A bayan takwarorinsu na Amurka da Biritaniya, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kanada na shirya wani cikakken jagorar fagen yaki da ta'addanci ga sojoji da jami'anta.
Littafin zai jagoranci koyaswar Sojojin Kanada da horarwa sosai a nan gaba, bisa ga daftarin bugu da IPS ta samu.
Littafin mai shafuka 250, littafin littafin ya zayyana ka’idoji da ayyuka na yakar nau’in tada kayar baya da suka zo wajen ayyana yaki ga Turawan Yamma a karni na 21, a wurare kamar Chechnya, Afganistan da Iraki.
Littafin ya kasance shekaru biyu a cikin haɓakawa kuma an shirya fitar da shi nan gaba a wannan shekara. A cikinsa, yaƙe-yaƙe masu tayar da kayar baya suna da ɗabi'a na gida da kuma yawan jama'a, maimakon rikice-rikicen soja na gargajiya tsakanin jihohi. Irin wannan yaki na rashin bin ka’ida dai ya rikitar da dakarun Amurka da na NATO a Iraki da Afganistan,inda tashe tashen hankula ke ci gaba da yi wa al’ummar yankin da ma sojojin kasashen yammaci,kuma alamun samun nasara ba su da yawa.
An nuna karin shaharar koyarwar kwanan nan lokacin da Janar David Petraeus, marubucin littafin jagorar rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Marine Corps, ya jagoranci sojojin Amurka a Iraki a farkon shekara ta 2007.
Duk da yake watakila yana da dacewa kamar yadda aka saba, yaƙi da tada kayar baya ba sabon abu bane, kamar yadda littafin littafin Kanada ya faɗa a gaba. Sojojin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun gwabza da Daular Roma a Jamus a yau, Scotland da Gabas ta Tsakiya shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce. Daular Burtaniya ta yi yaki da tada kayar baya a Afghanistan a karni na 19, kamar yadda Faransawa suka yi a Aljeriya bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Amurka ta fice daga Vietnam a shekarar 1975 bayan wani kazamin yaki na tsawon shekaru goma na yaki da ‘yan tawayen Vietnam.
Maj. DJ Lambert, darektan koyarwar sojoji na Kanada kuma jagorar marubucin littafin, ya buga misalai da yawa na yaƙi da tashe-tashen hankula na Kanada, gami da yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Amurka na George Washington ko Tawayen Arewa maso Yamma karkashin jagorancin Louis Riel da Metis a 1885.
A halin yanzu, yayin da aikin Kanada na Afganistan ya mamaye hankali da albarkatun sojoji, bisa ga littafin, Sojojin Kanada suna taka rawar gani a matakai daban-daban tare da aƙalla tashe tashen hankula guda uku - a Afghanistan, a Haiti, da kuma ƙungiyoyin gida na gida. a Kanada, kamar Mohawk Warrior Society.
Duk da "ƙayyadaddun manufofinsa da ƙayyadaddun manufofinsa", tawayen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko a Kanada duk da haka tashe-tashen hankula ne saboda burinsu na canza dangantakar siyasa da gwamnatin Kanada da kuma a matakin ƙaramar hukuma - a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kansu - "ta hanyar barazanar , ko amfani da, tashin hankali", in ji manual.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnatin tarayya ta yi amfani da Sojojin Kanada a cikin manyan rigima na ƙasa tare da al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar da masu zanga-zangar, gami da tashe-tashen hankula tare da al'ummar Mohawk na Kanehsatake a cikin rikicin Oka na 1990 da kuma tare da al'ummar Ojibway a Ipperwash a cikin 1995.
Sojojin Kanada sun kasance a babban birnin Haiti, Port-au-Prince, tun kafin hambarar da zababben shugaban kasa Jean Bertrand Aristide a juyin mulkin soja a watan Fabrairun 2004. A cewar daftarin littafin, Sojojin Kanada suna “gudanar da COIN [ ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci a Haiti tun farkon 2004."
Tun bayan hare-haren da aka kai a New York da Washington a watan Satumban 2001, sojojin Canada sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaki a Afghanistan, duka a cikin Operation Enduring Freedom karkashin jagorancin Amurka da kuma shirin NATO na baya-bayan nan don murkushe tada kayar bayan da gwamnatin Hamid ke samun goyon bayan Yamma. Karzai.
A yau a Afganistan, Sojojin Kanada daga Royal Canadian Regiment a Gagetown, New Brunswick sun tsunduma cikin wani babban hari na farko na NATO a kakar wasa kan abin da ake yiwa lakabi da 'yan tawayen Taliban. Lambar mai suna Operation Achilles, aikin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar NATO da jami'an Kanada a matsayin wani harin riga-kafi kan dakarun Taliban a lardin Helmand waɗanda aka ruwaito suna shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da " farmakin bazara " kan kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje.
Manjo Janar Ton van Loon, kwamandan kungiyar tsaro ta NATO a kudancin Afghanistan, ya bayyana a cikin wata sanarwa a wannan mako cewa, Operation Achilles shi ne mafi girma da aka hada a hadakar NATO da Afganistan, wanda ya hada da dakarun NATO 4,500 da sama da na sojojin Afghanistan 1,000 a kololuwar sa.
A halin da ake ciki, wata ƙungiyar manufofin da ta mai da hankali kan Afganistan, Majalisar Senlis, ta fitar da sakamakon "mai ban tsoro" na wani bincike a wannan makon wanda ya tattara mutane 17,000 a kudanci da gabashin Afghanistan. Binciken ya nuna cewa rabin wadanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa yakin da kasashen yammacin duniya ke jagoranta ba zai yi nasara a kan Taliban ba, kuma kashi 87 cikin XNUMX na wadanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa dabarun da sojojin kasashen yamma ke amfani da su wajen tunkarar 'yan tawayen ba su dace ba.
"Sakamakon binciken yana da matukar tayar da hankali saboda ya nuna cewa kasashen duniya na cikin mawuyacin hali a Afganistan," in ji shugabar majalisar Senlis Norine MacDonald a cikin wata sanarwa jiya Litinin. "Komawar Taliban kan mulki zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga mutanen Afghanistan da kuma tsaron duniya."
Littafin na yaƙi da tada kayar baya wani ɓangare ne na gagarumin sabuntar da sake fasalin Sojojin Kanada wanda DND ke biyan kuɗi a matsayin ƙoƙari na samar da ingantacciyar ƙarfi a cikin yaƙi don “ muradin ƙasa” na Kanada a cikin tsarin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka. Amma canje-canjen ba koyarwa ba ne kawai; Tsananin yaƙe-yaƙe a Afghanistan wani abu ne da mutanen Kanada ba su gani ba tun aƙalla shekarun 1950, lokacin da Sojojin Kanada suka yi yaƙi a Koriya.
"Lokaci ne mai ban sha'awa don zama sojan Kanada," Laftanar Janar Andrew Leslie, shugaban sojojin, ya shaida wa manema labarai a wani taron siyasa na baya-bayan nan a Cibiyar Fraser, cibiyar bincike mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Vancouver.
Leslie ta ce "Ba mu zama kayan aikin da ba za a iya koma wa kallon kallo daga gefe ba ko kuma sanya kanmu tsakanin bangarorin biyu a da," in ji Leslie.
Janar-janar na Kanada irin su Leslie, Shugaban Ma’aikata Rick Hillier da Manjo Janar Louis MacKenzie mai ritaya sun kasance masu sukar gaske game da daidaito da amfani da girman kai na kasa na sojojin Kanada a matsayin tsaka-tsaki mai tsaka-tsaki da “blue -kwalkwali” wanzar da zaman lafiya.
Yayin da ake shirin kawo karshen wa'adin sojojin Kanada a Afghanistan a watan Fabrairun 2009, "Kada mu yara kanmu," in ji Janar Leslie. Ya ce, dimbin albarkatun da gwamnati ta kashe wajen kawo sauyi ga sojojin Canada, ba na Afganistan kadai ba ne, in ji shi, ya kara da cewa: "Yana da ma'ana a yi tsammanin za mu je wani wuri mai kama da Afghanistan kuma mu yi irin wannan aiki. ”
II
Ya wuce zamanin manyan sojojin da ke fada da tankokin yaki ko yakin kare iska wanda ya ayyana yaki a karni na 20.
Sabon muhallin soji galibi yakan zama na birni ne da mayaƙan da ke aiki a tsaka-tsaki, kuma galibi tare da gagarumin tallafi daga al'ummomin yankin.
Wannan nau'in yakin na 'yan tada kayar baya ya nuna lokaci ne tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar-baka kuma an jadada shi ta hanyar yunƙurin shawo kan al'ummomin da ake kira "jahohin da suka gaza" da ke aiki ba tare da gwamnatin tsakiya ba, ba cin nasara da sojoji ko kuma mamaye yankuna masu tsanani ba. .
Tashe-tashen hankula suna tashe ta hanyar "ra'ayoyi don sauyin zamantakewa" sabili da haka mayar da martani "ya ƙunshi fiye da aikin soja kawai," in ji littafin.
"Hanya ce ta hukumomi da yawa - soji, 'yan sanda, siyasa, tattalin arziki, tunani da ayyukan jama'a - wanda ke neman ba wai kawai kayar da masu tayar da kayar baya da kansu ba, amma tushen tushen, da kuma tallafawa, tashe-tashen hankula," in ji shi.
Bugu da kari, ana amfani da taimakon raya kasa a matsayin wani muhimmin makami don ciyar da yakin da sojoji ke yi na yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya.
Kamar yadda babban hafsan soji, Laftanar Janar Andrew Leslie, ya shaida wa manema labarai kwanan nan a Vancouver, Sojojin Kanada suna aiki “hannu da safar hannu tare da mutanen Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Kanada [da kuma] karfafa ayyukan diflomasiyya da kokarin kasashen waje. Al'amura."
A cikin yaren Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, ana kiran wannan haɗin kai da "Tsarin 3-D" - tsaro, diflomasiyya da ci gaban aiki tare don ci gaba da "sha'awar" Kanada a duniya.
Kanada ta baje kolin wannan sabon tsarin manufofin kasashen waje a Afghanistan, a cikin abin da dan majalisar wakilai Michael Ignatieff ya kira "sauyi mai kyau" kuma babban sojan Kanada, Rick Hillier, ya bayyana a matsayin "hangen nesa na gaba."
A cikin cikakken nazarin manufofin da aka gabatar a gaban Majalisa a shekara ta 2005, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa ta yi alfahari da cewa "ikon mayar da martani ga kalubale na kasa da kasa zai zama ma'auni ga Sojojin Kanada."
Tashe-tashen hankula ba sabon abu bane kuma darussan yaƙe-yaƙe na tarihi - Amurka a Vietnam, Burtaniya a cikin Malay, Tawayen Arewa maso Yamma na Kanada - suna da dacewa kamar koyaushe. Amma duk da haka, a cewar jagorar marubucin littafin, wannan shine karo na farko da Kanada ta tsara a hukumance ta samar da wani jagorar fagen yaki da tada kayar baya don horar da sojoji da jami’anta.
A cikin wata hira da IPS, Maj. DJ Lambert, darektan koyaswar sojoji, ya bayyana yadda littafin ya mayar da hankali kan “cikakkiyar hanya”.
Domin shawo kan tashe-tashen hankula na cikin gida yadda ya kamata, "sojoji suna aiki kafada da kafada da sauran hukumomi, tare da jigo na hadin kai da hadin kai na manufa da kuma, manufa, kokarin," in ji Lambert.
Rahoton na baya-bayan nan na Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Kanada (CIDA) kan tsare-tsare da abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko ya bayyana cewa hukumar “za ta tsara muhimman tsare-tsare don taimakon ci gaban Kanada ta hanyar da ta dace da manufofin ketare na Kanada.”
CIDA ta gano "ƙasashe masu mahimmanci ga Kanada" guda uku - Afghanistan, Haiti da Iraq. A kowane misali, Kanada tana cikin manyan ƙasashe biyar masu ba da gudummawa. Kowace daga cikin ƙasashe ukun da suka fi ba da fifiko suna fuskantar zurfafa rikicin tsaron ɗan adam, mamaya na ƙasashen waje, da kuma - musamman a game da Iraki da Afghanistan - tashe tashen hankula.
Wani muhimmin kaso na tallafin CIDA a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe an keɓe shi ne don 'yan sanda na Royal Canadian Mounted don taimakawa wajen horar da 'yan sanda.
Babban daraktan kula da harkokin 'yan sanda na kasa da kasa na RCMP, David Beer, ya shaida wa kwamitin majalisar a karshen shekarar da ta gabata cewa sama da 'yan sandan Iraki 34,700 ne aka horar da su a karkashin shirin horar da Canada da ke makobtaka da kasar Jordan.
Beer ya kara da cewa "kusan kashi 10 cikin dari" na wadanda Canada ta horar da su an kashe su a cikin hidima a Iraki.
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun yi kakkausar suka ga hukumomin tsaro a dukkanin kasashen uku saboda cin zarafi da ake yi.
Bayan samun tallafin kusan sifili na Kanada a cikin shekarun 1990, Afganistan, tun daga ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, ta zama Kanada mafi yawan kuɗin raya ƙasa.
A cewar CIDA, a karshen shekarar kasafin kudi na yanzu (2006û2007), "Kanada za ta kashe kusan dala miliyan 600 (dalar Amurka 517,482,000) tun bayan faduwar Taliban". A cikin shekaru 10 da suka fara daga 2001, Kanada za ta sadaukar da kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 862 don taimakon raya ƙasa ga Afghanistan.
Yayin da kaso ne kawai na kashe kuɗin soja, gudummawar taimakon da Kanada ke bayarwa ga Afghanistan yana wakiltar wani muhimmin kashi na kasafin kuɗin shekara na CIDA na dala biliyan 2.5.
Sojojin Kanada sun gudanar da ayyukan agaji da dama tare da CIDA a duk faɗin Afganistan a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin sake gina lardin. PRTs ƙungiyoyi ne da suka ƙunshi sojoji, ma'aikatan agaji da ƴan kwangilar farar hula.
Lambert ya ce, "PRT's suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar ƙa'idodin yaƙi da ta'addanci, tare da haɗin kai da kuma manufa ɗaya a cikin hukumomi daban-daban," in ji Lambert a wata hira ta wayar tarho.
Amurka ce ta fara samar da samfurin PRT a ƙarƙashin Operation Enduring Freedom a ƙarshen 2002. Tun daga nan aka faɗaɗa shi a duk faɗin Afganistan, kuma kwanan nan an yi amfani da shi a matsayin abin koyi ga “haɓaka” dakaru 20,000 na gwamnatin George W. Bush a Iraki. Gwamnatin Bush ta kira Iraki PRT's a matsayin "kayan aiki masu karfi don cimma dabarun mu na yaki da ta'addanci."
Kamar yadda daftarin littafin Kanada ya ce: “Ba zai yi wuya a kawo karshen rikicin ba tare da wata babbar nasara ta soji a kan ‘yan tawaye ba.” Madadin haka, "matakan tasiri na yau da kullun sune adadin tashin hankali da kuma matakin goyon bayan jama'a ga gwamnati."
Bisa ga dukkan alamu, waɗannan alamomin suna ci gaba da tabarbarewa a Iraki da Afghanistan.
Wani rahoton leken asirin Amurka da aka ambato game da Afghanistan da aka fitar a farkon 2007 ya nuna karuwar hare-haren kunar bakin wake daga 27 a 2005 zuwa 139 a 2006. Hare-haren bama-bamai a gefen hanya ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu daga 783 zuwa 1,677, harin kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da kananan makamai da gurneti ya karu kusan sau uku zuwa 4,542 daga 1,558.
Wani rahoto da Majalisar Senlis ta fitar a wannan makon ya nuna cewa goyon bayan Taliban ya "harba" a cikin shekara da rabi da ta gabata, yayin da kashi 80 cikin XNUMX na masu amsa a kudanci da gabashin Afghanistan - zuciyar yakin NATO na yaki da 'yan tawaye - sun nuna damuwa game da ciyar da su. iyalai.
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