Gwamnatoci suna zuwa suna tafiya a Japan, Noda Yoshihiko shine na baya-bayan nan, kasancewa na uku tun bayan babban zaɓe na 30 ga Agusta 2009 ya kawo jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) kan karagar mulki, bayan ta Hatoyama Yukio da Kan Naoto. A cikin makonni bayan hawansa ofis, Noda ya bayyana ainihin manufarsa ga ofishin a lokuta da dama, ciki har da jawabin farko na Diet a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 13 ga Satumba. Ya yi alƙawarin tabbatarwa, zurfafawa, da ƙarfafa ƙawancen da Amurka, "matsayin manufofin ketare na Japan da tsaro." Hakan na nufin, fiye da komai, zai gina sansanin sojojin ruwa a arewacin Okinawa wanda aka tsara don maye gurbin sansanin Futenma da ke tsugunne cikin hatsari a tsakiyar garin Ginowan.
Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata jerin Firayim Minista - bakwai na LDP da uku na DPJ.1 - sun yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara don cim ma wannan ba. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin gwamnatoci a kan "Futenma Replacement Facility" an yi, jinkirta, sake dubawa, da kuma jinkirta sake (1996, 2006, 2009, 2010, da 2011), mafi yawa saboda ci gaba da adawa a Okinawa, kuma Noda ba zai yiwu ba. fiye da magabata don warware matsalar. 'Yan adawar Okinawan sun kara azama a cikin wadannan shekaru goma sha biyar, musamman biyun baya, tun bayan da DPJ ta karbi mulki tare da yin alkawarin mika sansanin Futenma a wajen Okinawa sannan kuma ta yi watsi da alkawarin da ta dauka. Don haka Noda ya hau ofis yana alƙawarin yin abin da ba zai yiwu ba, sabili da haka an kusan ba da tabbacin shiga jerin firaministan da ke tsere daga filin wasa bayan sauran nan gaba.
A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, da shugaba Obama ya gana a hedkwatar MDD dake New York a karon farko, Noda ya tabbatar wa shugaban cewa, "Za mu yi kokarin samun hadin gwiwa bisa yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin Japan da Amurka, kuma zan yi iya kokarina wajen ganin an cimma nasara. samun fahimtar mutanen Okinawa."2
Rahoton farko (daga AP da Kyodo)3 na taron ya ce ya dauki tsawon mintuna 45, amma ba da jimawa ba aka sake bitar hakan zuwa kasa zuwa "kimanin mintuna 35" (wanda, ya ba da damar fassara, yana nufin akalla mintuna ashirin). Da kyar ake samun lokaci don tattaunawa dalla-dalla kan komai sai dai ajandar ta yi nisa da nisa, daga bangarorin biyu "suna yaba" kawancensu, Noda ya bayyana hakan "har ma ya fi karkata" fiye da yadda Obama ya yi alkawarin cewa "da yawa, idan ba haka ba." mafi yawan tarihin 21st za a rubuta karni a Asiya, kuma Amurka tana son zama cikakken bangare na wannan tarihin da zai ci gaba."4 Daga nan sai suka matsa da sauri ta hanyar bala'in tsunami na Japan na Maris, rikicin nukiliyar da ke ci gaba da haifar da shi, godiyar Japan ga taimakon Amurka, tattalin arzikin duniya (wanda ya damu duka biyu), Koriya ta Arewa (tare da Japan, kamar koyaushe a manyan tarurruka, neman Taimakon Amurka wajen magance matsalar satar 'yan kasar Japan da Koriya ta Arewa ta yi shekaru uku ko arba'in da suka gabata, shirin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Trans Pacific Community (gwamnatin Noda ta yi tunani game da shi), ƙuntatawa kan shigo da naman sa Amurka (ita ma tana tunanin hakan) , zuwa Yarjejeniyar Hague game da Harkokin Jama'a na Sace Yara na Duniya (wannan da alama ya cinye yawancin hankalin taron kuma a kan wannan ma, gwamnatin Noda ta yi tunani, ko da yake an san cewa ba ta da farin ciki). Obama ya kuma godewa Noda saboda gudummawar dalar Amurka biliyan 5 da Japan ta bayar ga shirye-shiryen sake gina Afganistan kuma Noda ya yi alkawarin cewa zai cimma “tsayayyen gwamnati,” wanda, idan aka yi la’akari da matsayinsa mai rauni, da alama ba zai yuwu ba.
Ko da yake duk waɗannan batutuwa sun kasance a kan ajanda, rahotannin Jafananci sun mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan abu ɗaya na Futenma da kuma alƙawarin da Japan ta yi ta maimaitawa na gina sabon tushe a Henoko don maye gurbinsa. A cikin labarin farko na taron da wani dan takara, Kurt Campbell, mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka mai kula da harkokin gabashin Asiya da tekun Pasifik, ya bayyana cewa.
"Dukkanin bangarorin biyu sun fahimci cewa muna gabatowa lokacin da muke bukatar ganin sakamako, kuma shugaban ya bayyana hakan a fili."5
Campbell bai nakalto wasu kalmomi kai tsaye daga shugaban ba, kuma an san shi a matsayin babban memba na Washington "Japan masu kula da Japan" wadanda suka dade suna dagewa kuma sun bukaci Japan ta ci gaba da gina ginin, don haka ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa zai zabi ya yi. jaddada wannan batu. A cikin rahotannin farko na tattaunawar da aka buga a Japan (a Yomiuri shimbun), waɗannan kalmomi, waɗanda Campbell bai ba da wata alama ta shugaban ƙasa ba, an sanya su cikin alamomin ƙididdiga a matsayin jawabin shugaban kasa kai tsaye.6 Nan take kafafen yada labaran Japan suka bayyana kalmomin “bukatar ganin sakamako,” suna mai cewa Obama ya fitar da wani abu kusa da wa’adi.
A cikin rahotannin baya-bayan nan, da Yomiuri ta danganta tushenta ga kalaman "Obama" ga majiyoyin gwamnatin Japan da ba a bayyana sunansu ba.7 Ba da daɗewa ba kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun gina hoton taron mai cike da haske game da yanayinsa da kuma tunanin shugaban. Akwai (a cewar Asahi, yana ambaton "wani jami'in gwamnatin Japan") "yanayin da ba zato ba tsammani," wanda Obama "ya matsa lamba don daukar mataki,"8 kuma bisa ga Jafan Times (nakalto "sources") Obama ya kasance "mai haƙuri kuma ya fusata" kuma Noda yana fuskantar matsin lamba.9 Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Jiji ya ba da lissafi mafi ban mamaki:
"Shugaban ya yanke tattaunawar kamar ba zai bata dakika daya ba, yana mai cewa, 'Lokacin samar da sakamako ya gabato.' A cewar majiyoyin da ke raka firaministan, ba tare da jiran sauran mahalarta taron da suka hada da sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Clinton su gabatar da kansu ba, shugaban ya mika wa firaministan kasar domin ya bukace shi da tabbatacciyar ci gaba a kan matsalar Futenma."10
Sai dai wani abin ban mamaki, rahoton da gwamnatin Japan ta bayar game da taron bai yi nuni da wani ra'ayi da shugaban kasar zai yi ba kan wannan batu kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.11 kuma lokacin da aka tambayi Noda da kansa a wani taron manema labarai a New York, ya girgiza kai bisa shawarar cewa Obama ya matsa masa ya dauki mataki kan wanda zai maye gurbin Futenma ko kuma ya ce "lokaci ya yi da za a dauki mataki." Kamar yadda Noda ya ce, shi da kansa ya bayyana cewa "ya yanke shawarar rage nauyin da ke kan Okinawa, da gaske zai yi bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma ya nemi hadin kan Okinawa," Obama ya amsa cewa "zai sa ido ga ci gaba."12 Da kyar ya iya cewa komai. Noda, a wasu kalmomi, kawai ya tabbatar wa shugaban kasa, kamar yadda ya tabbatar da Diet da mutanen Japan, cewa ya yi niyyar ci gaba da gina ginin. Da a ce da gaske ne Shugaban kasar ya yi wata sanarwa game da "kusa da lokacin da muke bukatar ganin sakamako," da zai zama abin mamaki ga rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen bai hada da maganarsa ba. Da wani dan adawa ya tambaye shi a taron kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar wakilai a ranar 26 ga Satumba game da rahoton da Obama ya yi amfani da kalmar "bukatar ganin sakamako," Noda ya amsa, "Na dauki wannan a matsayin sirrin ra'ayi na mutumin da ya gudanar da taron [watau. ., Campbell], ba zai zo daga shugaban kasa ba."13
Har ila yau, a bayyane yake cewa tsarin mulkin kasa na Japan da kafofin watsa labaru na kasa da kasa sun goyi bayan matsayi don ci gaba da shirin ginin tushe a Okinawa. Sun dade suna yin haka. A jajibirin taron New York, da Asahi ya bayyana cewa Noda yana buƙatar "farawa da ƙoƙarin samun amincewar mutane a Okinawa."14 The Yomiuri Bayan tattaunawar da aka yi, yana mai cewa, "Dole ne gwamnati ta hanzarta tattaunawa da gwamnatin Okinawa don ci gaba da shirin tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira."15 Kamar yadda dukkanin takardun biyu suka sani, duk da haka, mutanen Okinawa sun dage a cikin kowane taron dimokuradiyya mai yiwuwa ba za su yarda da wani sabon tushe ba. Hanya daya tilo da za a “ci amanar” Okinawans, saboda haka, ita ce gaya musu cewa tana soke duk yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla kan sabon ginin tushe kuma tana neman Washington da ta hanzarta rufe tare da cire tushenta na Futenma. Amma da kyar aka ji irin wannan ra'ayi a Tokyo ko Washington.
“Majiyoyin da ba a tantance ba” wadanda suka dage cewa Obama ya fusata kuma ya bukaci a dauki matakin farko don magance tashe-tashen hankulan su ne jami’an Japan iri daya wadanda a lokacin firaminista Hatoyama (2009-2010) suka yi duk mai yiwuwa don yin zagon kasa. Firayim Minista da inganta aikin Henoko, yayin da yake kira ga Washington da kada ta nuna wani rauni a tattaunawa da shi.16 Domin su ware hukuncin daga taron Obama da Noda inda Obama ya fadi duk abin da ya fada a matsayin martani ga alkawarin Noda - yin watsi da wasu al'amura da ake ganin sun fi daukar hankali kamar yarjejeniyar Hague - don haka ya mai da taron zama daya. don isar da wa'adin Obama zuwa Noda don haka ba abin mamaki bane.
Taron na Noda-Obama ya kasance mafi ban al'ajabi bayan kwana biyu lacca da gwamnan Okinawan Nakaima Hirokazu ya bayar a Jami'ar George Washington da ke Washington D.C. wanda ya saba wa Firayim Minista.17 Nakaima ya bayyana cewa adawa a Okinawa ga aikin ginin Okinawan ya kusan gamawa. Ya yi magana game da sanarwar bai ɗaya a cikin majalisar dokoki (majalisar tarayya), da kuma adawar da dukkan masu unguwanni da shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi 41 suka yi, ciki har da magajin garin Nago, wurin da aka keɓe don sabon sansanin. Nakaima ya shaida wa masu sauraronsa na Washington cewa "dole ne a sake fasalin shirin na ƙaura," ya ci gaba da cewa Futenma "ba zaɓi ne da za a amince da shi ba" kuma idan har gwamnatin ƙasa za ta zaɓi ci gaba da "saɓawa son ƴan ƙasar," hakan na iya haifar da "Wani baraka da ba za a iya warwarewa ba... tsakanin mutanen Okinawa da sojojin Amurka a lardin." A wasu kalmomi, kamar yadda wannan babban jami'in Okinawa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya gani, takamaiman ajandar gwamnatin ƙasa don "zurfafa" ƙawancen (wanda Noda zai bayyana wa shugaban ƙasa bayan kwanaki biyu) yana barazanar jefa ta cikin rikici.
Waɗannan tarurruka guda biyu - Nakaima a Washington a ranar 19th da Noda a New York a ranar 21st Satumba - isarwa ga Amurka gaba ɗaya saƙon daban-daban kuma masu cin karo da juna. Dukansu sun ga mabambantan hasashen da ake yi na gina sansanin sojan ruwa a Nago. Jawabin Nakaima ya nuna babu komai a taron Noda-Obama da kuma rashin hankali na ci gaba da kalaman shugabannin ra'ayoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kafafen yada labarai na cewa karin kokari da kuma sahihanci na iya magance matsalar ko ta yaya. Imani cewa kusancin Okinawan na duniya gaba ɗaya zai iya juyar da shi ta hanyar ƙarin "gaskiya" a ɓangaren Noda cin mutunci ne ga Okinawans.
Ta hanyar dagewar da ya yi na cewa aikin zai ci gaba, Noda ya nuna cewa idan lallashi (wanda ke nufin cin hanci) bai yi aiki ba, to dole ne a yi amfani da karfi. A bayyane yake yin la'akari da wannan hangen nesa, Gwamna Nakaima ya gaya wa taron manema labarai na Washington cewa hanya daya tilo da ginin tushe zai iya ci gaba shine ta hanyar yin la'akari da "bayonets da bulldozers," wato ta hanyar da aka fara gina sansanonin karkashin gwamnatin sojan Amurka a shekarun 1950s. .18 Maimakon haka, ya dage cewa, "Gwamnatin biyu su daina kulla yarjejeniya, su mayar da sansanonin cikin gaggawa."19
A wasu kalmomi, babban jami'in Okinawa ya yi imanin cewa ginin tushe zai bukaci a yi amfani da tankunan ta Nago. "Ƙungiyar" da ake zaton da sunan dimokuradiyya, za a yi kira ne don tabbatar da murkushe ta. Jawabin Nakaima ya fallasa wa masu sauraron Washington zurfin dambarwar da ke tsakanin kasar da lardin Okinawa. Don haka, babu wani abin tarihi a tarihin zamani na Japan, kuma yana zurfafa kowace shekara.
Abin da ya fito fili daga musayar da ke kewaye da ziyarar Noda ita ce manyan jami'an Japan da "masu kula da Japan" na Washington sun kuduri aniyar ci gaba da gina ginin Henoko. Ba za su warware rashin yarda ba, ko ta Firayim Ministan Japan (kamar Hatoyama, 2009-2010) ko ta mutanen Okinawa da cibiyoyi. Shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata, Firayim Minista Hashimoto Ryutaro na Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) ya yanke shawarar cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da aikin da karfi ba. Tun daga wancan lokaci babu wata gwamnati da ta yi kus-kuri ta ba da shawarar sabanin haka, sakamakon gwamnati bayan gwamnati ta nemi tausasa wa Okinawan adawa ta hanyar hada karas da sanduna, amma ta kasa canza shi kwata-kwata. A maimakon haka, 'yan adawa sun kara azama da hadin kai.
Obama dole ne ya ji haushin Okinawa game da gaskiyar cewa Majalisa a watan Yuni ta ba shi nata ikon, ta kashe dala miliyan 150 daga kididdigar Pentagon kuma yana mai cewa ba zai ba da izinin ƙarin biyan kuɗi don canja wurin tushe na Guam ba (wanda aka tsara don saukar da wasu daga cikin sojojin ruwa da aka kora). daga Okinawa) sai dai idan Pentagon zai iya ba da cikakkiyar hujja. Manyan jiga-jigan manyan jam'iyyun biyu a Majalisar sun kara yin shakku game da daskararrun tsare-tsare da aka daskarar da su, wadanda aka fi sani da bayyana su "marasa gaskiya, rashin aiki, kuma ba za a iya biya ba."20
Ƙasar Amurka-Japan "Ƙwance," har abada tana "zurfafa," don haka a zahiri ke tsiro da zurfi da wofi. Ba kasafai ake samun taron shugabannin da ba su da wani tasiri fiye da wannan a tsakanin Noda da Obama, tare da kalaman sa na addini da na ban dariya game da Amurka na cikin tarihin da aka rubuta a Asiya, "ci gaba." A bayyane yake, kyakkyawan aikin Japan ɗin da Obama ya yi magana game da shi yana ɗan shekara kusan biyu - gudummawar da aka sanar a watan Nuwamba 2009 na dala biliyan 5 sama da shekaru biyar don sake gina Afghanistan. Tabbas Japan tana biyan kuɗi da yawa fiye da waccan don tallafawa Pentagon, dala da manufofin Amurka gabaɗaya, gami da fiye da ninki biyu waɗanda ke ba da tallafin kai tsaye ga kudaden sansanonin sojan Amurka a Japan (abin da ake kira "biyan kuɗi na tausayi") akan a kowace shekara,21 amma masu ba Obama shawara tabbas sun yanke shawarar cewa yana iya zama abin kunya a ba da godiya ga jama'a kan hakan.
Takardun Okinawan guda biyu sun gabatar da ra'ayi game da waɗannan abubuwan da suka sha bamban da na kafofin watsa labaru na ƙasa don nuna cewa sun fito ne daga wata duniya daban. The Okinawa Times yayi magana game da Noda yana ba wa Obama "mummunan bincike," tun da yake ba shi da takamaiman manufa kuma ba shi da wata fa'ida ta warware matsalar.22 As Ryukyu shimpo Ya ce, "Shirin canja wurin Henoko ba wai kawai ya gaza samun goyon bayan mutanen Okinawan ba, amma kuma ya yi asarar goyon bayan Majalisa. suna ganin kansu a matsayin masu gaskiya, ku gane cewa sun zama 'marasa gaskiya'?"23
Ko da yake Noda a matsayin Firayim Minista na DPJ daga Satumba 2011 ya bayyana aniyar warware matsalar, ba zai iya yarda cewa akwai sauran daki don "lallashi ba." Zai iya, kuma kusan tabbas zai yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa kunshin kuɗi mai ban sha'awa don ƙoƙarin nemo farashin da ya dace wanda Okinawa zai kasance a shirye don sayar da ransa - amma a ƙarshe shi da masu ba da shawara za a iya ɗauka kawai suna tunanin yin amfani da karfi. Da yake magana, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Genba Koichiro, ya bayyana cewa don mutunta yarjejeniyar da Amurka ta yi game da ƙaura da kuma "rage nauyin da ke kan mutanen Okinawan," zai "ci gaba da yin hulɗa tare da mutanen Okinawa da gaske. , ko da an tako an yi ta harbawa”. A wasu kalmomi Genba yana kwatanta kansa da gwamnatinsa a matsayin wadanda Okinawan ya shafa "yana takawa da harbawa," wani babban koma-baya na matsayi a cikin dangantakar da ke nuna irin shirye-shiryen yin amfani da karfi saboda ana iya gani kamar haka. mai daukar fansa. Bayanin nasa ya wuce da ɗan rubutu a cikin babban yankin Japan amma ya fusata Okinawans.24
Gwamnatin Noda a farkon makonnin ta ta sha bayyana cewa za ta cika alkawuran da tsofaffin gwamnatocin suka yi wa Washington game da Okinawa. Dukansu Noda da Genba, suna maimaita mantra game da rage nauyin tushe, sun dage akan ƙara shi, suna buƙatar Okinawa ya ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin tushe mai girman gaske don kare ƙawancen ƙawance a cikin hanyar gina sabon tushe a Henoko. Tokyo za ta yi nasara, suna ci gaba da maimaitawa, amma 'yan Okinawa sun shafe shekaru goma sha biyar na taro, juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba sun yi watsi da duk alkawurran Tokyo, barazana da cin hanci da aka tsara don murkushe su ko kawar da su. Babu wani "sahihanci" daga bangaren Noda da Ministocinsa da alama za su shawo kan wannan kuduri, kuma tashin hankali zai yi barazana ga tushen tsaron Japan da sunan sa za a dauka.
Amurka-Japan "Alliance" tana kan kogin Okinawan juriya. Ta hanyar yin alkawuran da ya yi, wanda ake zaton domin ya "zurfafa" "haɗin kai," Noda ya nufi wajen fallasa shi ga mafi girman rikicin.
Notes
1 Takeshita, Obuchi, Mori, Koizumi, Abe, Fukuda, da Aso na LDP, da Hatoyama da Kan na DPJ.
2 "Obama ya karbi bakuncin Noda, 'yana ba da shawara kan mataki kan tushe'," Japan Times, 23 ga Satumba, 2011.
3 AP, Kyodo, Futenma sun tattauna a taron farko, Obama ya karbi bakuncin Noda, ya ba da shawarar daukar mataki kan tushe, " Japan Times, 23 ga Satumba, 2011.
4 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Manufar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a Yankin Asiya-Pacific," 21 Satumba 2011, mahada.
5 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Manufar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a Yankin Asiya-Pacific," 21 Satumba 2011, mahada.
6 "Shusho 'Futenma isetsu ni zeryoku,' Bei daitoryo 'shinten kitai,'" Yomiuri shimbun, 22 ga Satumba, 2011.
7 Takeshi Endo, "Noda-Obama rike 1st 23 Satumba 2011.
8 "Rugh farawa: Obama ya matsa Noda a farkon ganawar," Asahi shimbun, 23 ga Satumba, 2011.
9 "Alkawari mara gaskiya akan Futenma," Japan Times, 24 ga Satumba, 2011.
10 "Noda shusho Futenma shinten e kadai seou," Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Jiji, 22 Satumba 2011. Don cikakken bincike game da watsa labarai na Japan, duba Satoko Norimatsu, "Noda Obama kaidan hodo wa okashii," Cibiyar Falsafar Zaman Lafiya 23 Satumba 2011, "Nichibei kaidan, Obama hatsugen to sareta mono o Noda ga hitei," Falsafar Aminci, 24 Satumba 2011, da "Noda Obama kaidan hodo wa okashii sonogo," 27 Satumba 2011.
11 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, "Nichibei shuno kaidan (gaiyo)," 22 Satumba 2011, mahada.
12 "Futenma isetsu gigi ga fujo, kubi o kashifgeru shusho," Ryukyu shimpo, 24 ga Satumba, 2011.
13 "Shuin yosan i de noda shsho bei daitoryo no kekka motomeru hatsugen hitei," Laraba, 26 Satumba 2011.
14 "Editorial: Noda yakamata ya lashe amanar Okinawa don warware Futenma," Asahi shimbun, 19 ga Satumba, 2011.
15 "Don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar Amurka, Noda dole ne ya samar da sakamako," Yomiuri shimbun, 24 ga Satumba, 2011.
16 Dubi Gavan McCormack, "Rudu da Diflomasiya: Amurka, Japan, da Okinawa," Jaridar Asiya-Pacific, 23 ga Mayu 2011.
17 Maganar Nakaima da alama an buga shi cikakke a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Okinawan kawai, kuma an rufe shi kawai a wani wuri. Duba cikakken rubutu a cikin Turanci a cikin Satoko Norimatsu, "Gwamnan Okinawa Nakaima: Rikicin da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a dangantakar Okinawa / Japan / Amurka zai haifar da karfi da ginin Henoko." Cibiyar Falsafa ta Aminci, 22 ga Satumba, 2011.
18 "Alkawari mara gaskiya akan Futenma," Japan Times, 24 ga Satumba, 2011.
19 "Gwamnan Okinawa ya musanta yarjejeniyar Japan da Amurka game da shirin sake daidaita sojojin Amurka," Ryukyu shimpo, 26 Satumba 2011 (cikin Turanci).
20 A kan bayanin Sanatoci Levin, MacCain da Webb, duba Gavan McCormack, "Ya'u da Diflomasiya," op. cit.
21 Gwamnatin Japan ta amince da farko a cikin 2010 don ci gaba da waɗannan biyan kuɗi akan ƙimar 2009 na ¥ 188 biliyan a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru biyar. A musayar yau wanda ke nufin kusan dala biliyan 2.4 a kowace shekara, dala biliyan 12 a cikin shekaru biyar.
22 "'Bei kokubo kengen hoan' Futenma minaoshi no michi hirake."
23 "Nichibei shuno kaidan, min-i hitei shite minshushugi ka," editorial, Ryukyu shimpo, 23 ga Satumba, 2011.
24 Dubi, misali, "Genba gaisho hatsugen, fumitsukete iru no wa dare ka," Ryukyu shimpo, 7 ga Satumba, 2011.
Gavan McCormack da Norimatsu Satoko su ne masu gudanar da Jarida na Asiya-Pacific. Gavan McCormack ƙwararren farfesa ne a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya kuma Norimatsu Satoko darekta ne na Cibiyar Falsafa ta Zaman Lafiya a Vancouver, BC. A halin yanzu suna tsunduma cikin rubuta littafi akan matsalar Okinawa.
Shawarar da aka ba da shawarar: Gavan McCormack da Norimatsu Satoko, 'Baƙi masu rashin jituwa: Saƙon Jafananci da Okinawan zuwa Amurka,' Jaridar Asiya-Pacific Vol 9, fitowa ta 40 No 1, Oktoba 3, 2011.
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