Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Juyin Juya Halin Ba'amurke na Zamani ta Lara Vapnek (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2015)
Staughton Lynd ne yayi nazari
Yawancin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka goyi bayan anarchism ko anarcho-syndicalism a lokacin suna ƙanana an jawo su a rayuwarsu ta ƙarshe zuwa goyan bayan gurguzu na ƙasa da ƙasa. Alexandra Kollontai, Lucy Parsons, da Dolores Ibarruri ("La Pasionaria") sun zo a hankali.
Ana iya kwatanta Elizabeth Gurley Flynn ta wannan hanya. "Yarinyar 'yar tawaye" da waƙar Joe Hill ta yi bikin, wadda ita ce mace mafi shahara a cikin fitattun mutane na IWW, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka a 1937 kuma ta goyi bayanta a bainar jama'a har mutuwarta.
Tabbas, akwai mazaje da yanayinsu ya kasance iri ɗaya. William Z. Foster, masanin kishin addini wanda ya zama shugaban kwaminisanci, misali ne. Amma akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa musamman game da Flynn, 'yar baƙin haure masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga Ireland, wata budurwa ba ta jin tsoron tsayawa ga mai magana da yawun IWW Bill Haywood ko kuma Carlos Tresca mai ra'ayin gurguzu, wanda ya yarda da jagorancin kakannin da ba a yi musu wahayi ba wadanda suka jagoranci kwaminisanci na Amurka zuwa gata. tare da wasu taimako mai ƙarfi daga J. Edgar Hoover, et al.) bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.
Kuma akwai mata, sama da duka Rosa Luxemburg, waɗanda suka yi nasarar yin tsayayya da sake ma'anarsu a matsayin haɗin kai ga shugabannin maza. Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma yayin da yake kurkuku saboda adawa da shi, Luxemburg ta kasance da haɗin kai amma ta nuna damuwa game da tunanin Lenin na siyasa, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "tsakiya mara tausayi." Luxemburg ta ki amincewa da "ladabtarwa" wanda shine "ka'idodin tsarin da aka zalunta." Bayan da aka sake ta daga kurkuku, ta yi aiki tare da Karl Liebknecht. A lokacin da ya yarda a cikinta ba don wani tashin hankali ba, duk da haka, ta tsawata masa; amma ta kasa juyar da dabarar da ta kai ga gallazawar mutuwarta.
Rayuwa Mai Al'ajabi
Lara Vapnek ta kwance zaren tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa da kaset ɗin rayuwar Flynn. Ta taimaka mana mu fahimci mutunci da sadaukarwa waɗanda suka nuna tafiyar Flynn har zuwa ƙarshe. Vapnek ya haskaka abubuwan da ke gaba na shawarar Flynn.
Flynn ba mai bin mata ba ne. Ba ta da sha'awar duk ƙungiyoyin mata. Ta dage cewa maza da mata masu aiki su shirya tare, amma a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga bukatun kungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin aji. Mata, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rukuni, suna buƙatar samun damar hana haihuwa. Dole ne su iya zabar uwa.
Flynn, wadda aka haifa a shekara ta 1890, ta ba da jawabinta na farko a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 1906. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1909, tana da shekaru goma sha tara, ta shiga yakin neman 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a birnin Missoula na jihar Montana. Lamarin dai shi ne yadda ’yan kwangilar kwadago ke karbar kudi domin shirya ayyukan yi ga ma’aikatan da ke karbar albashi amma suka kasa samar da aikin da aka yi alkawari. Flynn da sauran masu magana da Wobbly sun ja ɗimbin masu hakar ma'adinai da ƙwararrun katako zuwa tarurrukan tituna. ‘Yan kwangila da masu shaguna na cikin gida sun koka da hukumomin gwamnati. Birnin ya yi kira da dokar hana tada hankali na "lafiya da natsuwa na kowane titi."
Yayin da aka kama wani mai magana, wani ya maye gurbinsa. Kira don ƙarfafawa ya fita zuwa Spokane da sauran garuruwan Yamma. Ba da daɗewa ba wani abu kamar mutum ɗari ya kasance a bayan gidan yari a Missoula. Wadanda aka kama, kamar masu kare hakkin jama'a na baya na " kurkuku, babu beli," sun yi amfani da lokacinsu tare don rera waƙoƙin zanga-zangar. Baƙi a babban otal na birnin da ke kan titi sun yi zanga-zanga a nasu bangaren, kuma, kamar a shekarun 1960, 'yan sanda sun fesa jama'a daga bututun ruwa. A cewar Lara Vapnek, Flynn ya sanya lokacin yin jawabin ne domin a ciyar da wadanda aka kama, ta hanyar biyan haraji. Wadanda aka kama sun bukaci a yi musu shari’a guda daya, tare da tsawaita shari’ar tare da kara kashe kudade a birnin. Bayan makonni da yawa "ikon da za su kasance" sun saki wadanda aka kama, ciki har da Flynn, kuma sun yi watsi da duk tuhumar.
Lawrence da Ludlow
Flynn ya sake kasancewa a zuciyar ƙirƙira dabara mara tashin hankali a cikin sanannen yajin "Bread and Roses" a Lawrence, Massachusetts shekaru uku bayan haka. Ta “zama kayan aiki,” kamar yadda wannan asusun ya ce, a cikin “babban dabarar korar ’ya’yan masu yajin daga Lawrence don a kula da su ta wurin iyalai masu tausayi a wasu biranen.” Margaret Sanger ce ta taimaka mata a cikin wannan aikin, "ma'aikaciyar jinya-ma'aikaciyar gurguzu wacce ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar hana haihuwa."
Bayan shekaru biyu, Flynn ya zama tilas ya fuskanci mummunan tashin hankali na yajin aikin ma'adinai na Ludlow, Colorado, inda aka kashe jagororin yajin aikin uku cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma mata biyu da yara goma sha daya suka kone kurmus a cikin tanti da suka nemi mafaka. Anarchists sun shirya yin ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kashe John D. Rockefeller, Jr., mai kamfanin Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. A wani yanayi na ban mamaki da shekarun 1960, wasu mutane uku da suke shirya bam don wannan dalili sun tarwatsa kansu.
An nemi Flynn ya yi magana a wurin taron tunawa da mutanen uku. Kamar yadda Vapnek ya kwatanta wurin a hankali, Flynn dole ne ya “taka layi mai kyau tsakanin girmama matattu da kuma hana tashin hankali.” Ta yi haka ta wajen kwatanta ɗaya daga cikin matattu uku, Arthur Caron. Caron ya kasance masaƙa na asalin Faransanci da ɗan asalin Amurka daga Kogin Falls, Massachusetts. Ya zo da wahala lokacin da ya rasa aikinsa. Matarsa da jaririnsa sun mutu. Ya ƙaura zuwa birnin New York ne kawai ya sami kansa ɗaya daga cikin dubban ɗaruruwan marasa aikin yi a wurin, yana tattake tituna, yunwa da sanyi. Ya fada tare da "dakaru" na maza marasa gida. A karo na biyu da aka kama shi, 'yan sandan New York sun shigar da shi cikin mota suka yi masa duka. Cike da jini, tare da murƙushe gefen hancinsa ɗaya, ya yi nasarar yin tuggu zuwa gidan kawar Flynn, Mary Heaton Vorse.
Flynn ya tambayi masu sauraro a wurin taron tunawa da su don su yi tunanin yanayin tunanin Caton. “Ya nemi burodi. Ya karbi blackjack. " Ta ci gaba da cewa ya tafka babban kuskure a lokacin da ya yi yunkurin magance masa matsalolin ta hanyar tashin hankali. Amma ta tambaya: “Wane ne ke da alhakin? Wa ya koya masa?”
Mutane Masu Suna da Fuska
A cikin wannan gwaninta mutum zai iya hango dalilin babban nasarar da Flynn ya samu a matsayin mai shiryawa ga wadanda rikicin Red Scare ya shafa bayan yakin duniya na daya da na McCarthyism bayan yakin duniya na biyu kowanne daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikice ya shafe shekaru masu yawa a lokacin da Flynn ya nemi masu sauraronta na kasa da su tashi. na ɗan lokaci cikin takalman ɗaiɗaikun maza, mata, da yara waɗanda aka ɗaure, fitar da su, kashe su (Sacco da Vanzetti), a cikin ƴan lokuta masu ban tsoro (kamar na Wobbly Frank Little) da tashin hankalin ƴan banga suka kashe, duk da ƙanƙanta. a kowane irin tsari. Maimakon yin baƙin ciki game da makomar rashin suna da tarin jama'a, irin su "baƙi," ko wani nau'in ma'aikata, kamar "masu hakar ma'adinai," Flynn ta mayar da hankali, kamar yadda ta yi a kan tafiye-tafiyen da ba ta ƙare ba, a kan daidaikun mutane, tare da sunaye da fuskoki. A cikin irin wannan ruhi, a cikin jam'iyyar gurguzu, Flynn ya yi adawa da shawarar shugabancin jam'iyyar a shekarun 1950 na shiga karkashin kasa.
Irin wannan hanyar zuwa ga gaskiyar zamantakewa ta hanyar rayuwar mutum ya haifar da babban bambanci da Bill Haywood akan dabarun shari'a. Flynn ya shaida a Missoula da kuma sauran gwagwarmayar fadin albarkacin baki a wasu wurare yadda ya daure tsarin a kulli don dagewa kan tsarin shari'a daban, gwaji daban, ga kowane memba na rukunin wadanda ake tuhuma. Danniya da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin kotuna ya dogara ne da ra'ayi na "makirci" mai girma da ban tsoro na rashin fuska amma masu mugun nufi. Idan wanda ake tuhuma ya amince da tsarin ƙungiya, to babu makawa yana son tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi. Bugu da kari, ya kasance mafi sauki a sanya tausayin alkalai a cikin wahalar da wasu mutane ke sha fiye da yadda ake nuna tsarin zalunci. Don haka Flynn ya bijirewa shawarar da Haywood ya yanke na neman Wobblies da ake tuhuma a duk faɗin Amurka da su ba da kansu, kuma su shiga a matsayin ƴan kallo a cikin ƙungiyar bokayen da alkali na tarayya Kenesaw Mountain Landis ke gudanarwa a Chicago. Da ta gwammace a yi ƙoƙari ta sa kowane Wobbly ta tuhume shi a karon farko don wani rikici na daban. Kuma idan aka yi la’akari da irin rayuwar IWW a matsayin al’umma, hakan bai taimaka ba lokacin da Haywood da kansa ya yi tsallen bada belin ya gudu zuwa Tarayyar Soviet.
Tsayayyen hangen nesa na gurguzu
Ga Flynn kanta, ba shakka, abin da tarihi da begen ci gaba da rayuwar ɗan adam ke buƙata shine babban canji na tsari, daga tsarin jari-hujja zuwa gurguzu. Vancek ya jaddada cewa ko da Flynn ta kuzarin siyasa ya keɓe ga ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban, IWW (1906-1916) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (1937-1964), "hangen gurguzu na Flynn ya tsaya tsayin daka."
Staughton Lynd masanin tarihi ne, lauya, mai fafutuka na dogon lokaci kuma marubucin labarai da littattafai da yawa gami da sabon fitowar Solidarity Unionism: Sake Gina Ƙungiyar Labour daga ƙasa (PM Press). Ana iya samun sa a [email kariya].
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