Idan kuma lokacin da shari'ar ta ci gaba, duk da haka, tana fuskantar babban cikas: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Shugaba Joe Biden.
Da karar, Juliana v. Amurka, matasa ashirin da ɗaya ne suka kawo ƙara a cikin 2015 kuma suna neman kafa tarayya, 'yancin tsarin mulki na duniya mai rai. Idan shari'ar ta yi nasara, duk wata manufofin gwamnatin tarayya da ke ba da damar haɓaka albarkatun mai za a iya ƙalubalanci a matsayin wanda ya saba wa tsarin mulki.
Amma gwamnatocin Obama da Trump duk sun yi kakkausar suka ga karar, kuma a yanzu wadanda ke kusa da shari’ar sun ce Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Biden (DOJ) ta nuna cewa za ta kuma yi amfani da duk wani kayan aiki da take da shi don hana karar samun shari’a.
"Na tambaye su (su) kai tsaye, idan muka ci nasarar wannan kudurin, kuma za mu iya ci gaba da shari'ar, kuna da niyyar zuwa kotu?" Julia Olson, babbar lauyar mai ƙara, ta gaya mana. "Amsar da suke yi ya kasance wani abu ne a koyaushe, 'Matsayinmu ne cewa kotu ba ta da hurumin shari'a kuma kada a taɓa yin shari'a."
Juliana v. Amurka ya kasance mai kishi tun daga farko. Masu shigar da kara suna tambayar tsarin kotun tarayya, wanda aka tara da shi alkalai na hannun dama da ke samun goyon bayan masana'antar man fetur, don ba da dama ga tsarin mulki na yanayi mai rai. Amma masu gabatar da kara sun nuna abin da suka ja da baya a matsayin hujjar da za a iya cimmawa.
Misali, alkalin kotun gundumar Oregon Ann Aiken ya rubuta a cikin hukuncin tsari game da lamarin a cikin 2016, "Ba ni da shakka cewa haƙƙin tsarin yanayin da zai iya ci gaba da rayuwar ɗan adam yana da mahimmanci ga al'umma mai 'yanci da oda." Wannan shi ne karon farko da wani alkali na Amurka ya bayyana cewa akwai irin wannan ‘yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi.
Shari'ar tana da goyon baya sosai daga jami'an gwamnati: a bara, manyan lauyoyin jihohi shida ya rubuta a takaice amicus a goyon bayan shari'ar, da kuma 'yan majalisa arba'in da takwas rubuta zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Biden don tallafawa masu kara. Lamarin kuma ya fara daukar hankulan jama'a; karar ita ce batun sabon shirin Netflix wanda aka fitar, MATASA v GOV.
Bayan Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Tara yayi watsi da karar a cikin 2020 saboda ya kammala cewa masu gabatar da kara sun rasa tsayawa, da Juliana masu gabatar da kara sun sake gyara kokensu. Yanzu, jam'iyyu suna jiran hukunci daga Aiken game da ko korafin da aka sake yi ya magance matsalolin kotun zagaye na tara - hukuncin da lauyoyin masu kara ke tsammanin zai yi kyau, wanda zai ba da damar sake ci gaba da shari'ar.
Amma waɗannan lauyoyin sun ce suna tsammanin gwamnatin Biden za ta yaƙe su kowane mataki na hanya, kamar dai magabata na shugaban ƙasa.
Olson ya ce "Babu sauyi a lokacin da Biden ya hau kan karagar mulki, babu sauyi daga gwamnatin Trump."
Ci gaba irin wannan ya kasance mai buɗe ido ga matasa masu shigar da kara da abin ya shafa - irin su Nathan Baring na Fairbanks, Alaska, wanda ya shiga shari'ar yana da shekaru goma sha biyar. Baring, yanzu ashirin da biyu kuma kwanan nan ya kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji a Minnesota, ya ce shigarsa cikin shari'ar "ta taimaka mini girma da sauri" - kuma ba lallai ba ne ta hanya mai kyau.
"Na gane cewa sauyin yanayi ba batun bangaranci ba ne - Ba ina nufin cewa a cikin waƙoƙin waƙa ba, 'kowa yana goyon bayan ta'," in ji shi. "Ina nufin ainihin akasin hakan." Kallon Shugaba Barack Obama, sannan Shugaba Donald Trump, da kuma yanzu Biden na yunkurin murkushe karar ya koya wa Baring darasi mai mahimmanci: "Domin dan Democrat yana kan karagar mulki ba ya nufin cewa kwatsam muna bukatar mu daina fada," in ji shi. "Na daina sanya wata makauniyar imani a cikin alamar jam'iyyar."
Ma'aikatar Shari'a ba ta amsa bukatar yin sharhi ba.
Akan Docket ɗin Shadow
A cikin 2015, matasa Juliana Masu shigar da kara, tare da goyon bayan kungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta ta Our Children's Trust, sun kai karar gwamnatin Obama saboda bin manufofin da suka inganta fadada burbushin mai yayin da sanin wadannan manufofin ke barazana ga zaman duniya.
"Sama da shekaru hamsin, {asar Amirka ta san cewa, gurbacewar Carbon Dioxide ('CO2') daga kona man kasusuwa, na haifar da dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi mai hatsarin gaske, kuma ci gaba da kona albarkatun mai zai dagula yanayin yanayin da ake ciki yanzu. kuma tsararraki masu zuwa na al'ummarmu sun dogara ne da jin dadinsu da rayuwarsu," na asali Juliana korafi ya fara. “Wadanda ake tuhumar kuma sun san illar da ayyukansu ke haifarwa za su iya jefa masu kara cikin hadari. Duk da wannan ilimin, waɗanda ake tuhuma sun ci gaba da manufofinsu da ayyukansu na ba da damar yin amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu."
A cikin shekaru shida masu zuwa, gwamnatin Obama da Trump sun yi yaki da hakora da ƙusa don jinkirta shari'ar tare da hana ta zuwa kotu.
Bayan shigar da karar a wata kotun tarayya da ke Eugene, Oregon, DOJ na Obama ya bukaci kotun ta yi watsi da karar. Amma a cikin 2016, Aiken ya ki amincewa da bukatar gwamnati, yana mai lura da cewa, "In ba haka ba zai kasance a ce Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba shi da wata kariya daga shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke na gubar iskar da 'yan kasar ke shaka ko kuma ruwan da 'yan kasar ke sha."
Lokacin da Trump ya hau kan karagar mulki, Ma'aikatar Shari'ar sa ta yi ta daukaka karar hukuncin da Aiken ya yanke zuwa kotunan da'ira ta tarayya da kuma Kotun Koli - wacce ta dauki wadannan kararraki a kan ta. sanannen dokitin inuwa.
Kotun Koli tana amfani da dokitin inuwa don ayyukan gaggawa da ake zaton, kamar hukuncin kisa, don haka al'amura za su iya guje wa dogon bayani da tsarin sauraron jama'a na al'amuran Kotun Koli. Ba a buga ra'ayoyi kan ayyukan docket na inuwa, kuma yawancin kuri'un alkalan ba a bayyana jama'a. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kotun ta kuma jingina akan dokitin inuwa don dakatar da manufofin sauyin yanayi cikin nutsuwa daga yin tasiri - gami da sa hannun Obama na dokar muhalli, Tsarin Wuta Mai Tsabta.
Amma Juliana shari'ar ta yi fice har ma a tsakanin shari'ar yanayi: Ya fuskanci hukunce-hukunce guda shida kan dokitin inuwa - fiye da duk wata kara ta tarayya. Masu gabatar da kara sun ce wannan ci gaban ya kwatanta yadda masana'antar mai ta mamaye siyasar Amurka.
"Babban Lauyan Amurka da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka sun ba da izini ga abin da ya zama mafi kyawun dabarun doka sau da yawa. Juliana v. Amurka fiye da kowane irin yanayi a tarihi,” in ji Olson. "Sun ba da izinin shigar da kararraki shida da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba don rubuta mandamus a cikin Juliana v. Amurka, don kiyaye shaidun matasa ashirin da daya na masu shigar da kara na yadda gwamnatinmu ke da hannu wajen haddasa matsalar sauyin yanayi da ba a taba ganin rana ba.”
The Juliana Masu gabatar da kara sun yi fatan cewa da Trump ya fita daga cikin hoto, shari'ar za ta iya ganin hasken rana. Amma a maimakon haka, sun gano cewa yayin tattaunawar sulhu a faɗuwar da ta gabata, gwamnatin Biden ta kasance mai taurin kai game da batun.
"Bayan watanni na kokarin gaskiya na gaskiya daga bangaren matasa masu karar don ganawa da wakilan gwamnatin Biden da aka ba su izini don cimma matsaya mai ma'ana, masu shigar da karar ba su ga dalilin ci gaba da tattaunawar sulhu ba har sai sun yanke shawara ga wadanda ake kara na tarayya. ku zo kan teburin sulhu da aminci,” mai ba wa Olson shawara, Philip Gregory, ya gaya mana.
Yanzu haka suna jiran hukuncin da Aiken ya yanke kan kudirin su na ci gaba da shari'a.
Abin da Gwamnati ta sani
Yayin da aka sami gagarumin tashin hankali a shari'ar da ta shafi yanayi cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, da Juliana shari'ar ta bambanta da sauran kararrakin yanayi na Amurka ta aƙalla hanyoyi biyu masu mahimmanci.
Na farko, yayin da akasarin kararrakin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi ke kai hari kan masana'antar mai don yaudarar jama'a ko haifar da barna da ba za a iya jurewa ba, wannan shari'ar ta sanya sunan gwamnatin tarayya a matsayin mai laifi. (Hakika, tasirin masana'antar mai na taka muhimmiyar rawa - kamfanonin mai guda hudu kawai ya kashe kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 375 wajen lobbying gwamnatin tarayya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.)
Musamman a cewar karar, gwamnatin tarayya ta takaita hakkin ‘yan kasarta ta hanyar ba da tallafi da kuma zartar da ka’idoji don ba da damar fadada albarkatun mai tsawon shekaru da dama, duk da sanin illar da wannan ci gaban zai iya haifarwa.
Shaidar abin da gwamnatin tarayya ta sani game da sauyin yanayi tsawon shekaru 50 da suka gabata an yi dalla-dalla a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani na doka wanda Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli wanda ya haɗu da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Ƙasa kuma, kafin wannan, ya jagoranci Majalisar Kula da Muhalli a ƙarƙashin Shugaban ƙasa. Jimmy Carter.
Takaitaccen bayanin Speth yana cike da misalan gwamnati da rahotannin kimiya masu zaman kansu, tun daga gaban gwamnatin Carter, inda ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan shaidun da ke nuna cewa kona mai na taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi, kuma idan ba a daina ba, zai haifar da bala'i.
Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Shugaba Ronald Reagan (EPA) ta fitar da rahotanni guda biyu kan dumamar yanayi sakamakon konewar albarkatun mai. Ɗaya daga cikin rahotannin - mai suna "Shin Za Mu Iya Jinkirin Dumamar Gidan Ganyen?" - annabta "ƙarin yanayin zafi na digiri 2 celsius nan da 2040, haɓakar zafin jiki wanda, a cikin kimantawar EPA, an ba da tabbacin haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci na yanayi, gami da bala'in ambaliya," a cewar taƙaitaccen Speth. Rahoton ya danganta mafi yawan dumamar yanayi da kona man fetur da kuma ba da shawarar kawo karshen amfani da gawayi nan da shekara ta 2000.
Reagan, ba shakka, bai yi amfani da wannan gargaɗin ba. Gwamnatinsa ta yi kokarin ruguza ikon gwamnatin tarayya kan irin wadannan batutuwa, ciki har da yankan da kona dokokin muhalli da kuma yanke kudade don shirin makamashin hasken rana na Carter. Amma ba kawai Reaganites ba ne suka yi watsi da gargaɗin masana kimiyya kuma suka ci gaba da tsananta matsalar.
"Har sai da Biden, kowace gwamnatin Demokradiyya - ban da 'yan Republican - ta kasance mai kishin burbushin mai," in ji Speth.. "Ba za mu taba tunanin cewa a cikin wadannan shekaru arba'in, daga 1980 zuwa 2020, cewa 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat suna kan hanyar da ta dace wajen ficewa daga kasuwancin mai."
Speth ya yi nuni da cewa, Carter yana da wani buri na makamashi mai sabuntawa kuma ya yi magana game da bukatar Amurka ta sauya sheka daga burbushin man fetur don samun 'yancin kai na makamashi a cikin rikicin mai na 1979. Yanzu fiye da shekaru arba'in da suka wuce, masu lura da al'amuran yau da kullum na fadin haka a sakamakon mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, wanda hakan ya haifar da hauhawar farashin makamashi.
A cikin Amincewar Jama'a
Hanya ta biyu da Juliana Wani abin da ya fito fili shi ne masu shigar da kara na cewa kin amincewar da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na magance dumamar yanayi ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka. Yawancin shari'o'in yanayi a maimakon haka suna jayayya cewa barazanar muhalli ta keta ƙa'idodin doka, kamar Dokar Tsabtace iska ko Dokar Kare Kare.
Hanya na musamman na masu gabatar da kara ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa gwamnati na da wani aiki na gaba ɗaya don kare albarkatun kasa - ra'ayi wanda ya dogara da ka'idodin shari'a wanda Mary Wood, farfesa a Jami'ar Oregon ta makarantar lauya.
Itace tana da jãyayya cewa gwamnati na da alhakin tabbatar da duniya mai rai saboda "rukunan amincewa da jama'a," ka'idar gama-gari wacce Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ayyana ta kasance a matakin jiha a cikin shekara ta 1892 kaso ya haɗa da kamfanin Illinois Central Railroad company. Akidar amincewa da jama’a ta nuna cewa gwamnati ita ce mai kula da albarkatun kasa, wanda rayuwa, ’yanci, da neman jin dadi suka dogara a kansu.
Kiran koyaswar amincewar jama'a a wannan yanayin nuni ne na girman bala'in yanayi, in ji Wood.
"Babu wata hanyar doka ita kaɗai za ta iya magance wannan rikicin yanayi," Wood ya gaya mana. “Sun yi kunkuntar sosai. Za su iya yin wani abu idan an tilasta su, amma gwamnati ba ta tilasta su da kyau na tsawon lokaci ba. "
Madadin haka, a cewar Wood, ƙaddamar da koyaswar amincewar jama'a a cikin dokar shari'ar muhalli na iya samar da tushen tsarin mulki don buƙatar gwamnati ta hanzarta rage hayaƙin carbon.
Kamar itace ya lura A cikin wata kasidar mujalla game da lamarin, "A cikin wannan tsarin, albarkatun tsira sun kasance muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a na zuriya, kuma alhakin gwamnati a fili shi ne sarrafa irin wannan dukiyar ta muhalli ta hanyar jure wa al'umma kanta, don amfanin jama'a na yanzu da na gaba. - ba don fa'idar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ko masu cin riba waɗanda za su iya neman ɓarna amana kuma su dace da manufofin kansu.
Baring, matashin mai shigar da kara daga Fairbanks, ya riga ya ga tasirin gwamnatinsa na keta wannan amanar jama'a. Ya yi bayanin cewa iskar Chinook da ke dauke da iska mai dumi daga babban yankin Amurka har zuwa arewa ta Canada da Alaska, ya kara yin barna saboda sauyin yanayi kuma yana kara yin barna a garinsu. A wannan lokacin hunturu, iskar ta haifar da yanayin zafi mai ban mamaki a Alaska wanda ma'aikatar sufuri ta jihar ta yi magana game da taron "Icemageddon."
"Zazzabi na iya tafiya daga ƙasa da sifili zuwa sama da daskarewa a cikin yini, sannan za a yi ruwan sama, kuma ya sake daskarewa cikin dare," in ji shi. “Yawanci za a rika samun iskar da ke tare da ita, kuma idan dusar ƙanƙara ta riga ta yi nauyi a kan bishiyar, abin da kawai yake buƙata shi ne iska mai tsawon mil arba’in a kowace sa’a sannan kuma bishiyoyin suka faɗo kan layukan wutar lantarki kuma ba za a iya wucewa ba. Rufin yana kokawa saboda nauyi."
Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da gaba - "zuriyar" da Wood ke turawa a cikin muhawarar shari'arta - Baring ta canza tattaunawar zuwa yanzu. Ya sauke karatu daga kwaleji a farkon wannan watan kuma yana komawa Alaska don ci gaba da yakin yanayi.
"Akwai dualism sosai, musamman a cikin tsararrakina, saboda ba mu da iko sosai kuma muna kallon duk abin da za a yi caca," in ji shi. "Amma koyaushe ina dawowa wannan lokacin kuma in yi tunani, 'To, menene hakki na na canza yanayin, a yanzu?' Wannan aikin namu ne ya kamata mu yi.”
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi