIKAR KYAUTA ga duk wani iƙirari game da preemption na tarayya.
Duk da haka, ko da game da batu (a), wajen aiwatar da doka ta 160, majalisa ba ta canza doka game da ikon hukumar ba. Hukumar ta na da hurumi a karkashin dokar da ake da ita a shekarar 2002 kuma tana da hurumin shari'a a karkashin dokar ta 2011. A akasarin doka ta 160 ta kara da cewa majalisar ta shiga cikin wannan tsari a matsayin mataki na gaba da hukumar za ta iya ba da umarninta na karshe. Entergy ba zai iya jayayya cewa dokar 160 ta kwace ikon hukumar ba.
Don haka, shari'ar Entergy da Vermont ta “yi watsi da MOU” ya bayyana yana rataye akan shawarwari masu tsauri, gami da:
- ra'ayin cewa hukumar da ba ta cikin yarjejeniya za ta iya karya yarjejeniyar
- ra'ayin cewa majalisa na iya zartar da doka ta ƙara kanta zuwa tsarin amincewa "ba za a iya yin annabci ba lokacin da Entergy ya sayi Vermont Yankee"
- ra'ayin cewa doka ta canza ikon PSB
- ra'ayin cewa Entergy "a bayyane kuma ba za a iya sokewa ba" ya yarda (b) don yafe duk wani da'awar zuwa tsarin tarayya ba ya aiki saboda batu (a) game da ikon ya haɗa da jumla game da dokar yanzu.
Ƙila Entergy ba ta son sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar da ta rattabawa hannu amma su kaɗai ke da alhakin sharuɗɗan da suka yi shawarwari, da su, da kuma amincewa da su.
Ko da Entergy ya yi nasara wajen nuna cewa gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da MOU, Entergy za ta kasance ta tabbatar da da'awarta cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta riga ta ƙaddamar da dukkan fannin makamashin nukiliya don tabbatar da cewa an soke dokar Vermont, cewa Vermont ta shiga cikin shawarar. game da aiki na Vermont Yankee bayan 2012 ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma bisa ga amincewar tarayya kadai Entergy na iya ci gaba da aiki Vermont Yankee da ta wuce 2012. Entergy kuma na iya yin jayayya da yunƙurin da Babban Mai Shari'a ya yi don watsi da ɗaya ko fiye na buƙatun Entergy. Daga cikin waɗancan yunƙurin na iya kasancewa ɗaya don yin watsi da buƙatar Entergy don umarnin wucin gadi da dindindin bisa gaskiyar cewa Entergy ta aikata munanan ayyuka. Wani kuma na iya zama korar korar bisa la'akari da Entergy da ta zauna kan 'yancinta na tabbatar da cewa jihar ta ki amincewa da MOU na dogon lokaci da/ko dokar tarayya ta hana dokar jiha.
Yanci
korafin Entergy ya ce:
Dokar AEA [Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya] ta keɓanta a cikin NRC keɓantaccen ikon mallakar lasisi da sarrafa wuraren nukiliya. Dokokin Jiha da ƙa'idojin da ke buƙatar lasisin jiha don aikin shuka ko kuma samun tasiri kai tsaye da tasiri akan aikin shuka an riga an tsara su a ƙarƙashin Ma'anar Supremacy, US Const. Art. VI.
Entergy ba ta da ikon yin wannan ikirari.
Koyaya, a cikin yanke shawara na bai ɗaya, Kotun Kolin Amurka ta yi magana game da batun riga-kafi a cikin wani Magana ta 1983 [7] yana mai tabbatar da cewa "Dokar Makamashin Atomic ta ƙunshi izini ga Jihohi don tsara tashoshin makamashin nukiliya don wasu dalilai ban da kariya daga haɗarin radiation." Kotun koli ta yi:
(a) Daga nassi na Dokar Makamashin Atom a cikin 1954, ta hanyar sake dubawa da yawa, kuma har zuwa yau, Majalisa ta kiyaye ka'idoji biyu na samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da makamashin nukiliya: Gwamnatin Tarayya tana kula da cikakken kula da aminci da abubuwan "nukiliya". na samar da makamashi, yayin da Jihohi ke amfani da ikonsu na al'ada kan tambayoyin tattalin arziki kamar buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin samarwa, nau'in kayan aikin da za a ba da lasisi, amfani da ƙasa, da ƙima. Wannan Kotun ta yarda da tattalin arzikin California, maimakon aminci, dalili a matsayin dalilin aiwatar da § 25524.2, don haka dokar ta ta'allaka ne a waje da filin ka'idojin kare lafiyar nukiliya na tarayya. Pp. 461 US 205-216.
Matsayin Entergy bai dace da wannan shawarar Kotun Koli ba.
Mummunan Ayyuka
Mummunan ayyukan Entergy sun haɗa da yin wata sanarwa ta ƙarya a ƙarƙashin rantsuwa ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Vermont a cikin ci gaba game da ƙarar da Entergy ta yi na CPG ta yi aiki har tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan Maris 21, 2012. Bayanin ƙarya shine cewa babu bututun karkashin kasa da zai iya zubar da tritium. . The PSB ta ba da oda [8] wanda ya ci tarar Entergy don yin maganganun karya a watan Yuni 2010. Za a biya tarar ga ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da jama'a don kashe kuɗin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka yi wajen magance maganganun ƙarya na Entergy. Kamfanin ya amince da maganganun karya kuma ya cire Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Curt Herbert da wasu jami'an kamfanin da dama, ciki har da Mataimakin Shugaban shafin Jay Thayer.
A wani bangare na umarninta na amsa bukatar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suka yi na yin watsi da bukatar da Entergy ta yi na neman ikon ci gaba da aiki bayan 2012 saboda sanarwar karya da PSB ta lura da cewa "Entergy VY ta ci gaba da cewa korar tare da nuna son kai zai kai matsayin karshe a kan takardar neman izini, kuma don haka an hana ta 30 V.SA. § 248 (e) (2) [dokar 2006, Dokar 160] har sai Babban Taro ya yanke shawara game da tambayar sakewa."
A cikin wasikar Leonard da kuma a cikin karar da ta yi da Vermont, Entergy ta tabbatar da cewa dokar ta 2006 ta hana Hukumar amincewa da bukatar ta don yin aiki bayan 2012. Duk da haka, Entergy ya kamata ya durƙusa kuma ya gode wa majalisa don zartar da Dokar 160 a 2006 tun lokacin rikodin. na Hukumar Gudanarwa ya nuna, akasin haka, cewa Entergy a zahiri ya sami nasarar dogara ga dokar 2006, Dokar 160, don gudun kada a yi watsi da bukatar ta ta PSB saboda bayanan karya ga hukumar.
Mummunan ayyuka a cikin shari'ar na iya hana kamfanin yin la'akari da irin wannan daidaitaccen taimako azaman umarni. Kotun kolin Amurka ce ta ba da jagoranci kan wannan batu wanda ya tabbatar da matakin da wata karamar kotu ta yi na yin watsi da korafin da wani kamfani ya yi na karya ga ofishin mallakar mallaka don samun takardar shaidar da yake neman aiwatarwa. Kotun kolin ta ce:
Koyarwar jagora a cikin wannan yanayin ita ce madaidaicin maxim cewa "wanda ya zo cikin adalci dole ne ya zo da hannuwa masu tsabta." Wannan maxim ɗin ya fi banality kawai. Hukunce-hukunce ne na kansa wanda ke rufe kofofin kotun adalci ga wanda ya gurbata da rashin adalci ko rashin imani dangane da lamarin da yake neman sauki, duk da cewa bai dace ba halin wanda ake tuhuma. Wannan koyaswar ta samo asali ne daga tunanin tarihi na kotu na adalci a matsayin abin hawa don tabbatar da buƙatun lamiri da kyakkyawan bangaskiya. Wannan yana ɗaukan ƙi a ɓangarensa don zama "masu ɓarna."
[o] rashin da'a ba lallai ba ne ya kasance yana da irin wannan yanayin da za a iya hukunta shi a matsayin laifi ko kuma ba da hujjar shari'ar kowane hali. Duk wani aiki da aka yi da gangan game da abin da aka yi da gangan wanda za a iya cewa ya ketare ma'auni na adalci, ya isa ya zama dalilin kiran maxim [cewa "wanda ya zo da gaskiya sai ya zo da hannuwa tsarkakakku."] . . .
Bugu da ƙari, idan ƙara a cikin daidaito ya shafi bukatun jama'a, da kuma abubuwan sirri na masu shari'a, wannan koyaswar tana ɗauka mafi girma kuma mafi girma. Domin idan kotun adalci ta yi amfani da maxim don hana taimakonta a irin wannan harka, ba wai kawai ta hana azzalumi cin moriyar laifinsa ba, amma tana kawar da cutar da jama'a. Ƙayyadaddun lokacin da ya kamata a yi amfani da maxim a kan wannan nau'in kwat ɗin don haka ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci. [9] Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka: Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach. Co., 324 US 806, 815 (1945)
Lokacin da suke ba da shaida kan wannan batu na mahimmancin sha'awar jama'a ga PSB a cikin ci gaba da tsawaita aiki na tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan 2012, jami'an Entergy sun san ko ya kamata su san cewa shukar ta na da bututun karkashin kasa. Entergy kawai ya kama cikin bayanan karya lokacin da wannan bututun ya fara zubar da tritium da sauran nuclides na rediyoaktif cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na Vermont.
Maganganun karya da ke ƙarƙashin rantsuwa a cikin shari'ar da ta dace za su iya isa su hana Entergy samun umarnin da yake buƙatar ci gaba da aiki bayan Maris 21, 2012 ba tare da amincewar jihar Vermont ba.
Amma a wannan yanayin ya wuce batun maganganun karya. Entergy ya san cewa yawancin sauran tsire-tsire na nukiliya sun leka tritium daga bututun karkashin kasa, an gano batun a matsayin wani abu don bincike a cikin dokar Vermont ta 2008, kamar yadda Entergy ya yarda a cikin korafinta (sakin layi na 71), kuma Entergy ya haƙa rijiyoyi da yawa don saka idanu don leaks. daga bututun karkashin kasa. Amma duk da haka, Entergy ba ta ɗauki mataki don bincika bututunta na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba da kuma maye gurbin sassan da ba su da lahani ko lalacewa kafin su zubo. Madadin haka Entergy ya dogara ne akan sa ido akan leaks, kuma sai bayan an sami ɗigon ruwa ne kawai ta bincika tare da gyara waɗancan sassan. Don haka, ba wai kawai Entergy ya yi kalaman karya ga jami’an jihar don inganta matsayinsa ba dangane da takardar shedar amfanin jama’a da ta nemi tsawaita aikin kamfanin na tsawon shekaru 20. Entergy yana ci gaba da sane da barin Vermont cikin haɗari ga ƙarin ɗigogi cikin ƙasarta da ruwan ƙasa. Wannan mummunan aiki ne mai gudana.
Ana iya yin shari'a mai kyau cewa munanan ayyukan Entergy sun hana shi samun daidaiton sassaucin umarnin kan jihar Vermont da kotu ta amince da shi. Kamar yadda kotun kolin Amurka ta ce, ya kamata a rufe kofofin kotun a kansu.
Laches da Acquiescence
Bayani game da doka game da kariyar adalci wanda ya shafi kariya mai adalci wanda ya shafi lokacin da jam'iyyar ta nuna rashin himma wajen aiwatar da hakkin a Amurka ta bata gari daga 1929 da kuma 1904 [10] da kuma a Kotun Daukaka Kara na Biyu Circuit harka daga 1976.
Entergy yanzu ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da hakkin ya yi aiki da Vermont Yankee bayan 2012 bisa ga tsarin tarayya na tarayya kuma Entergy yana neman wani umarni don hana aiki na dokar Vermont da kuma dakatar da jami'an Vermont daga aiki don rufe shuka a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2012. Duk da haka, ba wai kawai ba. Shin Entergy ta kasa tabbatar da haƙƙin da ake zargin ta game da shirin tarayya na tsawon shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma ba wai kawai Entergy ya yarda da laifin da ake zargin ba don duk lokacin, Entergy ya yi aiki daga 2001 (kafin ya sayi shuka) har zuwa yanzu tare da Vermont. Sashen Sabis na Jama'a da Hukumar Kula da Sabis na Jama'a na Vermont kuma sun sami fa'ida sosai daga aikinta. Jinkirin da ya yi na tabbatar da haƙƙin da ake zargi da shi na neman izinin tarayya na iya nufin cewa Entergy ya yi watsi da hakkinsa, idan da gaske ta taɓa samun.
Bugu da kari, shekaru biyar da suka gabata majalisar ta amince da dokar ta 160 wadda a yanzu Entergy ta ce ta soke wajibcin ta a karkashin MOU. A lokacin Entergy bai yi adawa da dokar ba, ya wuce House 130-0, kuma Gwamna Jim Douglas ya sanya hannu. Entergy bai bayar da sanarwar cewa dokar ta ki amincewa da MOU ba. Entergy ba ta ɗauki wani mataki na doka ba don tabbatar da haƙƙin da ake zarginta na kasancewa cikin 'yanci daga sharuɗɗan MOU daga 2006 har zuwa yanzu. A wannan lokacin Entergy ya ci gaba da shiga cikin PSB da sauraron shari'ar majalisa.
Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin, 'yan majalisa, masu jefa kuri'a a garuruwan Vermont, hukumomi, irin su PSB, da kungiyoyin jama'a da masu ra'ayin jama'a sun shafe sa'o'i masu yawa suna aiki don rufe Vermont Yankee bisa dogaro da aiwatar da MOU, bisa dogaro da aiwatar da doka. Doka ta 2006, da kuma dogaro ga jihar Vermont tana da bakin magana cikin komai sai dai al'amuran tsaro.
Bisa la'akari da gazawarta wajen tabbatarwa da kare haƙƙinta na haƙƙin mallaka na tarayya da kuma da'awar cewa jihar ta yi watsi da MOU a 2006, kuma bisa la'akari da dogaro da MOU da dokar 2006 da jami'an jihohi da membobin gwamnati suka yi. jama'a cewa jihar tana da iko a kan batutuwan da ba su shafi kiwon lafiya ba a tashar nukiliyar Vermont Yankee, Entergy na iya samun wahala wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba ta ba da hakkinta na da'awar cewa jihar ba ta da iko a lokacin da ta jira tsawon lokaci don tabbatar da wannan da'awar. .
Kammalawa
Shari'ar Entergy gaba ɗaya ba tare da tushe na gaskiya ko na doka ba. Hujjojin sa sun yi kama da zazzagewa kamar shukar nukiliyar Vernon mai fitar da tritium. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na hulda da jama’a na gaskiya ne kamar yadda ta shaida wa Hukumar Kula da Ma’aikatan Jiha game da wanzuwar bututun cikin ƙasa. Babban abin da ya fi karfi a shari'ar Entergy shi ne cewa kamfani ne na biliyoyin daloli, kuma kotuna sun yi ta zana hakki ga kamfanoni masu rusa hakkin talakawa. Amma mu mutanen Vermont za mu iya tinkarar ko da wannan fa'idar rashin adalci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da waɗanda suka kafa wannan jiha da wannan ƙasa suka ba mu da kuma waɗanda suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa mulkin demokraɗiyya da haƙƙin daidaitawa: ja tare, gina ƙamfen na zahiri, da amfani da mu. Unlimited albarkatu na soyayya, tausayi, bangaskiya, da ƙarfin hali don neman kotu ta yi watsi da ƙarar shari'ar ta Entergy ta bogi kuma ta goyi bayan kyakkyawan aikin shari'a da muke tsammani daga lauyoyin da ke kare jihar mu a ofishin Babban Lauyan Vermont.
James Marc Leas lauya ne na haƙƙin mallaka a cikin aikin sirri a Kudancin Burlington. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin kimiyyar lissafi na ƙungiyar masu damuwa da damuwa a sakamakon hatsarin da ya faru a tsibirin Mile uku.
______________________
[1] Koken da Entergy ya shigar a cikin karar Afrilu 18, 2011 a kotun tarayya a Vermont:
http://www.entergy.com/content/investor_relations/pdfs/4-18-11_complaint.pdf
[2] Wasiƙar J. Wayne Leonard zuwa ga Vermonters: http://www.safecleanreliable.com/20110419.html
[3] Yarjejeniyar Fahimta: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/jfo/envy/6545 MOU.pdf
[4] Dokar 160, ta Babban Taro a 2006: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/jfo/envy/ACT160.pdf
[5] S. 289, izini don tsawaita aiki da Majalisar Dattawa ta Vermont ta kada kuri'a a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2010: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2010/bills/Intro/S-289.pdf
[6] Labarin Time Magazine game da kuri'ar rufe tashar nukiliya ta Rancho Seco a California: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957975,00.html
[7] Preemption: A Kotun Koli ta Amurka, PG & E v. State Energy Comm'n, 461 US 190 (1983), Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Jiha Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission: http://supreme.justia.com/us/461/190/case.html
[8] PSB ta ba da umarnin cin tara akan Entergy da ƙin amincewa da buƙatar yin watsi da koken Entergy na tsawaita aiki na Vermont Yankee na tsawon shekaru 20 saboda bayanin ƙaryar da ta yi game da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin ci gaba, "YADDA AKE BUKATAR SANCI DA KUDI DA HUKUNCI. KUDI, 4 ga Yuni, 2010: http://psb.vermont.gov/sites/psb/files/orders/2010/7440OrderReAttorneysFees.pdf
[9] Hannu marasa Tsabta: A cikin Kotun Koli ta Amurka, Ingancin Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach. Co., 324 US 806, 815 (1945) http://supreme.justia.com/us/324/806/case.html
[10] Laches da yarda: A cikin Kotun Koli ta Amurka, Tsarin Larabci na Tsohon Misira v. Michaux, 279 US 737 (1929) http://supreme.justia.com/us/279/737/case.html
Patterson v. Hewitt, 195 US 309 (1904) http://supreme.justia.com/us/195/309/case.html
kuma a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka, Da'ira ta Biyu, Rochester v. Sabis ɗin Wasikun Amurka 541 F.2d 967 http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/541/541.F2d.967.76-6065.1187.html
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi