TA SOUS, CAMBODIA - A karshen wata turba mai kurar da ke ratsawa ta cikin kayan abinci na shinkafa, macen da ta tsira daga hare-haren da Amurka ta kai tun tana karama.
Mai fuska da fuska kuma sama da ƙafa 5 tsayi sanye da takalmin filastik, Meas Lorn ya rasa babban ɗan'uwa a harin jirgin helikwafta da wani kawu da ƴan uwansu a harbin bindiga. Shekaru da yawa, wata tambaya ta shafe ta: “Har yanzu ina mamakin dalilin da ya sa waɗannan jiragen suka kai hari a wannan yanki. Me yasa suka jefa bama-bamai a nan?”
Amurka tashin bom Kambodiya tsakanin 1969 da 1973 ya kasance da kyau rubuce, amma mai zanen ta, tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro kuma sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Henry Kissinger, wanda zai cika shekaru 100 a ranar Asabar, yana da alhakin tashe-tashen hankula fiye da yadda aka ruwaito a baya. Wani bincike da The Intercept ya yi ya ba da shaidar hare-haren da ba a ba da rahoton a baya ba wanda ya kashe ko raunata daruruwan fararen hular Cambodia a lokacin Kissinger na fadar White House. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da laifinsa na waɗannan mutuwar, Kissinger ya amsa da ba'a kuma ya ƙi ba da amsoshi.
Wani keɓantaccen tarihin takardun sojan Amurka da aka keɓance a baya - wanda aka tattara daga fayilolin wata rundunar tsaro ta Pentagon ta sirri wacce ta binciki laifukan yaƙi a cikin shekarun 1970s, binciken sufeto-janar da aka binne a cikin dubunnan shafuka na takaddun da ba su da alaƙa, da sauran kayan da aka gano a cikin ɗaruruwan sa'o'i. bincike a National Archives na Amurka - yana ba da shaidar da ba a buga ba a baya, ba a ba da rahoto ba, da kuma shaidar da ba a yarda da ita ba na mutuwar farar hula da aka ɓoye a asirce a lokacin yaƙin kuma ya kasance kusan ba a sani ba ga jama'ar Amurka. Takardun sun kuma ba da taswirar taswirar hanya don bayar da rahoto a kan kasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya wanda ya ba da shaida na ƙarin tashin bama-bamai da hare-haren ƙasa waɗanda ba a taɓa ba da rahoto ga waje ba.
Wadanda suka tsira daga kauyuka 13 na Cambodia da ke kan iyakar Vietnam sun shaida wa jaridar The Intercept game da hare-haren da suka kashe daruruwan ‘yan uwansu da makwabta a lokacin Kissinger a fadar shugaban kasa Richard Nixon. Tattaunawar da aka yi da shaidu sama da 75 na Cambodia da waɗanda suka tsira, da aka buga a nan a karon farko, sun bayyana dalla-dalla dalla-dalla irin rauni na dogon lokaci da waɗanda suka tsira daga yakin Amurka suka yi. Wadannan hare-haren sun fi kusanci kuma watakila ma sun fi muni fiye da tashe-tashen hankula da aka riga aka danganta ga manufofin Kissinger, saboda ba a jefa bama-bamai a kauyukan ba, har ma da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu suka mamaye su, aka kona su da kuma sace su daga Amurka da sojojin kawance.
Abubuwan da suka faru dalla-dalla a cikin faifai da kuma shaidar waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗa da asusun duka hare-haren ganganci a cikin Cambodia da hare-hare na kuskure ko rashin kulawa da sojojin Amurka da ke aiki a kan iyaka da Kudancin Vietnam. Wadannan hare-haren na baya-bayan nan ba a ba da rahoton su ta hanyar tashoshin soji ba, kawai 'yan jaridu ne kawai suka rufe su a lokacin, kuma galibi sun yi hasara ga tarihi. Tare, sun ƙara yawan adadin mutuwar Cambodia wanda Kissinger ke da alhakinsa tare da tayar da tambayoyi tsakanin masana game da ko za a iya sabunta yunƙurin da aka daɗe na riƙe shi kan laifukan yaƙi.
Sojojin sun tattara bayanai da hirarraki da waɗanda suka tsira daga Kambodiya, sojojin Amurka, amintattun Kissinger, da masana sun nuna cewa rashin hukunci ya fito daga Fadar White House zuwa sojojin Amurka a fagen. Bayanai sun nuna cewa sojojin Amurka da ke da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula da raunata ba su sami wani hukunci mai ma'ana ba.
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Henry Kissinger ne ke da alhakin kashe fararen hula a Cambodia fiye da yadda aka sani a baya, bisa ga keɓantaccen tarihin takaddun sojan Amurka da kuma hira mai ban tsoro da waɗanda suka tsira daga Cambodia da shaidun Amurkawa.
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Rumbun yana ba da shaidar da ba a buga ba a baya, ba a ba da rahoto ba, da rashin godiya na daruruwan fararen hula da aka kashe da aka ɓoye a lokacin yaƙin kuma ya kasance kusan ba a san su ba ga jama'ar Amurka.
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Tambayoyin da ba a buga a baya ba tare da shaidu sama da 75 na Cambodia da waɗanda suka tsira daga hare-haren sojojin Amurka sun bayyana sabbin bayanai game da rauni na dogon lokaci da waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙin Amurka suka yi.
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Masana sun ce Kissinger yana da alhakin kai hare-hare a Cambodia wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar fararen hula kusan 150,000 - wanda ya ninka na Amurka da aka kashe a hare-hare ta sama tun a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba.
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Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da waɗannan mutuwar, Kissinger ya amsa da ba'a kuma ya ƙi ba da amsoshi.
Tare, tambayoyin da takaddun sun nuna rashin kulawa ga rayuwar Kambodiya: kasa ganowa ko kare fararen hula; don gudanar da kimantawa bayan yajin aiki; don bincika zargin cutar da farar hula; don hana irin wannan lalacewa daga maimaitawa; da kuma hukunta ko akasin haka a ɗora wa ma'aikatan Amurka alhakin raunuka da kisa. Wadannan manufofin ba wai kawai sun tona asirin hakikanin adadin rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Cambodia ba, har ma sun kafa hanyar kisan fararen hula na yakin Amurka da ta'addanci daga Afghanistan zuwa Iraki, Siriya zuwa Somalia, da sauransu.
"Kuna iya gano layi daga harin bam na Cambodia zuwa yanzu," in ji Greg Grandin, marubucin ""Inuwar Kissinger.” "Hanyoyin boye don jefa bama-bamai ba bisa ka'ida ba Cambodia sun zama tsarin tabbatar da hare-haren jiragen sama da kuma yakin har abada. Yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar da'irar da ba ta karye ba ta sojojin Amurka. "
Kissinger yana da alhakin kai hare-hare a Cambodia da ya kashe fararen hula kusan 150,000, a cewar Ben Kiernan, tsohon darektan shirin nazarin kisan kare dangi a jami'ar Yale kuma daya daga cikin manyan hukumomi a yakin neman zaben Amurka a Cambodia. Wannan ya ninka adadin waɗanda ba sa yaƙini har sau shida ana tunanin ya mutu a hare-haren da Amurka ta kai a Afghanistan, Iraki, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, da Yemen a cikin shekaru 20 na farko na yaki da ta'addanci. Grandin ya kiyasta cewa, gabaɗaya, Kissinger - wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen tsawaita yakin Vietnam da sauƙaƙe kisan kiyashi a Cambodia, Gabashin Timor, da Bangladesh; hanzarta yakin basasa a kudancin Afirka; da kuma goyon bayan juyin mulki da ƙungiyoyin kisa a duk faɗin Latin Amurka - suna da jinin aƙalla 3 mutane miliyan a hannunsa
Duk lokacin, kamar Kissinger kwanan wata starlets, ya lashe kyaututtukan da ake so, Da kuma goga kafadu tare da hamshakan attajirai a wajen liyafar cin abinci na White House, Hampton galas, da sauran gayyata-kawai soirées, waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙin Amurka a Cambodia an bar su don fama da asara, rauni, da tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba. Sun yi haka ne su kaɗai kuma ba a iya gani ga faɗuwar duniya, gami da Amurkawa waɗanda shugabanninsu suka inganta rayuwarsu.
Henry Kissinger ya kawar da tambayoyi game da harin bam a Cambodia shekaru da yawa kuma ya shafe rabin rayuwarsa yana karya game da rawar da ya taka a kashe-kashen da aka yi a can.
Henry Kissinger ya kawar da tambayoyi game da harin bam a Cambodia shekaru da yawa kuma ya shafe rabin rayuwarsa yana karya game da rawar da ya taka a kashe-kashen da aka yi a can. A shekara ta 1973, yayin zaman majalisar dattijai ta tabbatar da zama sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, an tambayi Kissinger ko ya amince da boye hare-haren Cambodia da gangan, inda ya mayar da martani da bangon kalamai da ke tabbatar da harin. "Ina so kawai in bayyana cewa ba harin bom ne na Cambodia ba, amma harin bam ne na Arewacin Vietnam a Cambodia," in ji shi. Shaidar daga bayanan sojan Amurka da shaidar shaidun gani da ido sun ci karo da da'awar kai tsaye. Shi kansa Kissinger ma.
A cikin littafinsa na 2003, "Ƙarshen Yaƙin Vietnam," Kissinger ya ba da kiyasin mutuwar fararen hula 50,000 na Cambodia daga hare-haren Amurka a lokacin da yake shiga cikin rikici - lambar da wani masanin tarihin Pentagon ya ba shi. Amma takardun da The Intercept ya samu sun nuna cewa adadin ya kusan fita waje. A hakikanin gaskiya, harin bama-bamai na Amurka na Cambodia yana cikin mafi tsananin kamfen na iska a tarihi. Fiye da nau'ikan bama-bamai 231,000 na Amurka ne aka yi jigilarsu a cikin Cambodia daga 1965 to 1973. Tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1973, yayin da Kissinger yake zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro, jirgin Amurka ya fadi. Ton 500,000 ko fiye na alburusai. (A lokacin duk yakin duniya na biyu, ciki har da bama-bamai na atomic, Amurka ta fadi 160,000 ton na alburusai na Japan.)
A wani taron ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2010 kan shigar Amurka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga 1946 zuwa karshen yakin Vietnam, na tambayi Kissinger yadda zai gyara shaidarsa a gaban majalisar dattawa, bisa la’akari da nasa hujjar cewa dubun dubatan fararen hular Cambodia ne suka mutu sakamakon tabarbarewar da ya yi. na yakin.
"Me yasa zan gyara shaidata?" Ya amsa. "Ban fahimci tambayar ba, sai dai ban fadi gaskiya ba."
"Duk abin da ke tashi akan duk wani abu da ke motsawa"
Wata dare a cikin Disamba 1970, Nixon ya kira mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro a cikin fushi game da Cambodia. “Ina son jirage masu saukar ungulu. Ina son duk abin da zai iya tashi ya shiga ya fasa jahannama daga cikinsu, "ya yi kuka a Kissinger, bisa ga kwafin. "Ina son bindigogi a wurin. Ma'ana jirage masu saukar ungulu dauke da makamai. ... Ina so a yi shi! Ka fitar da su daga kan jakinsu. ... Ina so su buga komai. "
Mintuna biyar bayan haka, Kissinger ya yi waya tare da Janar Alexander Haig, mai taimaka masa a soja, yana ba da umarnin kai hari kan Cambodia. “Oda ne, ya kamata a yi. Duk wani abu da ke tashi akan duk wani abu da ke motsawa. Kun samu haka?"
Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Nixon ya ci nasara a Fadar White House yana yin alkawarin kawo karshen yakin Amurka a Vietnam, amma a maimakon haka ya fadada rikici zuwa Cambodia makwabta. Tsoron koma bayan jama'a da kuma gaskata cewa Majalisa ba za ta taɓa amincewa da kai hari kan ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki ba, Kissinger da Haig sun fara shiri - wata guda bayan Nixon ya hau ofis - wani aiki da aka ɓoye daga jama'ar Amurka, Majalisa, har ma da manyan jami'an Pentagon ta hanyar haɗin kai na labaran labarai, saƙon rubutu, da tsarin ajiyar kuɗi biyu wanda ya kai hare-hare ta sama a Cambodia kamar yadda ya faru a Kudancin Vietnam. Ray Sitton, Kanar mai hidima ga Hafsan Hafsoshin Hafsoshin Soja, zai kawo jerin sunayen wadanda aka hari zuwa Fadar White House don amincewa. "Yi yajin aiki a nan a wannan yanki"Kissinger zai gaya masa, kuma Sitton zai mayar da tashoshi a cikin filin, yana kewaye da rundunar soja. An kona sahihan takardun da ke da alaƙa da hare-haren, kuma an ba da bayanan sirri da sauran bayanan jabu ga Pentagon da Majalisa.
Kissinger, wanda ya ci gaba da zama sakataren gwamnati a gwamnatin Nixon da Gerald Ford, an ba shi lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 1973 da kuma lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa ta 'yanci - kyautar farar hula mafi girma a Amurka - a cikin 1977. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya. ya ci gaba da ba shugabannin Amurka shawara, kwanan nan Donald trump; yayi aiki a kan kwamitocin ba da shawara na kamfanoni da na gwamnati; kuma ya rubuta ƙaramin ɗakin karatu na littattafan da aka fi siyarwa akan tarihi da diflomasiyya.
An haife shi Heinz Alfred Kissinger a Fürth, Jamus, a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1923, ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1938, a cikin ambaliyar Yahudawa da suka guje wa zalunci na Nazi. Ya zama dan kasar Amurka a shekara ta 1943 kuma ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka a Turai lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan kammala karatun summa cum laude daga Kwalejin Harvard a 1950, ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu (MA) a 1952 da Ph.D. a 1954. Daga baya ya shiga jami'ar Harvard, yana aiki a ma'aikatar gwamnati da kuma cibiyar kula da harkokin kasa da kasa har zuwa 1969. Yayin da yake koyarwa a Harvard, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin John F. Kennedy da kuma Lyndon B. Johnson kafin manyan matsayinsa a cikin gwamnatin Nixon da Ford. Mai imani realpolitikKissinger ya yi tasiri sosai kan manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka tsakanin 1969 da 1977.
Ta hanyar haɗe-haɗe na buri marar kaifi, ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru, da ikon murƙushe gaskiya da zamewa babu abin kunya, Kissinger ya rikide kansa daga farfesa na kwaleji kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati zuwa babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka na ƙarni na 20 kuma sanannen sananne. Yayin da dama daga cikin abokan aikinsa fadar White House An rutsa da shi a cikin abin kunya na Watergate, wanda ya kashe Nixon aikinsa a 1974, Kissinger ya fito ba tare da damuwa ba, duk yayin da yake ba da abinci ga tabloids da layukan zazzage kamar "Ikon shine mafi girman aphrodisiac. "
Kissinger shi ne babban mai tsara manufofin yakin Amurka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda ya kai kusan matsayin shugaban kasa a irin wadannan batutuwa. Kissinger da Nixon suma ke da alhakin kai hare-haren da suka kashe, suka raunata, ko raba dubban daruruwan Cambodia da muhallansu. aza harsashin ginin ga kisan kiyashin Khmer Rouge.
Ba za a iya wanke Pol Pot da shugabancin Khmer Rouge ba saboda aikata kisan kiyashi kan al'ummar Cambodia, in ji Kiernan, masanin Yale, amma Nixon ko Kissinger ba za su iya kubuta daga alhakin rawar da suka taka a kisan da ya taso ba. Duo ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙaramar ƙasar da yunkurin juyin juya hali na Pol Pot ya mamaye Cambodia a cikin 1975 kuma ya haifar da mummunan tsoro, daga kisan kiyashi zuwa yunwa mai yawa, wanda zai kashe kusan mutane miliyan 2.
Kaing Guek Eav (wanda aka sani da "Duch") wanda ya jagoranci Khmer Rouge's Tuol Sleng kurkuku, inda aka azabtar da dubban 'yan Cambodia tare da kashe su a karshen shekarun 1970, sun yi irin wannan lura. "Mister Richard Nixon da Kissinger," in ji shi Kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "ya ba Khmer Rouge damar fahimtar damar zinare." Bayan da aka hambarar da shi a juyin mulkin soji kuma kasarsa ta fada cikin kisan kare dangi, sarkin Cambodia da aka hambare, Yarima Norodom Sihanouk, ya dora laifin haka. "Mutane biyu ne kawai ke da alhakin bala'in a Cambodia," in ji shi a cikin 1970s. “Malam Nixon da Dr. Kissinger."
A cikin tuhumar tsawon littafinsa na 2001, "The Trial of Henry Kissinger," Christopher Hitchens ya yi kira da a gurfanar da Kissinger "saboda laifukan yaki, da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, da kuma laifuffukan da suka saba wa dokokin gama-gari ko na al'ada ko na kasa da kasa, gami da hada baki don yin kisa, garkuwa da mutane. , da azabtarwa” daga Argentina, Bangladesh, da Chile zuwa Gabashin Timor, Laos, da Uruguay. Amma Hitchens ya tanadi opprobrium na musamman don rawar Kissinger a Cambodia. "Yaƙin neman zaɓe," in ji shi, "ya fara ne kamar yadda zai ci gaba - tare da cikakken sanin tasirinsa ga farar hula, da kuma yaudarar da Mista Kissinger ya yi ta wannan madaidaicin."
Wasu kuma sun wuce tuhume-tuhume. Lokacin da yake matashi, dan fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam dan asalin kasar Australia Peter Tatchell ya ji yakin Amurka - da laifukan yaki - ya shafa - a Indochina. Shekaru goma bayan haka, ya yi imanin cewa akwai wata hujja mai karfi da za a yi, ya dauki mataki. "Ya ba ni mamaki cewa babu wanda ya yi yunkurin gurfanar da Kissinger a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, don haka na yanke shawarar tafiya," kamar yadda ya shaida wa The Intercept ta imel.
"Na yi mamaki cewa babu wanda ya yi yunkurin gurfanar da Kissinger a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, don haka na yanke shawarar tafiya."
A cikin 2002, tare da Slobodan Miloševic, tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia, a kan shari'ar laifuffukan yaki, Tatchell ya nemi izinin kama shi a Kotun Majistare ta Bow Street da ke Landan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1957, wani aikin majalisar da cewa shigar da wasu sassa na dokokin yaƙi kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 ta ayyana cikin dokar Biritaniya. Ya yi zargin cewa yayin da Kissinger "ya kasance mai ba shugaban Amurka shawara kan harkokin tsaro a 1969-75 da kuma sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka 1973-77 ya ba da umarni, taimako da tallafi da kuma samun laifukan yaki a Vietnam, Laos da Cambodia." Alkali Nicholas Evans ya ki amincewa da bukatar, inda ya bayyana cewa "a halin yanzu" ba zai iya rubuta "madaidaicin tuhuma ba" bisa ga shaidar da Tatchell ya gabatar.
Lokacin da aka ki amincewa da sammacin kama shi, Tatchell ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kungiyoyin agaji na duniya don taimakawa ko ɗaukar lamarin, ya gaya wa The Intercept, amma "ba su ɗauka a matsayin fifiko." Ya yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓar shaidun Amurka masu yuwuwa da shigar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na Amurka.
Amma Tatchell ya ci gaba da cewa Kissinger ya kamata ya ci gaba da zamansa a kotu. "Na yi imanin cewa shekaru bai kamata ya zama shinge ga adalci ba. Ya kamata a hukunta waɗanda suka aikata ko suka ba da izinin aikata laifukan yaƙi, ba tare da la’akari da shekarunsu ba,” in ji shi, “idan har suna da ikon yin shari’a ta gaskiya, wanda na fahimci lamarin Kissinger ne.”
Shekaru Biyar na Rashin Hukunci
Kissinger da abokan aikinsa akai-akai suna zargin yakin Amurka a Cambodia kan sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da kuma 'yan tawayen Vietnam ta Kudu wadanda suka yi amfani da kasar a matsayin tushe da kayan aiki, yayin da suke ba da takaitaccen bayani ga shigar Amurka a can. "Abin da ya tabarbarewar Cambodia shine mamayar Arewacin Vietnam na wasu yankuna na Cambodia daga 1965 zuwa gaba," in ji tsohon mataimakin Kissinger. Peter Rodman. Amma shekaru uku da suka gabata - tun kafin yawancin Amurkawa su san cewa ƙasarsu na cikin yaƙi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya - "bama-bamai na Amurka sun afkawa wani ƙauyen Cambodia ta hanyar haɗari ... sun kashe fararen hula," bisa ga tarihin rundunar sojin sama. Kuma "hatsari" ba su daina ba. Tsakanin 1962 zuwa 1969, gwamnatin Cambodia ta ƙididdige cin zarafin kan iyaka 1,864; 6,149 ke keta sararin samaniyarta daga sojojin Amurka da na Kudancin Vietnam; da kusan fararen hula 1,000 da suka jikkata.
Ga Nixon da Kissinger, Cambodia ta kasance a gefe: wani ɗan ƙaramin yaƙi da aka yi a inuwar babban rikici a Vietnam kuma gabaɗaya ya karkata ga manufofin Amurka a can. Ga 'yan Cambodia da ke kan gaba a rikicin - manoman da ke rayuwa cikin wahala - yakin ya kasance abin mamaki da ban tsoro. Da farko dai, mutane sun yi mamakin jirgin da ya fara shawagi a saman gidajensu da ke da katako. Sun kira jirage masu saukar ungulu na harin Huey Cobra da “ƙafafun lobster” don skids ɗin su, waɗanda suka yi kama da gaɓoɓin ɓawon burodi, yayin da ƙananan kumfa mai kama da Loaches suka zama “bawon kwakwa” a cikin harshen gida. Amma Cambodia da sauri sun koyi jin tsoron bindigogi da rokoki na jirgin, bama-baman F-4 Phantoms, da girgizar kasa na B-52s. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, waɗanda suka tsira ba su da ɗan fahimtar dalilin da ya sa aka kai musu hari da kuma dalilin da ya sa aka raunata ko kashe ’yan uwa da yawa. Ba su da masaniyar cewa wahalar da suka sha ta samu ne daga wani mutum mai suna Henry Kissinger da kuma makircinsa da ya gaza cimma alkawarin da maigidansa ya yi.kyakkyawan karshen yakin a Vietnam” ta hanyar faɗaɗa, daɗaɗawa, da tsawaita wannan rikici.
A 2010, na yi tafiya zuwa Cambodia don yin bincike laifukan yaki na Amurka shekaru da dama. Na yi bincike a kan iyakokin, ina neman ƙauyuka da aka ambata a cikin takardun sojan Amurka, ɗauke da ɗaurin da aka cika da hotunan Cobras, Loaches, da sauran jiragen sama, ina roƙon mutanen ƙauyen su nuna kayan aikin soja da suka kashe ƙaunatattunsu da maƙwabta. Wadanda na yi hira da su sun yi matukar kaduwa cewa wani Ba’amurke ya san harin da aka kai kauyensu kuma ya zagaya kasashen duniya don tattaunawa da su.
Ga Nixon da Kissinger, Cambodia ta kasance abin ban mamaki. Ga 'yan Cambodia da ke sahun gaba na rikicin, yakin ya kasance abin mamaki da ban tsoro.
Shekaru da dama, gwamnatin Amurka ba ta nuna sha'awar yin nazari kan zarge-zargen cutar da fararen hula da ayyukanta na soja suka haddasa a duniya ba. A 2020 binciken na bayan-9/11 da farar hula suka faru sun gano cewa yawancin sun tafi gaba ɗaya ba tare da bincike ba, kuma a cikin waɗancan lokuta da aka bincikar hukuma, masu binciken Amurka akai-akai suna yin hira da shaidun sojan Amurka amma kusan sun yi watsi da farar hula - waɗanda abin ya shafa, waɗanda suka tsira, ƴan uwa, da waɗanda ke wurin. - "Mai tsananin cutar da tasiri na bincike," a cewar masu bincike daga Cibiyar Farar Hula a Rikici da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam Law School. Sojojin Amurka ba kasafai suke gudanar da bincike kan zargin cutar da fararen hula a Cambodia ba kuma kusan ba su taba yin hira da wadanda Cambodia suka shafa ba. A cikin duka ƙauyuka 13 na Cambodia da na ziyarta a cikin 2010, ni ne mutum na farko da ya taɓa yin hira da waɗanda harin yaƙin ya shafa wanda aka fara nisan mil 9,000 daga Washington, D.C.
A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, 'yan jarida masu bincike da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun tattara bayanan kisan gilla na fararen hula, rashin bayar da rahoto game da asarar da ba a kashe ba, da gazawar alhaki, da kuma hukumcin da ya fito daga matukan jirgin da ke kashe mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba ga masu zane-zane na yakin karni na 21 na Amurka. Libya, Somalia, Syria, Yemen da sauran wurare. A 2021 bincike dan jaridar New York Times Azmat Khan - wanda ya bayyana cewa yakin da Amurka ta yi a Iraki da Siriya yana da kurakuran leken asiri da kuma kai hari ba daidai ba, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba - a karshe ya tilasta wa ma'aikatar tsaro bayyana wani cikakken shiri na hanawa. , ragewa, da kuma mayar da martani ga lamuran farar hula. Shafi 36 Tsarin Ayyukan Rage Cutar da Farar Hula da Amsa yana ba da wani tsari don inganta yadda Pentagon ke magance mace-macen da ba a yi yaƙi ba amma ba ta da takamaiman hanyar magance cutar farar hula da ta gabata.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta fito fili cewa ba ta da sha'awar waiwaya. "A wannan lokacin ba mu da niyyar sake yin shari'a," Sakataren Tsaro Lloyd Austin ya shaida wa 'yan majalisa Sara Jacobs, D-Calif., Lokacin da ta tambayi a bara ko Pentagon na shirin sake duba zargin cutar da farar hula daga baya. yaƙe-yaƙe na har abada. Yiwuwar Ma'aikatar Tsaro za ta binciki barnar fararen hula a Cambodia shekaru 50 bayan haka ba shi da komai.
Ina raba wasu alhakin jinkirin buga waɗannan asusun. Shekaru 13 - yayin da nake ba da rahoto game da harin da jiragen yaki marasa matuki ya shafa a Somaliya, da kawar da kabilanci a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, da yakin basasa daga Libya zuwa Sudan ta Kudu - asusun wadanda suka tsira daga kauyukan Cambodia kamar An Lung Kreas, Bos Phlung, Bos Mon ( babba), Doun Rath, Doun Rath 2, Mroan, Por, Sati, Ta Sous, Tropeang, Phlong, Ta Hang, da Udom an ajiye su a cikin littattafan rubutu na. Sauran ayyuka da abubuwan da suka dace, haɗe tare da ɓarna na masana'antar labarai waɗanda ba koyaushe suna kallon ta'addancin da suka gabata a matsayin "labarai," sun ajiye su a can.
Lokacin da na gudanar da tambayoyina, a cikin 2010, tsawon rayuwa a Cambodia ya kusa 66 shekaru. Yawancin mutanen da na yi magana da su - shekarunsu a cikin wannan labarin an danganta su zuwa ranar da muka yi magana - da alama sun mutu. Kadan ne a cikin waɗannan ƙauyuka na karkara suna da wayoyin hannu shekaru 13 da suka wuce, don haka ba ni da hanyar samun su. Amma asusun nasu ya ci gaba da yin tasiri kuma abubuwan da suka ba da labarin ba su ragu ba. Kuma ba lalle ne ciwonsu ya tafi tare da su daga wannan duniya ba. Mun sani daga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust, alal misali, cewa raunin da ya faru na iya yin tasiri a tsakanin tsararraki; ana iya wucewa, ko genetically or in ba haka ba. Ko da a wannan ƙarshen kwanan watan, zafin yakin Amurka a Cambodia yana rayuwa - tare da maginin ɓacin ran ƙasar.
Tunanin Atrocity
Da na tsallaka gada a kan kogin Mekong, na shiga cikin karkarar Cambodia, tare da manyan tituna inda SUVs ke wucewa da ƙananan kuloli da ƙananan doki suka ja, da babura da ke ɗauke da daman bamboo ko riguna masu launi ko kwandunan aladu masu kururuwa, da tsofaffin manyan motoci masu fala-fala da yawa. m-yankakken, tubalin ocher. Na yi birgima a cikin kasuwanni na wuraren sayar da mahauta da rumfunan katako na sayar da man mota ko kwalkwali na babur ko buhunan shinkafa masu girman yara ko na Angkor Beer. Na wuce dazuzzukan dazuzzuka marasa kauri da gonakin roba da filayen shinkafa inda za ku iya hango layukan buffalo na ruwa, fayil guda, tare da paddy dikes. A ƙarshe, na kashe titin na kan hanyar da ta lalace, jajayen datti, ina neman ƙauyuka ko da ’yan sandan yankin ba su sani ba. A ƙarshen ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi masu ƙura, masu ramuka, na sami wata ƙauye da ke kan iyaka da Vietnam.
Iskar da ke Doun Rath ta bushe kuma tana da ɗanɗano a cikin rana kuma tana buɗewa, da yammacin rana, ta wurin ƙamshi mai daɗi na dafa abinci wanda ya tashi har zuwa gidajen katako da aka gina akan tudu don haɓaka iska a cikin kwanaki masu zafi kamar waɗannan.
Na zo neman ’yan ɓangarorin tsara waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙin Amurka da kuma kisan kiyashin Khmer Rouge da ya biyo baya. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, mai suna Phok Horm, ɗan shekara 84 a lokacin taronmu, da gishiri da barkono da aka yanka kusa da su, ta gaya mini: “Bam ya zama ruwan dare a wannan yanki. Wani lokaci, ya faru kowace rana. Wani lokaci ana samun masu nutsewar bama-bamai. Wani lokaci, jirgin da ƙafafu na lobster yakan tashi ya harba komai.”
'Yan tawayen Vietnam sun yi aiki a dajin da ke kusa, Phok da dattawan ƙauyen sun tuna. Sun zo Doun Rath don siyan kayayyaki daga mazaunan da ke rayuwa mai wahala, suna noman shinkafa da kuma sayar da ita a kan iyaka a Vietnam, kafin yakin ya mamaye ƙauyen tare da 'yan gudun hijira daga wasu ƙauyukan Cambodia da bama-bamai suka lalata. Amma gabaɗaya ƴan ta’addar ba sa nan a lokacin hare-haren. "An harbe mutane da yawa a nan," in ji Chneang Sous, wanda ke da shekaru 20 a lokacin rikicin. "Yawancinsu 'yan Cambodia ne."
Lokacin da aka fara harbe-harbe, mutanen ƙauyen za su watse, suna gudu don samun kariya marar tabbas na paddy dikes, kuma, yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba da tafiya, ƴan tankokin ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda iyalai suka haƙa a gefen gidajensu. Min Keun, matashi a shekara ta 1969, ya tuna kutsen da ake yi na “ƙafafun lobster” na yau da kullun a sararin sama a ƙauyen. “Mutane za su firgita. Za su gudu. Wani lokaci sukan yi shi. Wani lokaci ana kashe su,” in ji ta. "Akwai wahala sosai." Min da wasu sun tuna da jirage masu saukar ungulu suna harbin mutanen kauyen da suke gudu. An yi ta harbin bama-bamai da shanu da injina akai-akai. Da dare, ƙwaƙƙwaran bincike na helikwafta sun haskaka duhu yayin da suke farautar sojojin abokan gaba. Bama-bamai na iya faduwa a kowane lokaci.
A kusa da 1969, an kama mijin Phok a fili yayin "bam" kuma ya buga a wuyansa tare da shrapnel. Ya rataye har tsawon kwanaki bakwai kafin ya mutu. Chneang ya tuna da wani misali lokacin da wani jirgin ruwan Huey na Amurka ya taso daga bayan layin bishiya, wanda ya tilasta wa mutanen kauyen kulle don tsira. Jirgin mai saukar ungulu ya yi harbi da bindiga inda ya kashe kawunsa da kawunsa. Mama Nouv ta gaya mani cewa ƙanwarsa ta ji rauni sosai a wani harin bam a 1972. Bayan harin 'yan ta'addar Vietnam sun iso inda suka tafi da ita don jinya, amma danginsa ba su sake ganinta ba. Duk abin da aka faɗa, waɗanda suka tsira sun yi imanin cewa fiye da rabin mutanen ƙauyen da ke zaune a Doun Rath a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s an kashe su ko kuma suka ji rauni sakamakon hare-haren Amurka.
A kusa da Doun Rath 2, tsohon shugaban ƙauyen Kang Vorn ya ce mazauna yankin sun yi rayuwa mai sauƙi kafin yaƙin, suna noman shinkafa, wake, da tsaban sesame. Sun fara ganin 'yan tawayen Vietnam a shekara ta 1965, amma ba a fara kai harin ba sai a shekara ta 1969. Vet Shea, mai ido daya, ta tuna cewa hare-haren sun tsananta yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. “Wani lokaci ana kai mana harin bam kowace rana. Sau ɗaya, sau uku ko huɗu ne a rana ɗaya,” in ji ta. Ita da kanta ta tsallake rijiya da baya wani harin helikwafta da aka kai wa manoma da ke aiki a filayen da ke kusa. "Na yi gudu lokacin da na gan shi," in ji Vet. “Mutum daya ya samu rauni. Wasu kuma sun mutu.”
Dattawa goma sha uku na Doun Rath 2 sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don tunawa da sunayen matattu. "Nul, Pik, Num, Seung," in ji Sok Yun, 'yar shekara 85, wacce ta dogara da sandar tafiya, yayin da ta zayyana sunayen mutanen kauye hudu da suka mutu a lokacin da matsugunin bam dinsu ya ruguje karkashin wani harin da jirgin ya kai kai tsaye. . Vet ya ce an kashe mahaifiyarta a wani harin. Tep Sarum yana matashi ne lokacin da wani bam ya fashe a gidan kawar tasa, ya kashe ta. Mama Huy mai shekaru 80 da haihuwa a lokacin da muke tattaunawa da manema labarai ta ce ana yawan mutuwa da kuma jikkata sakamakon bama-baman, yayin da Kang, tsohon hafsan hafsoshin, ya yi kiyasin cewa a kalla mutane 30 ne suka samu raunuka sakamakon harin da jiragen sama suka kai a kauyen amma sun tsira.
Mutane nawa ne a ciki da wajen Doun Rath da Doun Rath 2 da Nixon suka kashe kuma yakin Kissinger ya riga ya ɓace ga tarihi lokacin da na ziyarta. Rikodin takardun shaida na Amurka ba shi da yawa, amma akwai. A daren 9 ga watan Agusta da safiyar 10 ga Agusta, 1969, bisa ga rahoton babban sufeto Janar na Sojoji, tawagar helikwafta "Nighthawk" na Amurka - wanda ya ƙunshi Huey guda ɗaya, sanye da haske da manyan bindigogi na M-60. da kuma wani jirgin ruwan Cobra sanye da babbar bindigar Gatling, roka, da kuma harba gurneti - yana aiki ne a yankin da ake kira yankin kashe gobara a kusa da iyakar Kudancin Vietnam da Cambodia.
Binciken da ba a ba da rahoto ba a baya ya nuna cewa yayin da wasu ma'aikatan jirgin helikwafta ne kawai suka ambaci gobarar ƙasa a cikin dare a wannan dare, duk sun yarda cewa ana ganin fitilu a cikin "tsarin rayuwa." Ma'aikatan jirgin helikwafta sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu aikin radar sun gaya musu cewa sun wuce Kudancin Vietnam, amma masu aikin radar sun ce akasin haka. Daya daga cikinsu, Rogden Palmer, da yake magana da masu bincike game da kwamandan Huey, ya ce:
[H] ya gaya wa tsuntsun Tiger ɗinsa (ƙuƙumar da ke tare da shi) cewa yana tsammanin ya ga haske. A wannan lokacin na shawarce shi cewa yana kusa da iyakar Cambodia, kuma ya yi ta watsar da ni. Night Hawk da Tiger sun fara kewayawa… kusan lokaci guda na shawarce shi cewa ya bayyana yana kan iyaka. Ban tuna ko ya roge watsa dina ba, amma na gaskanta [sic] ya yi. A wani lokaci na ce masa yana kan iyaka.
Babu shakka, Huey ya mai da hankali kan haskensa kan gidajen kuma jirgin ruwan Cobra ya fara harbin bindiga, inda ya harba uku daga cikin abin da takardun Pentagon da ake kira "ƙugiya" - gajeriyar gidajen farar hula - tare da harbe-harben bindiga da rokoki cike da "manyan tukwane," ƙananan ƙusoshi da aka tsara don yaga ta naman ɗan adam.
Binciken Amurka ya gano cewa jirage masu saukar ungulu "sun kai hari a kusa da iyakar Cambodia wanda zai iya zama ƙauyen Doun Rath." Wadanda suka tsira a Doun Rath da Doun Rath 2 ba su tuna da wannan lamari na musamman ba, yana mai jaddada cewa hare-hare sun zama ruwan dare na tsawon lokaci har suka haɗu tare. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa "Kwamandan jirgin ya nuna rashin fahimta [sic] wajen shiga wani hari a karkashin wadannan yanayi." Sufeto-janar, duk da haka, ya ba da shawarar cewa "kada a dauki matakin ladabtarwa," kuma har sai da na isa shekaru da yawa ba tare da wani, da alama, ya yi ƙoƙarin bincika ainihin abin da ya faru a Doun Rath ba.
Shekaru XNUMX da suka wuce, yawancin hare-haren Amurka a Cambodia ba su san duniya ba kuma mai yiwuwa ba a taɓa sani ba. Ko da waɗanda sojojin Amurka suka tabbatar an yi watsi da su kuma an manta da su: an jefa su cikin kwandon shara na tarihi ba tare da ƙarin bita ko bincike ba.
Alal misali, a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1970, jirage masu saukar ungulu guda biyar sun keta sararin samaniyar Cambodia, suka yi ta harbi a ƙauyen Prastah, inda suka kashe farar hula biyu tare da raunata wata yarinya ’yar shekara 11 mai tsanani, a cewar wani taƙaitaccen rahoton babban sufeton Sojoji. Wannan bita-da-kulli ta gano cewa jirage masu saukar ungulu daga runduna ta 25 ta runduna ta XNUMX sun yi luguden wuta kan dakarun abokan gaba, wadanda ake zargin sun janye zuwa Cambodia. Binciken ya tabbatar da cewa "harbin bindiga ya ci gaba da yin ta'adi kuma ya yi tasiri a Cambodia." Dangane da batun hasarar rayukan fararen hula da asarar dukiyoyi da aka yi sakamakon harin, rahoton ya bayyana cewa "zai yiwu ma'aikatan farar hula… Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa an yi wani abu don rama wadanda suka tsira.
Da yammacin ranar 3 ga watan Mayun 1970, wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya zagaye kauyen Sre Kandal na Cambodia sau da dama, lamarin da ya tsorata mutanen kauyen tare da tilasta musu guduwa, kamar yadda wani rahoto da aka bayyana a baya na Sojoji ya bayyana. Fayil din ya bayyana cewa, shaidu sun ce “wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu wanda ba a san irinsa ba ya kewaya kauyensu sau da yawa. A firgice suka fara gudu, a lokacin ne jirgin mai saukar ungulu ya harbo.” A cewar 'yan kasar Cambodia da sojojin Amurka suka ci karo da su jim kadan bayan kai harin, mutane uku sun kone kurmus a lokacin da aka kona wani gida a harin da kuma wani mutum guda ya jikkata. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kone, mai yiwuwa sunansa a rubuce a cikin zukatan 'yan uwansa na Cambodia amma in ba haka ba tarihi ya rasa ransa, daga baya ya mutu.
"An Rushe Komai Gabaɗaya"
Kasa da wata guda bayan da Kissinger da Haig suka fara shirin kai harin bam a Cambodia a asirce, Amurka ta kaddamar da Operation MENU, wani tarin hari mai suna B-52 mai suna BreakfaST, LUNCH, SNACK, DINNER, DESSERT, da SUPPER wanda aka kai daga watan Maris. 18, 1969, zuwa 26 ga Mayu, 1970. An ɓoye hare-haren ta hanyar yaudara da yawa; Kissinger amince kowannensu na 3,875 iri iri.
Wadanda suka tsira sun ce rayuwa ta hanyar harin bam na B-52 abu ne mai ban tsoro da ba za a iya misaltuwa ba, yana iyaka da bakin teku. afuwa. Ko da a cikin keɓaɓɓen matsugunin bam mai zurfi, ingantaccen ƙarfi, ƙarfin ruɗani daga wani yajin da ke kusa zai iya fashe. kunnuwa. Ga waɗanda aka fi fallasa, girgizar ƙasa na iya zama mai mutuƙar gaske.
Wata safiya, a ƙarshen wata datti da tsakuwa da ke kusa da iyakar Vietnam, na gano Vuth Than, ’yar shekara 78 a lokacin, mai aske gashin gashin toka da baki da jajayen baki da ruwan ‘ya’yan betel nut, wani abu mai kara kuzari da ya shahara a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Duka Vuth da 'yar uwarta, Vuth Thang 'yar shekara 72, sun lalace da zarar na bayyana makasudin rahoton na. Suna nesa da gidansu a ƙauyen Por sa’ad da wani yajin aikin B-52 ya halaka mutane 17 na iyalinsu. "Na rasa mahaifiyata, mahaifina, 'yan'uwana, 'yan'uwana, kowa da kowa," Vuth Than ya gaya mani, hawaye na bin kuncinta. “Abin ya yi muni sosai. Komai ya lalace gaba daya.”
Gidan Rediyon Hanoi na Arewacin Vietnam ya fallasa kuma jaridar New York Times ta tabbatar a watan Mayun 1969, harin bam na asirce na Cambodia ya kasance. a hukumance sun musanta kuma ba a sani ba ga jama'a da kuma kwamitocin majalisa masu dacewa a lokacin. Majalisa da jama'ar Amurka sun kasance cikin duhu sosai cewa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1970, yayin da ya ba da sanarwar mamayewar Amurka ta farko a Cambodia. don kai farmaki a wuraren da ake zargin makiya ne, Nixon ya iya yin ƙarya da baƙar magana, yana gaya wa ƙasar: “Shekaru biyar ba Amurka ko Kudancin Vietnam ba da suka yi yaƙi da waɗannan mafakar maƙiyan domin ba ma son mu keta yankin al’umma mai tsaka-tsaki.”
Sai a shekarar 1973, a lokacin badakalar Watergate, zargin harin bam a asirce ya fito fili, lamarin da ya sa yunkurin farko na tsige Nixon bisa hujjar cewa ya yi yakin sirri a wata kasa mai tsaka-tsaki wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka. A ƙarshe, cewa labarin tsigewa an zabe shi ne da sunan neman siyasa. Dangane da sauran tuhume-tuhumen, Nixon ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa.
Kissinger ya gaya mani a wajen taron ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka na 2010, mai taken "Wannan ya kasance a wuraren da babu jama'a da yawa kuma ban yi imani cewa an samu asarar rayuka ba."Kwarewar Amurka a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1946-1975,” a lokacin da na tambaye shi game da tashin bam. Amsa guda ɗaya ce da ya bai wa ɗan jaridar Burtaniya David Frost yayin wata hira da NBC News a 1979 inda Frost ya tuhumi cewa manufar Kissinger ta Cambodia ta haifar da jerin abubuwan da za su "ruguza kasar.” Kissinger ya fice daga dakin studio Bayan taping da Frost sun bar aikin, suna zargin NBC tsoma baki, wanda a lokacin kuma ke daukar Kissinger a matsayin mai aiki. shawara da kuma sharhi. Daga baya NBC ta fitar da kwafin hirar amma ta baiwa Kissinger damar gyara kalaman nasa ta hanyar makala wasika ga Shugaban Labaran NBC William Small.
Kissinger ya shaidawa Frost cewa "Ba mu fara ruguza wata kasa daga ra'ayin kowa ba a lokacin da muke kai hare-hare kan wasu sansanoni bakwai na Arewacin Vietnam da ke da nisan mil biyar daga kan iyakar Vietnam, inda ake kai hare-hare zuwa Kudancin Vietnam." A cikin al'ada na kamawa kan bambance-bambance da muhawara mai ban sha'awa, daidai ya musanta ra'ayin Frost cewa an kai harin Base Area 704 - kuskuren da ya samo asali daga kuskuren rubutu a cikin takardar Pentagon - yayin harin B-52 na sirri, tare da lura cewa "yankin tushe 740” an kai hari a zahiri. Ya ce shawarwarin da aka yi niyya suna tare da wata sanarwa “cewa fararen hula ana tsammanin zai yi kadan."
Akwai a gaskiya 1,136 fararen hula zaune a Base Area 740, bisa ga Pentagon; wani tsohon babban sirrin rahoton Rundunar Sojan Sama, wanda aka bayyana shekaru da yawa bayan hirar Frost, ya lura cewa kawai Sojojin abokan gaba 250 sun kasance a wurin. Wani daftarin soja da na gano a cikin National Archives ya kuma lura cewa sojoji suna sane da cewa fararen hula "sun ji rauni / kashe su ta hanyar harin B-52 a Base area 740" tsakanin Mayu 16 zuwa 20, 1970, a kusa da lokacin harin SUPPER. Bisa ga fayil ɗin sirrin, waɗanda aka kashe da kuma jikkata "Montagnards," 'yan ƙabila ne 'yan tsiraru waɗanda "ba a nuna ƙauyuka daidai a taswirar da aka saba amfani da su ba."
“Ni kaɗai ne Mai tsira daga Iyalina duka”
A cikin 2010, an san ƙauyen a hukumance da suna Ta Sous, amma ga mazaunanta har yanzu ana san shi da sunansa lokacin yakin Amurka: Tralok Bek. “Kowane gida yana da bulo a lokacin yakin. Amma da rana, idan kuna kiwon shanu, rayuwar ku na iya dogara ne akan tudun tururuwa da ko za ku iya fakewa a bayansa, "in ji Meas Lorn. “Jiragen sama sun jefa bama-bamai. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu sun makale. Mutane da yawa sun mutu,” in ji Meak Satom, wani mutum mai launin toka mai haƙori na zinariya. Yajin aikin B-52 a 1969 ya kashe kusan mutane 10, ciki har da wani abokinsa, in ji shi.
Yayin da na yi hira da mutanen yankin game da yawancin hare-haren da aka kai a wurin a lokacin yakin, Sdeung Sokheung ya ce kadan. Amma lokacin da na fito da wata daure cike da hotuna na nau'ikan jiragen saman Amurka iri-iri, sai ta shiga cikin jirgin. F-4 fatalwa. Da take nuni da hakan, ta ce tun tana yarinya ta ga irin wannan harin bam a kauyen Ta Hang da ke da nisan kilomita takwas.
Bayan kammala hirar mu a Tralok Bek, sai na bi ta kan tituna masu karkace, na wuce dazuzzuka, da kuma sananniya sirara, kala-kala, har sai da muka isa wurin busasshen busasshen shinkafa, gadajen shinkafa da manyan dabino. Bayan ƴan mintoci kaɗan, a cikin wani gida na katako, na iske Chan Yath ɗan shekara 64, wata mata mai kauri mai duhu gashi da haƙoran da ke tauna goro. Na tambayi ko an kai harin bam a yankin a lokacin yakin? Tace eh; an kusa halaka dangi. Wanda ya tsira, ta bayyana, dan uwanta ne, An Seun. An aika wata ƙaramar mace don nemo An kuma, mintuna 20 ko fiye da haka, mun gan ta - ƙaramar, tsohuwar mahaifiyar 10 - tana wasa tare da kunkuntar titin dick mai kaiwa zuwa bayan gidan Chan. "A lokacin cikar wata," in ji An, yayin da yake magana kan ranar tsattsarkan addinin Buddah, ta daina ziyartar gidan kakanta. “Da misalin karfe 10 na safe, wani jirgin sama ya jefa bam a gidana. Iyayena da ’yan’uwana hudu duk an kashe su,” ta fada mini da jikakken idanuwa da kama a makogwaronta. "Ni kaɗai ne wanda ya tsira daga dukan iyalina."
A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, Amurka kuma tana gudanar da ayyukan sirri, na kan iyaka a cikin Cambodia. A cikin shekaru biyu kafin Nixon da Kissinger su karbi yakin, kwamandojin Amurka sun gudanar da ayyuka 99 da 287, bi da bi. A cikin 1969, adadin ya yi tsalle zuwa 454. Tsakanin Janairu 1970 da Afrilu 1972, lokacin da aka rufe shirin a ƙarshe, kwamandojin sun gudanar da ayyuka a ɓoye aƙalla 1,045 a cikin Cambodia. Wataƙila, duk da haka, an sami wasu, wanda Kissinger ya ƙaddamar, waɗanda ba a taɓa bayyana su ba.
Daga watan Janairu zuwa Mayun 1973, tsakanin wa'adin mataimakin shugaban kasa kan harkokin tsaron kasa da kuma shugaban ma'aikatan fadar White House, Al Haig ya kasance mataimakin hafsan hafsoshin soji. Brig. Janar John Johns ya gaya mani cewa a wannan lokacin, yana ofishin Haig da ke Pentagon, sai ga wani muhimmin kira ya shigo, "Ina yi masa bayani kan wani abu, sai wayar ta kira ta kara, wadda na san ita ce fadar White House," Johns. tuna. “Na tashi zan tafi. Ya yi min nuni da in zauna. Na zauna a can na ji yana gaya musu yadda za su rufa mana asiri cikin Cambodia.”
Johns - wanda bai taba bayyana labarin ga dan jarida ba - yana da tabbacin cewa Haig yana magana ne game da ayyukan sirri na baya, amma bai sani ba ko an bayyana ayyukan a fili ko kuma wanda ke gefen layin wayar. Amma Kissinger ne ke da alhakin da yawa daga cikin ayyukan ketare, a cewar Roger Morris, wani mataimaki na Kissinger wanda ya yi aiki a manyan ma'aikatan Kwamitin Tsaron Kasa. "Yawancin lokaci, yana ba da izinin tafiye-tafiye na ɓoye zuwa Cambodia," in ji shi. "Muna gudanar da ayyukan sirri da yawa a can."
"Yaya Mutane Za Su Kubuta?"
Bayan kwana biyu ina tukin hanyoyin gida ina neman hanya, na kashe wata babbar hanya a kan wata jajayen titin da ta ratsa cikin filayen noma kuma a ƙarshe na zube cikin ƙauyen kan iyaka na gidajen katako masu sauƙi a cikin tekun ciyayi iri-iri. A lokacin yaƙin, waɗannan gidaje sun yi kama da juna, in ji shugaban ƙauyen Sheang Heng, wani mutum mai wayo mai hannaye da ƙafar ƙafa sanye da rigar rigar da ta taɓa zama fari. Babban canjin da aka samu shi ne cewa tarkacen ƙarfe ya maye gurbin mafi yawan tsofaffin tarkace da rufin tayal.
A cikin 1970, lokacin da Sheang yana da shekaru 17, wannan ƙauyen yana kan gaba a cikin kutsen Cambodia na Amurka. Rabin duniya, a Jami'ar Jihar Kent, 'yan Jami'an Tsaro na Ohio sun kashe dalibai hudu a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1970, zanga-zangar adawa da wannan sabon mataki a yakin. Yayin da wannan kisan gilla ya sami kulawa a duk duniya, wanda ya fi girma a ƙauyen Sheang kwanaki uku da suka gabata ba a lura da shi ba.
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1970, jirage masu saukar ungulu sun kewaya ƙauyen Cambodia na “Moroan” (waɗanda Ba’amurke ne ya rubuta sunan sunan) kafin su buɗe wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna ƙauye 12 tare da raunata biyar, bisa ga wata takarda ta Amurka da ta riga ta bayyana cewa, har yanzu, ba a taɓa samun ta ba. a bainar jama'a. Bayan kai harin, wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya sauka ya dauki wadanda suka jikkata; wadanda suka tsira sun tsere daga kauyensu zuwa wani mai suna "Kantuot," dake cikin wata gundumar makwabta.
Babu wani ƙauye a cikin Cambodia mai suna "Moroan," amma ƙauyen kusa da iyakar Vietnam inda na samo Sheang, in ji shi, ana kiransa Mroan. Kamar yadda yake a sauran kauyukan kan iyakar Cambodia da na ziyarta, na mai da hankali kan harin da aka kawo a cikin takardun sojojin Amurka, ya sa mazauna yankin cikin rudani, ganin cewa sun sha fama da hare-hare ta sama tsawon shekaru da dama. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da kwanan wata, Sheang ya nuna alama ga abin da yake a yanzu mafi nisa na ƙauyen. "Da yawa sun mutu a yankin a lokacin," in ji shi. "Bayan haka, mutanen sun bar wannan ƙauyen zuwa wani mai suna Kantuot."
Sheang da Lim Kudu, wanda ke da shekaru 14 a shekara ta 1970, ya ce nau'ikan jiragen sama da yawa sun yi wa Mroan, tun daga jirage masu saukar ungulu zuwa manyan bama-bamai na B-52. Kamar yadda Sheang - wanda ya rasa mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, kakansa, dan kane, da kuma 'yar'uwarsa, a tsakanin sauran dangi, zuwa hare-haren jiragen sama - ya gaya mani game da hare-haren da ba safai ba, idanunsa sun yi ja kuma ya tashi. “Fashe-fashe sun jefa kasa cikin iska. Rikicin ‘harbe gobara’ ya kona gidajen. Wanene zai iya tsira? Mutane sun gudu, amma an sare su. Nan take aka kashe su. Sun mutu kawai,” in ji shi, yana bi bayansa yayin da ya koma wani lungu mai nisa na dakin ya durkusa.
Kowane wanda ya tsira ya ba da labari makamancin haka. An kashe ‘yar’uwar Lim da ’yan’uwan uku a hare-haren bam. Thlen Hun, wacce ke da shekaru 20 a farkon shekarun 1970, ta ce an kashe babban yayanta a wani harin da aka kai ta sama. Kudancin Chreung - marar riga sanye da wando mai kayatarwa mai lemu, gyale na gargajiyar Cambodia, a wuyansa - ya shaida min cewa ya rasa wani kanne a wani hari na daban.
Mazauna kauyen sun ce lokacin da suka fara ganin jiragen Amurka a sama, sun cika da mamaki. Basu taba ganin wani abu kamar manyan injina ba, sai mutane suka fito suna kallonsu. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, mazaunan Moran sun koyi jin tsoronsu. Dafa shinkafa ya zama mai haɗari yayin da Amurkawa da ke shawagi a sama za su ga hayaƙin kuma su kai hare-hare. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu, in ji wadanda suka tsira, sun mamaye filayen da ke kusa da kuma kauyen da kansa, sannan ya kunshi gidaje kusan 100. Sheang ya ce: "Wannan shi ne mafi muni," in ji Sheang, yana nuna hoton wata bindigar Cobra a cikin hotunan wasu jiragen da na bayar. Lokacin da helikwafta "harsashi kwakwa", wani OH-6 ko "Loach" na Amurka ya nuna wani yanki da hayaki, mutanen ƙauyen sun tuna, Cobra za ta kai hari, ta harba rokoki da suka cinna wa gidaje wuta. Sheang ya ce "A lokacin yakin Amurka, an kona kusan dukkan gidaje a kauyen."
Sheang da Thlen sun ce kusan rabin iyalai a Mroan - wasu mutane 250 - hare-haren Amurka ne suka hallaka. Sun kai ni bakin ƙauyen, tarzomar ganye a cikin kowace inuwa ta kore wanda ya shiga cikin damuwa, ɗaya daga cikin ramukan bama-bamai da ke kusa. "Kimanin mutane 20 ne aka kashe a nan," in ji Sheang yayin da yake nuna alamar ramin. "A da ya fi zurfi, amma ƙasar ta cika ta." Thlen - siriri, mai launin toka, idanuwanta masu launin ruwan kasa sun kunkuntar a cikin lumshe ido na har abada - ta girgiza kai tare da tafiya zuwa bakin ramin. “Wannan bala’i ne. Dubi girman kawai, ”in ji ta, ta kara da cewa wannan rami daya ne kawai daga cikin da yawa wadanda suka taba nuna shimfidar wuri. “Ta yaya mutanen za su tsere? Ina za su tsere zuwa?”
Suzuki Da Aka Sata Da Yarinyar Aka Barsu Sun Mutu
Sakamakon tirade na tarho na Nixon na Disamba 1970 da odar Kissinger na saita "duk abin da ke tashi a kan duk wani abu da ke motsawa" nan da nan ba su da tabbas. A cikin wannan watan, jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Amurka da masu tayar da bama-bamai sun ninka sau uku. Ba da jimawa ba, a cikin watan Mayun 1971, jiragen yakin Amurka masu saukar ungulu sun harbe wani kauye na Cambodia, inda suka raunata wata yarinya da ba za a iya daukar ta don neman magani ba, saboda wani jami’in Amurka ya yi lodin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu da wani babur da aka sace wanda daga baya aka ba wa wani babban mutum kyauta, a cewar wani jami’in. Binciken sojoji da rahotanni na musamman na The Intercept. Yarinyar Cambodia kusan ta mutu sakamakon raunukan da ta samu, tare da wasu fararen hula bakwai, bisa ga takardun da ba a bayar da rahoto a baya ba da wata rundunar yaki da laifukan yaki ta Pentagon ta samar a shekarar 1972.
Ba za a taɓa sanin adadin kashe-kashen makamancin na nawa ba. Rufewa ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a cika yin bincike ba, da kuma laifuka gabaɗaya kwashe da hazo na yaki. Amma akwai wadatattun damammaki na hargitsi da kisa. A cikin shekaru biyu kafin Nixon ya hau kan karagar mulki, a hukumance akwai jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu 426 a Cambodia, a cewar wani rahoton ma'aikatar tsaro. Tsakanin Janairu 1970 da Afrilu 1972, akwai aƙalla 2,116. A cikin Janairu 1971, Majalisa ta zartar da gyare-gyare na Cocin-Cooper, wanda ya haramtawa sojojin Amurka, ciki har da masu ba da shawara, yin aiki a kasa a Cambodia, amma yakin Amurka ya ci gaba da tafiya. Ba da daɗewa ba shaida ta bayyana cewa Amurka tana keta Cocin-Cooper, amma Fadar White House ta yi ƙarya game da shi ga Majalisa da jama'a. Gary Grawey, wani babban hafsan jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sojoji wanda ya tashi a kullum a kasar Cambodia, "Muddin ba mu sanya kafarmu a wannan kasa ba, ba ma can, duk da cewa muna yin ayyuka a can kowace rana." 1971, ciki har da aikin Mayu wanda ya kashe yarinyar, ya gaya mini.
"Sun kai hari a kauyen," in ji Grawey, tare da lura da cewa duka sojojin Vietnam ta Kudu da na Amurka sun harbe wannan kauye. "An harbe su ne' kuma ba su ma san wanda aka harbe su ba," in ji shi, ya kara da cewa wadanda aka kashen "mata ne da yara," "'yan kauye na yau da kullun."
An fara ne da tsakar rana da rabi a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1971, bisa ga wani fayil na binciken Sojoji da takaddun taƙaitaccen bayani wanda a baya ba a ba da rahoto ba wanda wata runduna ta Pentagon ta samar a cikin 1972, lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu uku na Amurka - “ƙungiyar masu kashe mafarauta” suna gudanar da aikin leken asiri - sun yi nasara. itacen oak a cikin Cambodia. Tawagar ta zo ne a wani kauye inda suka hango babura da kekuna wadanda a cewar ma’aikatan jirgin, ana zargin suna cikin ayarin motocin abokan gaba. Da suke shawagi a sama, Amurkawa sun yi ƙoƙarin yin motsi ga mutanen da ke ƙasa don buɗe fakitin kan motocin. Lokacin da mazauna ƙauyen suka fara ƙaura, jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu mafi girma ya harba rokoki guda biyu masu tayar da hankali, dabarar da ta zama ruwan dare gama gari don fitar da maƙiyan maƙiya waɗanda za su iya ɓoye a kusa. Yayin da ma'aikatan daya daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu suka bayar da rahoton cewa, sun yi harbin kasa da kasa, babu wani Ba'amurke da ya mutu ko ya jikkata, haka kuma ba a taba samun wani makiya ko makamai ba.
A cewar wani rahoto na sirri da aka gano a cikin National Archives na Amurka kuma aka buga shi a karon farko, jirgin mai saukar ungulu mai tashi sama ya “rufe gine-ginen da kewaye tare da rokoki kusan 15 zuwa 18 na manyan bama-bamai da bindigogin bindiga.”
Kyaftin Clifford Knight, matukin jirgin “ƙananan tsuntsu,” ya ce ɗan bindigar nasa ya harbe wani da alama ba shi da makami, sanye da kayan farar hula, wanda “yana ƙoƙarin guduwa.” Dan bindigar, John Nicholes, ya amince da hakan, yana mai cewa kisan ya faru ne bayan wani harin roka na farko.
Kyaftin David Schweitzer, kwamandan “babban tsuntsu”, ya ba da shaida game da harba roka da tarwatsa yankin da kuma yin kira da a shigar da sojojin Kudancin Vietnam, ko Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam, don neman sojojin da ake zargin abokan gaba ne. Bisa ga taƙaitaccen shaidar Grawey, shugaban ma'aikatan jirgin helikwafta wanda ya yi jigilar ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ARVN Ranger da wani kyaftin ɗin Amurka, Arnold Brooks, zuwa ƙauyen:
CPT Brooks da ARVN Rangers sun yi "hog wild" lokacin da suka tashi, inda suka harbe yankin duk da cewa ba su sami komowa ba. … [H] ya lura da 5 zuwa 10 ma'aikatan Cambodia waɗanda da alama sun ji rauni, amma bai sani ba ko sun sami rauni ta iska ko ta ƙasa.
Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Grawey ya sake tabbatar da cikakkun bayanai game da lamarin a cikin wata hira, tare da lura cewa, yayin da ARVN ta tura daga helikwafta, ya gaya wa Brooks cewa "ba zai sauka daga tsuntsuna ba." Amma Brooks, wanda Grawey ya kwatanta da "gung ho," ya ja matsayi ya yi watsi da shi. Brooks - wanda ya ce yana dauke da "machinegun" mara tsari - ya fara harbe-harbe ba gaira ba dalili.
Davin McLaughlin, kwamandan maye gurbin "ƙananan tsuntsu" wanda aka kira a lokacin da jirgin helikwafta na farko ya yi kasa a kan man fetur, kamar yadda ya lura cewa Kudancin Vietnam ba su sami juriya ba kuma, bisa ga takardun, "sun kama abin da za su iya." Takaitaccen shaidar dan bindigarsa, Len Shattuck, a cikin fayil din binciken ya kara da cewa:
ARVN Rangers sun fito da ban dariya lokacin da aka saka su kuma a ra'ayinsa sun yi harbi da yawa a yankin. Ya bayyana cewa akwai kimanin ma’aikata 15 da suka samu raunuka a yankin kuma ya lura da cewa maza 2 ‘yan shekara 50-60, da mace daya mai shekaru 8-10, da alama ta mutu.
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2010, Shattuck ya gaya mani cewa bai yi harbi a ranar ba kuma ya jaddada cewa ya ga sashe ɗaya ne kawai na ƙauyen. Abin da ya gani a wurin, ya zauna tare da shi. "Mun shigo ƙauyen shan taba," in ji shi. “Na ga gawawwakin mutane. Na ga wasu da suka samu raunuka da ga dukkan alamu farar hula ne. Ba mu kori kowa ba." Shattuck ya tuna yarinyar a matsayin ma ta kai ƙarami fiye da shaidarsa, mai shekaru 3 zuwa 5 kawai, kuma tana da jini. "An harbe ta sosai," in ji shi.
Yayin da mutanen Cambodia ke kwance suna raunata kuma suna mutuwa, ARVN Rangers sun wawashe kauye, suna kama agwagwa, kaji, walat, tufafi, sigari, taba, rediyon farar hula, da sauran abubuwan da ba na soja ba, a cewar shaidun Amurka da yawa. "Suna satar duk abin da za su iya samu," in ji Capt. Thomas Agness, matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu da ke dauke da Brooks da wasu ARVN. Brooks, duk da haka, yana da mafi girman maki duka. Tare da taimakon sojojin Kudancin Vietnam, ya jera babur Suzuki shudi a kan wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu, a cewar takardun sojojin. Brooks ya amince da hidimar sa a Cambodia yayin wata tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kuma ya nemi buƙatar yin hira ta imel. Bai amsa wannan bukata ba ko kuma na baya.
Agness, a cewar wani taƙaitaccen binciken na Sojoji, ya ce ya sami "buƙatar rediyo don kwashe wata yarinya da ta ji rauni [amma] ya ki bin umarnin CPT Brooks tun lokacin da ya cika da tawagar ARVN Ranger, babur kuma ba shi da mai. .” An bayar da Suzuki da aka sace a matsayin kyauta ga kwamandan sa, Lt. Col. Karl Putnam, wanda daga baya aka gan shi yana amfani da kayan aiki a kai, bisa ga takardun bincike. Sojojin sun kammala cewa yarinyar da aka raunata, wacce aka bari a baya saboda Suzuki, ta mutu.
Fushi, Gary Grawey ya yanke shawarar bayar da rahoton Arnold Brooks. "Na ji haushi sosai a lokacin," in ji shi. "Na ce zan kai rahoto, wanda na yi." Rahoton matsayi na ƙarshe da ba a ba da rahoto a baya ba game da "Labarin Brooks," wanda ke kunshe a cikin fayilolin ma'aikatar laifuffukan yaƙin Pentagon, ya kammala da cewa zarge-zargen tashin bama-bamai da yawa, sata, da kuma keta ka'idojin haɗin gwiwa an "tabbata." Yayin da ba a samu wani makami ko makaman yaki na abokan gaba a kauyen ba, a cewar rahoton, fararen hula “an kiyasta mutuwar mutane takwas, ciki har da yara biyu, 15 da suka samu raunuka, da kuma ruguza gine-gine uku ko hudu. Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa sojojin Amurka ko ARVN sun ba wa wadanda suka jikkata jinya."
Putnam da wani mataimaki na kai tsaye an ba da wasiƙun tsawatarwa - ƙaramin hukunci - saboda "ayyukan su da / ko rashin aiki" a cikin lamarin. (Putnam ya mutu a 1976.) Yayin da ake tuhumar Brooks a gaban kotu, babban kwamandan rundunar ya kore su a 1972, maimakon haka ya ba shi wasiƙar tsawatarwa. Bayanai sun nuna cewa, ba a tuhumi wani soja ba balle a hukunta shi, dangane da kisan kiyashi, ko kwasar ganima, ko kuma rashin bayar da agaji ga fararen hular Cambodia da suka jikkata.
Goyan bayan Genocidaires
Lokacin da Henry Kissinger ya shirya shirinsa na harin bam a Cambodia, Khmer Rouge na Pol Pot ya kai kusan 5,000. Amma kamar yadda kebul na CIA na 1973 ya bayyana, ƙoƙarin daukar ma'aikata na Khmer Rouge ya dogara sosai kan harin bam na Amurka:
Suna amfani da barnar da harin B-52 ya haifar a matsayin babban jigon farfagandarsu. …Ma'aikacin [Khmer Rouge] ya gaya wa jama'a… hanya daya tilo da za a dakatar da "barnar kasar" ita ce a cire [shugaban mulkin sojan da Amurka ke marawa baya] Lon Nol tare da mayar da Yarima Sihanouk kan karagar mulki. Masu shigar da kara suna gaya wa mutane cewa hanya mafi sauri don cimma wannan ita ce ƙarfafa sojojin [Khmer Rouge] ta yadda za su sami damar yin nasara kan Lon Nol kuma su dakatar da tashin bam.
Amurka ta jefar da sama da tan 257,000 na alburusai kan Cambodia a shekarar 1973, kusan adadin da aka yi a shekaru hudu da suka gabata a hade. Wani rahoto da Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amirka ta fitar ya nuna cewa “mummunan harin bama-bamai da Amurka ta kai a shekara ta 1973 ya ƙara yawan ‘yan gudun hijira zuwa kusan rabin al’ummar ƙasar.”
Wadannan hare-haren sun mamaye sojojin Pol Pot, wanda ya baiwa Khmer Rouge damar girma zuwa dakarun mutane 200,000 da suka mamaye kasar kuma suka kashe kimanin kashi 20 na al'ummar kasar. Da zarar mulkin ya kasance a kan mulki, iskar siyasa ta motsa kuma Kissinger, a bayan kofofin rufe. ya fadawa ministan harkokin wajen Thailand: “Ya kamata ku gaya wa ’yan Kambodiya cewa za mu yi abota da su. 'Yan baranda ne masu kisan kai, amma ba za mu bar hakan ya tsaya a kan hanyarmu ba. A shirye muke mu kyautata alaka da su”. Daga nan sai ya fayyace bayanin nasa: Bai kamata jami'in na Thai ya maimaita layin "'yan ta'adda" zuwa Khmer Rouge ba, kawai cewa Amurka na son kyakkyawar dangantaka.
A ƙarshen 1978, sojojin Vietnam sun mamaye Cambodia don korar Khmer Rouge daga mulki, tare da tura sojojin Pol Pot zuwa kan iyakar Thailand. Amurka, duk da haka, ta yi watsi da goyon bayanta ga Pol Pot, tana ƙarfafa sauran ƙasashe su goyi bayan dakarunsa, ba da agaji ga abokansa, taimaka masa ya ci gaba da zama Cambodia a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da adawa da yunkurin bincike ko gwada shugabannin Khmer Rouge don kisan kare dangi.
A wannan shekarar, an buga littafin tarihin Kissinger, "Shekarun Gidan Farin Ciki". Kamar yadda dan jarida William Shawcross ya nuna, Kissinger ya kasa ambaton kisan gillar da aka yi a Cambodia saboda "ga Kissinger, Cambodia ta kasance abin ban sha'awa, mutanenta suna ciyarwa a cikin babban wasan manyan kasashe."
A 2001 da kuma sake a cikin 2018, Marigayi shugaba kuma mai sukar al'adu Anthony Bourdain ya ba da ra'ayoyin da mutane da yawa suka raba, amma da wuya ya sanya shi da magana:
Da zarar kun je Cambodia, ba za ku taɓa daina son doke Henry Kissinger da hannuwanku ba. Ba za ku taɓa samun damar buɗe jarida ba kuma ku karanta game da waccan mayaudariyar, cin zarafi, kisan kai da ke zaune don tattaunawa mai daɗi tare da Charlie Rose ko halartar wani al'amarin baƙar fata don sabuwar mujalla mai sheki ba tare da shaƙewa ba. Shaida abin da Henry ya yi a Cambodia - 'ya'yan itãcen hazakarsa don zama ɗan ƙasa - kuma ba za ku taɓa fahimtar dalilin da yasa ba ya zaune a cikin tashar jirgin ruwa a Hague kusa da Miloševic.
A farkon 2000s, an nemi Kissinger don yin tambayoyi dangane da kare hakkin Dan-Adam ta tsohon sojan mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin Amurka, amma ya yi watsi da masu binciken, da zarar ya ki gurfana a gaban wata kotu a Faransa kuma cikin sauri ya bar Paris bayan ya samu sammaci. Ba a taba tuhume shi ko gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya ba saboda kisa a Cambodia ko kuma a wani wuri daban.
"Yi wasa da shi. Yi nishadi."
“Don keɓe ku ba riba ba ne; don halaka ku, babu asara” shine sanyin ra'ayin Khmer Rouge. Amma zai iya zama kamar sauƙi ya zama na Kissinger. A cikin 2010, na bi Kissinger, na matsa masa a kan sabani a cikin iƙirarinsa game da harin bam kawai "Arewa Vietnamese a Cambodia" amma ko ta yaya ya kashe 50,000 Cambodia, ta ƙidaya, a cikin tsari. "Ba mu zagaya da kasar Cambodia muna ta bama-bamai," in ji shi.
Shaidar ta nuna ba haka ba, kuma na gaya masa haka.
"Oh, zo!" Kissinger ya furta, yana nuna rashin amincewa da cewa ina ƙoƙarin kama shi ne da ƙarya. Lokacin da aka matsa game da ainihin tambayar - cewa an jefa bama-bamai da kashe 'yan Cambodia - Kissinger ya fusata sosai. "Me kuke kokarin tabbatarwa?" ya yi kara, sa’an nan, da na ƙi yin kasala, sai ya yanke ni: “Ku yi wasa da shi,” ya ce da ni. "Yi nishadi."
Na tambaye shi ya amsa tambayar Meas Lorn: "Me ya sa suka jefa bama-bamai a nan?" Ya ki.
"Ba ni da wayo a gare ku," Kissinger ya fada cikin ba'a, yayin da ya tattake sandarsa. "Ba ni da kaifin basira da ingancin halinku." Ya fice.
Kambodiyawa a ƙauyuka kamar Tralok Bek, Doun Rath, da Mroan ba su da alatu irin wannan sauƙi mai sauƙi.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
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Wani ƙwararren ƙwararren rubutu game da rawar Kissinger a yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1969-1973 a Cambodia.