Yayin da aka gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa game da ta yaya kuma idan za a goyi bayan Bernie Sanders' yakin neman zama dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Democrat, abu daya da yakin ya haifar shine tattaunawa game da gurguzu a Amurka.
Eh, yana iya zama da wuya Sanders ya lashe zaben. A ciki zaben kasa na zaben fidda gwani Hillary Clinton, wadda aka fi so, ba ta yi zaben kasa da kashi 50% ba tun watan Afrilu. Bernie Sanders bai samu sama da kashi 25% ba tun watan Yunin 2014. girma goyon baya ga Sanders, musamman a cikin Iowa caucus da New Hampshire Primary. Ko da kuwa sakamakon zaben, yunkurin da Sanders ya yi na tsayawa takara ya haifar da tattaunawa kan tsarin gurguzu.
Bloomberg ya bayyana Sanders a matsayin dan gurguzu. Kamar yadda suke Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Da kuma MSNBC, da sauransu. Kuma kafofin watsa labarai ba koyaushe suna amfani da kalmar 'mai ra'ayin gurguzu' ba, amma sau da yawa a matsayin mai siffantawa. Wannan mafi taushin gefen 'socialism' yana cin karo da mummunan amfani da kalmar ta hanyar dama ga Obama.
Amma shin gurguzanci wani ra'ayi ne wanda ya dawo kan radar jama'ar Amurka?
A shekara ta 1912, Eugene V. Debs ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America. Ya samu kashi 6% na kuri'un. A cewar littafin Donald F. Busky Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, Amurkawa sun zaɓi 'yan jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America' '1,039 masu biyan kuɗi zuwa ofishin gwamnati, ciki har da dan majalisa daya, Victor Berger, magajin gari hamsin da shida, da kuma 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi da yawa. da ’yan majalisar kananan hukumomi a waccan shekarar. A cikin 1920, Debs ya gudu don neman shugaban kasa daga kurkuku (bayan an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a karkashin dokar leƙen asiri don zargin yin magana mai adawa da yaki). Ko daga gidan yari ya samu kuri'u sama da 900,000.
Wannan bazai yi kama da yawa ba, amma kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin jigon magana a wurin a cewar babban taron jam'iyyar gurguzu:
"...a cikin 1916, Woodrow Wilson ya yi gudu a matsayin 'm.' Ya yi alkawarin gurguzu a zahiri ta hanyar gajeriyar hanyar jam'iyyar Democratic Party. Rabin magoya bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu na al'ada ne suka jefa masa kuri'u. An zabi Woodrow Wilson akan Charles E. Hughes ta kuri'ar 'yan gurguzu. A California kadai, sauya sheka a cikin kuri'ar gurguzu ta al'ada ta tabbatar da nasararsa a takarar shugaban kasa."
Shin muna ganin sake farfado da farin jinin gurguzu? Bayan shekaru dari, shin zamu iya zabar shugaban gurguzu na gaske? Nisa daga gare ta.
Na farko, ' zamantakewa' na nufin wani abu dabam a yau fiye da yadda ake nufi a 1920 - aƙalla ga jama'a. Bernie Sanders - ɗan gurguzu na dimokraɗiyya wanda ya bayyana kansa - yana da wannan yana cewa game da tattalin arzikin:
"Idan da gaske muke da gaske game da sake dawo da koma baya na matsakaicin matsakaici muna buƙatar babban shirin ayyukan yi na tarayya wanda ke mayar da miliyoyin Amurkawa aiki a ayyukan biya masu kyau. A daidai lokacin da hanyoyinmu, gadoji, tsarin ruwa, layin dogo da filayen saukar jiragen sama ke lalacewa, hanya mafi inganci don samar da ayyuka masu ma'ana cikin sauri ita ce sake gina ababen more rayuwa da suka durkushe."
Ga abin da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Amurka ta ce a cikin dandalin su na 1920:
"Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Amurka ta bukaci a kwato kasar da dukiyoyinta daga hannun masu zaman kansu da kuma mika wa jama'a don a gudanar da su domin amfanar kowa da kowa."
Tabbas zamani ya canza. Bayan murkushe ta hanyar doka da danniya ga masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kalmar ' zamantakewa' ta dauki wata sabuwar ma'ana. A yau an sake gina kalmar 'Socialism' da nufin a jihar jindadi wanda a cikinsa ayyuka na yau da kullun kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da fansho suna aiki ta hanyar gwamnati. Wasu kuma sun nuna cewa irin wadannan kasashe masu jin dadi a Turai ba su tashi daga ayyukan gurguzu ba amma ta hanyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, musamman a Jamus a karkashin mulkin Bismarck. A Burtaniya, ba jam'iyyar Labour mai ra'ayin hagu ba ce ta ci gaba da jin dadin jama'arta, amma jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ce ta tsakiya.
A wata ma'ana ' zamantakewa' ya rikide zuwa wani abu daban. Amma menene game da wannan matsakaicin sigar ' zamantakewa'? Yaya Amurkawa suke ji game da hakan?
A shekarar 2010, zaben Gallup ya gano cewa kashi 36 cikin 58 na Amurkawa ne kawai ke da kyakkyawan hoto na kalmar 'socialism', idan aka kwatanta da kashi 53 cikin 41 da suka yi mummunan kallo. Yayin da akasarin ‘yan Democrat da wadanda ke jingina ga Jam’iyyar Dimokuradiyya suka kalli kalmar da kyau (79% da kashi XNUMX%), ‘yan Republican da wadanda ke jingina ga Jam’iyyar Republican sun fi kyamarta (XNUMX% sun gan shi da rashin kyau).
A 2011, a Nazarin Bincike na Pew sami ɗan canji kaɗan a waɗannan sakamakon. Lallai, 'yan gurguzu' mutane da yawa suna kallon 'yan gurguzu' a matsayin mara kyau fiye da kalmomin 'yanci' ko 'yan jari-hujja'. Abin sha'awa shine, ƙungiyoyin da suka kalli kalmar ' zamantakewa' fiye da yadda suke da kyau Baƙar fata waɗanda ba Hispanic ba da masu amsawa masu shekaru 18-29.
Kwanan nan kwanan nan, Gallup ya yiwa Amurkawa wannan tambaya:
"Idan jam'iyyarku ta zabi wanda ya cancanta a matsayin shugaban kasa wanda ya kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu, shin za ku zabi wannan mutumin?"
Wataƙila abin mamaki, 47% sun ce Ee (ko da yake 50% ya ce a'a). Wannan ƙididdiga ce mai ban sha'awa. Da farko dai ya kamata a lura da cewa, da aka tambaye su ko za su zabi wanda ba ya son addini ko musulmi ko dan luwadi ko madigo, yawancin wadanda suka amsa sun ce za su zabe su. 'Socialist' shi ne kawai ɗan takara mai bayanin da ya sami Nays fiye da Ee. Wannan yana da ma'ana tunda tsarin gurguzu ba lamari ne na ainihi ba amma na akidar siyasa.
Lokacin da aka karya kididdiga tsakanin masu goyon bayan Demokaradiyya da masu goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Republican, mun ga bambanci tsakanin masu amsa Ee. Kashi 59% na 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat za su kada kuri'a ga dan takarar gurguzu mai inganci wanda jam'iyyarsu ke marawa baya yayin da kashi 26% na 'yan Republican ne kawai za su kada kuri'a. Na masu zaman kansu ya kasance 49%. Waɗannan su ne mafi ƙanƙanta maki a cikin nau'ikan jam'iyyun siyasa uku.
Amma idan muka kalli ɓarkewar ƙungiyoyin shekaru za mu sake ganin wasu ƙididdiga masu kyau. Yayin da masu shekaru 30-49 suka kasance 50-50 a kan batun zaben shugaban gurguzu (tare da tsofaffi masu jefa kuri'a da yawa ba su yarda ba), 69% na masu shekaru 18-29 za su zabi dan takarar gurguzu. Wato sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na matasa.
Ana iya samun bege ga matasa masu jefa ƙuri'a, amma yaya game da wasu waɗanda ba su da sha'awar gurguzu? Ga wasu, ko da 47% yana da alƙawarin amma idan aka ba da ɗimbin jama'ar Amirkawa waɗanda ke kallon kalmar da mummunar ƙila yana da daraja yin la'akari da jefar da lakabin da kuma manne wa batutuwa. Waɗannan batutuwa na iya zama sananne da haɓaka haɓaka manufofin ' zamantakewa'.
Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta gano hakan Amurkawa sun fi son ƙarin ƙarin mafi ƙarancin albashi, da gwamnati ta dauki karin mutane aiki, haraji akan masu hannu da shuni da kamfanoni don rage rashin daidaito, kara yawan shigar gwamnati a fannin ilimi, Da kuma wani rawar da gwamnati ta taka wajen samar da lafiya (kodayake yawancin Amurkawa ba sa son gwamnati ta samar da kiwon lafiya ga kowa da kowa).
Duk da yake wadanda ke goyon bayan jihar jin dadi har yanzu suna da wasu ayyukan da za su yi don shawo kan jama'ar Amurka game da kyawawan tsare-tsaren gwamnati na daidaitawa da ke taimakawa matalauta, inganta daidaito, ƙara yawan albashi da samar da tsarin tsaro na gabaɗaya, jama'a da alama suna son ' manufofin gurguzu' akan lakabin ' gurguzu'.
Har ma ga waɗanda ke goyon bayan ƙarin manufofin ci gaba fiye da ƙasa mai sauƙi, zubar da lakabin 'yan gurguzu' zai iya zama fa'ida wajen shawo kan kuskuren fahimtar abin da kalmar ke nufi (tare da munanan ma'anarsa).
Wane lakabi ya kamata ya zama wurinsa? Zan bar muku hakan.
Eugene Nulman (@eugenenulman) malami ne a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Birmingham City inda ya yi bincike kan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da sakamakon su. Shi ne marubucin littafin nan mai zuwa Canjin Yanayi da Matsalolin Jama'a: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a da Ci Gaban Manufofin Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (IOPS).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
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Ya kamata masu tunani na gama gari na Amurka su himmatu wajen ba da haƙƙin siyasa. Me yasa? Domin manufar gudanar da dukiyar jama'a (sabanin kwace dukiyar jama'a) yana da zakara a hannun dama. Domin an fahimci ra'ayin maido da 'yancin kai da kuma 'yancin kai a hannun dama. Domin ci gaban da mulkin kama-karya ke yi a kan jama'arta yana da matukar damuwa a hannun dama. Domin, abin banƙyama, an fi fahimtar ka'idar Commons a hannun dama. Domin an fi fahimtar ma’anar zaɓe a hannun dama. Domin rauni da raunin tsarin jari-hujja na zamani an fi fahimtar daman. Domin ’yancin ba sa kallon tunanin gama gari na zamani a matsayin barazana ga turbar siyasarsu. Shawarwari don cin nasara: Kasance mai gaskiya game da wanene ku kuma kawo sabbin dabaru.