Source: Manufofin Harkokin Waje a Mai da hankali
Shekaru 1812 da suka gabata, Amurka ta ci gaba da kai munanan hare-hare na farko a kan babban yankin tun bayan yakin XNUMX. Wannan lamari ne da ya girgiza dukkan Amurkawa wadanda suka yi imani da cewa kasarsu ba za ta iya tabawa ba. Yaƙin Cold ya haifar da fargabar harin makaman nukiliya, amma koyaushe hakan yana faɗuwa a cikin daular watakila. A kowace rana, Amurkawa sun more gata na musamman na tsaron ƙasa. Babu wanda zai kuskura ya kai mana hari saboda tsoron daukar fansa mai yawa.
Ba mu yi tunanin wani zai kawo mana hari ba domin don tunzura gagarumin ramuwar gayya.
Osama bin Laden ya fahimci cewa ikon Amurka yana da rauni lokacin da ya wuce gona da iri. Ya san cewa mafi girman ƙarfin soja a tarihin duniya, wanda sha’awar ɗaukar fansa ya lalatar da shi, za a iya yaudare shi ya shiga cikin biredi. Da hare-haren na 9/11, al-Qaeda sun mayar da jiragen saman Amurka na yau da kullun zuwa makamai don kai hari ga Amurkawa. A mafi girman ma'ana, bin Laden ya yi amfani da dukkan sojojin Amurka wajen ruguza tushen daular Amurka.
Sharhi game da wannan cikar shekaru ashirin na 9/11 ya kasance mai zurfin tunani: yadda hare-haren suka canza tafiya, fiction, da fasaha a gaba ɗaya. Yi la'akari da na wannan makon Washington Post Sashen mujallu wanda masu ba da gudummawa 28 suka yi tunani kan hanyoyin da hare-haren suka canza duniya.
"Harin zai canza rayuwar sojojin Amurka da iyalansu, da kuma miliyoyin mutane a Afghanistan da Iraki," in ji editocin. rubuta. “Zai kafa tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa kuma zai taimaka wajen yanke shawarar wanda zai jagoranci kasarmu. A takaice, 9/11 ya canza duniya ta hanyoyi masu ma'ana, manya da raɗaɗi. Amma tasirin rikice-rikicen ya canza rayuwarmu ta hanyoyin da ba a kula da su akai-akai kuma. ”
Shigar da ke gaba akan zane-zane, zane-zane, gine-gine, aikin sanda, aikin jarida, da dai sauransu yunƙurin bayyana waɗannan illolin da ba su da hankali. Amma duk da haka yana da wuya a karanta wannan batu na musamman ba tare da kammala cewa 9/11 a zahiri bai canza duniya da yawa ba.
Shaidanun Musulman Amurka? Wannan ya fara ne tun kafin wannan rana mai ban tsoro, tun bayan juyin juya halin Iran a 1979. Tashin hankali a cikin gine-ginen Amurka? Ofishin jakadancin Amurka aka sake ginawa Ba a mayar da martani ga 9/11 ba amma harin bam na ofishin jakadancin a Beirut a 1983-4 da Kenya da Tanzaniya a 1998. Ana iya gano tasirin 9/11 akan zane-zane ta hanyar ɗimbin ayyuka kamar na Spike Lee. 25th Sa'a ko jerin talabijin 24 ko Don DeLillo Mutumin Faduwa, amma bai haifar da wani sabon motsi na fasaha kamar Dada ba a yakin duniya na daya ko cli-fi don mayar da martani ga rikicin yanayi. Ko da gogewar tashi ba ta canza haka ba fiye da inganta matakan tsaro. A wannan gaba, ƙaddamar da tsarin nishaɗantarwa a cikin jirgin sama yana da shakka ya canza ƙwarewar tashi sosai.
Kuma ba ikirari cewa 9/11 ya canza komai na musamman na Amurka ba? Amurkawa sun yi matukar tasiri, haka ma wuraren da sojojin Amurka suka mamaye. Amma nawa ne rayuwa ta canja a Japan ko Zimbabwe ko Chile sakamakon harin 9/11? Tabbas, Amurkawa sun yi imani da cewa, kamar yadda waƙar ke cewa, “mu ne duniya.”
Fiye da Kuskure
A cikin mafi tunani Post la'akari da 9/11, Carlos Lozado reviews da yawa daga cikin littattafan da suka fito a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata kan abin da ya faru. A cikin taƙaicensa, manufofin Amurka suna tafiya kamar faɗuwar domino, kowane kuskuren da ya biyo baya daga baya kuma ya fara motsi na gaba.
Gwamnatocin da suka gaje su sun raina al-Qaeda kuma sun kasa ganin alamun shirye-shiryen harin 9 ga Satumba. Bayan wannan bala'i, gwamnatin George W. Bush ta yi kuskuren bin misalin dauloli da dama a cikin tunanin cewa za ta iya murƙushe Afganistan tare da sake mayar da ita cikin siffar mai mulkin mallaka. Sannan ya kara dagula wannan kuskuren ta hanyar mamaye Iraki tare da hujjar cewa Saddam Hussein yana da alaka da al-Qaeda, yana gina shirin nukiliya, ko kuma ya kasance wani bangare na kawancen kasashe da suka kuduri aniyar cin gajiyar wata Amurka da har yanzu take fama da ita daga 11. /9 hari. Gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun yi kuskure na rubanya a Afganistan, da fadada yaki da ta'addanci zuwa wasu fagagen yaki, da kasa kawo karshen ayyukan Amurka a lokuta masu kyau kamar kashe Osama bin Laden.
Lozado ya kammala da nuna cewa Donald Trump ta hanyoyi da yawa samfurin yaki ne da ta'addanci da ya biyo bayan 9/11. "Ba tare da yaki da ta'addanci ba, yana da wuya a yi tunanin wani dan takarar shugaban kasa ya soki wani kwamandan da ke zaune a matsayin dan kasashen waje, musulmi, wanda ba shi da doka - kuma yana amfani da wannan karya a matsayin dandalin siyasa mai nasara," in ji shi. "Ba tare da yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci ba, yana da wuya a yi tunanin hana tafiye-tafiye a kan mutanen da suka fito daga kasashen musulmi. Idan ba a yi yaƙi da ta'addanci ba, yana da wuya a yi tunanin masu zanga-zangar Amurka suna lakabi 'yan ta'adda, ko kuma sakataren tsaro yana kwatanta titunan biranen ƙasar a matsayin 'wurin yaƙi' da za a mamaye shi."
Amma don fahimtar hawan Donald Trump, ya zama dole a ga 9/11 da abubuwan da suka biyo baya ba wai kawai sakamakon jerin kurakurai na fahimta da hukunci ba. A bayyane a cikin bita na Lozado shine ra'ayin cewa ko ta yaya Amurka ta rasa hanyarta, cewa wata ƙungiyar leƙen asiri mai ƙarfi ta ɓata ɓacin rai, cewa wasu 'yan siyasa masu son kai sun yi amfani da hare-haren ga dimokuradiyya na gajeren lokaci, sa ido na jama'a, har ma da dabarun soja. Amma wannan yana ɗaukan cewa yaƙin ta'addanci yana wakiltar babbar baraka a cikin masana'antar Amurka.
Hare-haren na 9/11 sun kasance abin mamaki. Amsar ba ta kasance ba.
Amurka ta riga ta kaddamar da yaki da Iraki a cikin 1991. Tuni ta yi kuskure ta bayyana Iran, Hamas, da dakarun jihadi kamar al-Qaeda a matsayin abokan gaba da ke da alaka da addininsu. Ya gina sansanonin sansanonin arsenal na duniya kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka manyan matakan kashe kuɗi na soja don ci gaba da mamaye cikakken bakan. 'Yan siyasar Amurka kadan ne suka nuna shakku kan wajabcin wannan sarauta, kodayake masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun fi son cewa abokan Amurka sun sauke wani nauyi, kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fi son yin wani yunkuri mai karfi na dawo da tasirin Rasha, Sin, da sauran manyan kasashen yankin.
"Yakin da ta'addanci" ya fara sosai a cikin 1979 lokacin da Amurka ta kafa jerin sunayen "jahohin masu daukar nauyin ta'addanci". Gwamnatin Reagan ta yi amfani da "maganin ta'addanci" a matsayin tsarin tsara manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980. A lokacin yakin cacar-baka, gwamnatin Clinton ta yi yunkurin nuna kiyayyarta ta hanyar kai hare-hare na yaki da ta'addanci a kasashen Sudan, Afganistan, da Iraki.
Abin da ya canza bayan 9/11 shi ne cewa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya tura tsarin canjin tsarin mulkin su cikin nasara saboda hare-haren sun kashe cutar ta Vietnam na dan lokaci, martani ga mummunan sakamako na tsawaita ayyukan soja na ketare. Duk wani mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Majalisa, in ban da Barbara Lee (D-Ca), wanda ba shi da iko, ya goyi bayan mamayewar Afghanistan, kamar dai an haife su ne a ranar da ta gabata. Wannan kawai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan illolin daular da aka jera a cikin kyakkyawan bugu akan lakabin: lokaci-lokaci da kuma zurfin amnesia.
A wannan ma'anar, Trump ba ya haifar da yakin da ta'addanci ba. Ra'ayinsa game da manufofin ketare na Amurka sun bambanta daga jingoistic zuwa rashin shiga tsakani. Halinsa ga masu zanga-zangar ya kasance Nixonian gaskiya ne. Kuma hanyar da ya bi ga ka'idodin makircin da aka samu daga almara na rashin kula da gaskiya. Ba tare da la'akari da 9/11 ba, girman kai na Trump zai motsa shi zuwa Fadar White House.
Ƙwararrun goyon bayan da aka sanya shi a cikin Ofishin Oval, a gefe guda, za a iya fahimta kawai a cikin mahallin bayan-9/11. Cyberspace ya cika da kowane irin shirme kafin 9/11 (tuna da hasashen Y2K?). Amma hare-haren sun haifar da sabon nau'i na "masu gaskiya" waɗanda suka dage, a kan duk wata shaida da ta sabawa, cewa sojojin da ba su da kyau sun gina gaskiya na son kai. Hare-haren da aka kai kan Twin Towers da Pentagon "ayyukan cikin gida ne." "'yan wasan kwaikwayo na rikici" ne suka yi harbin Newtown. An haifi Barack Obama a Kenya.
Girgizar da Amurka ta yi ta yadda wasu 'yan kasashen waje guda goma sha biyu suka kai wa hari yana da matukar girma har wasu Amurkawa, ba tare da sun yi imani da tunanin tsaron kasarsu ba, yanzu sun yarda su yarda da komai. A ƙarshe, sun kasance ma a shirye su yarda da wanda ya yi ƙarya akai-akai kuma akai-akai fiye da kowane ɗan siyasa a tarihin Amurka.
Trump yayi alƙawarin yadda ya kamata zai shafe 9/11 daga wayewar Amurka tare da mayar da agogo baya zuwa lokacin zinare na ikon Amurka. A cikin bayar da irin wannan asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Trump ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na gaske.
Gadon Gaskiya na 9/11
Ko da Birtaniyya a hukumance ta fara janyewa daga kasuwancin daular bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ba za su iya taimakawa ba sai dai su ci gaba da zama kamar rana ba ta fadi a yankunansu ba. Turawan Ingila ne ya kitsa juyin mulkin wanda ya hambarar da Mohammed Mossadegh a Iran a 1953. Bature ne ya jagoranci mamaye Masar a 1956 zuwa sake kama iko na Suez Canal. Tsakanin 1949 da 1970, Biritaniya kaddamar da hare-haren soji 34 a duka.
Da alama Burtaniya ba ta taɓa samun wannan bayanin cewa ba ita ce babbar ikon soja ba. Yana da wuya masarautu su yi ritaya da alheri. Kawai tambayi Faransanci.
Ficewar Amurka ta karshe daga Afganistan a watan da ya gabata ta hanyoyi da dama mataki ne na jajircewa da nasara da gwamnatin Biden ta dauka, ko da yake yana da wuya a cimma wannan matsaya ta hanyar karanta bayanan kafofin yada labarai. Shugaba Biden ya yanke shawara mai wahala ta siyasa don tsayawa kan sharuddan da magabacinsa ya tattauna da Taliban a bara. Duk da mamakin karbe iko da Taliban suka yi a lokacin bazara, gwamnatin ta iya kwashe kusan mutane 120,000, adadin da kusan babu wanda zai yi tsammani kafin faduwar Kabul. Tabbas, yakamata gwamnati ta kasance cikin shiri sosai. Tabbas, ya kamata ta yi alƙawarin korar ƴan ƙasar Afganistan da ke fargabar rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Taliban. Amma ta dauki matakin da ya dace don kawo karshen kasancewar Amurka a wannan kasar.
Biden ya bayyana karara cewa za a ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan ayyukan ta'addanci da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afganistan, cewa ba a kawo karshen yakin da ake yi da ta'addanci a yankin ba. Amma duk da haka, ayyukan Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya yanzu suna jin irin wannan tsoma bakin Birtaniyya a cikin magriba na daular. Amurka tana ja da baya, a hankali amma tabbas kuma wani lokacin tana ƙarƙashin ƙanƙarar kariyar harsasai. Daular Islama da ma'abotanta daban-daban sun zama matsalar 'yan Taliban-da kuma kasar Siriya, da kasar Iraki, da kasar Libiya (irin wannan) da dai sauransu.
A halin yanzu, Amurka ta mayar da hankalinta ga kasar Sin. Amma wannan ba Tarayyar Soviet ba ne. Kasar Sin kasa ce mai karfin tattalin arziki tare da gwamnatin da ta yi amfani da basirar kishin kasa wajen karfafa goyon bayan gida. Tare da ciniki da saka hannun jari, Beijing ta sake haifar da tsarin rafukan ruwa na Sinocentric a Asiya. Da gaske Amurka ba ta da ikon dawo da tasirin Sinawa a bayan gida.
Don haka, a ƙarshe, shine abin da 9/11 ya canza. Tasirin al'ada, a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun na waɗanda bala'i ba su taɓa shi ba, ya kasance kaɗan. Canje-canje masu zurfi-kan fahimtar Musulmai, a kan yaki da ta'addanci - an fara aiwatar da su kafin harin ya faru.
Amma matsayin Amurka a duniya? A shekara ta 2000, har yanzu Amurka tana kan hawa sama bayan ƙarshen yakin cacar baka. A yau, duk da nau'ikan MAGA da ake iya ji a duk al'adun siyasar Amurka, Amurka ta zama babbar ƙasa a tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ba zai iya ƙulla manufofin gangar jikin ganga na bindiga ba. A fannin tattalin arziki dole ne ya yi la'akari da kasar Sin. A cikin geopolitics, ya zama m superpower.
Ko da a cikin zurfin narcissism namu, Amurkawa suna gane sannu a hankali, kamar na Britaniya shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, cewa wasan daular ya tashi.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
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