"Masu fasikanci sun kasu kashi biyu: masu fasikanci da masu adawa da farkisanci. "
- Ennio Flaiano, marubuci ɗan Italiya kuma marubucin manyan rubutun fina-finai na Federico Fellini.
A cikin 'yan makonnin nan, an ba da shawarar hagu gabaɗaya don haɗa kai a kusa da wani mai rufe fuska mai suna Antifa, don anti-fascist. An yi sanye da baƙar fata, Antifa ainihin bambancin Black Bloc ne, wanda ya saba gabatar da tashin hankali cikin zanga-zangar lumana a ƙasashe da yawa. An shigo da shi daga Turai, lakabin Antifa yana ƙara ƙarar siyasa. Har ila yau, yana amfani da manufar nuna wa waɗanda yake kai hari a matsayin "fascists".
Duk da sunan Turai da aka shigo da shi, Antifa ainihin wani misali ne na tsayayyen zuriyar Amurka cikin tashin hankali.
Abubuwan Tarihi
Antifa ya fara yin fice daga rawar da ya taka wajen juya al'adar "'yancin fadin albarkacin baki" Berkeley ta hanyar hana masu hannun dama yin magana a can. Amma lokacin daukakarta shine karon da ta yi da 'yan hannun dama a Charlottesville a ranar 12 ga Agusta, musamman saboda Trump yayi sharhi cewa akwai "mutane nagari a bangarorin biyu". Tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran Schadenfreude, masu sharhi sun sami damar yin Allah wadai da wanda aka raina saboda "daidaita halin ɗabi'a", ta haka yana ba da albarkar ɗabi'a ga Antifa.
Charlottesville ya yi aiki azaman ingantaccen littafin ƙaddamar da shi Antifa: Littafin Jagora na Antifascist, wanda marubucin, matashin malami Mark Bray, Antifa ne a cikin ka'ida da aiki. Littafin yana "da gaske yana ɗaukar sauri", mai wallafa ya yi farin ciki da gidan Melville. Nan take ya sami yabo daga manyan kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun irin su New York Times, The Guardian da kuma NBC, wanda har yanzu ba a san su ba don yin gaggawar yin bitar littattafan hagu, aƙalla na duk waɗanda masu adawa da juyin juya hali suka yi.
The Washington Post ya yi maraba da Bray a matsayin mai magana da yawun “ ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar ‘yan tawaye” kuma ya lura cewa: “Gudunmawar da ta fi ba da haske a littafin ita ce tarihin yunƙurin adawa da farkisanci a ƙarni da ya gabata, amma abin da ya fi dacewa a yau shi ne dalilinsa na tauye kalamai da ƙulla masu kishin farar fata. .”
“Gudunmawar fadakarwa” ta Bray ita ce bayar da labari mai ban sha'awa na labarin Antifa ga tsararraki wanda ra'ayi biyu na tarihi na Holocaust ya hana su duka na gaskiya da kayan aikin nazari don yin hukunci akan abubuwan da suka faru da yawa kamar haɓakar fasikanci. . Bray yana gabatar da Antifa na yau kamar dai shine maɗaukakin halaltaccen magada ga kowane maɗaukaki mai daraja tun bayan shafewa. Amma babu masu adawa da mulkin farkisanci kafin farkisanci, kuma lakabin "Antifa" ko kadan ba ya shafi dukan abokan gaba na farkisanci.
Da'awar ci gaba da al'adar Brigades na kasa da kasa da suka yi yaƙi a Spain da Franco ba wani abu ba ne illa wani nau'i na rashin laifi ta ƙungiya. Tun da yake dole ne mu girmama jaruman yakin basasar Spain, wasu daga cikin wannan darajar ya kamata su yi tasiri a kan magadan da suka zaba. Abin takaici, babu wasu tsoffin sojojin Ibrahim Lincoln Brigade har yanzu suna raye don nuna bambanci tsakanin babban tsari na tsaro na mamaye sojojin fasikanci da fadace-fadace a harabar Berkeley. Amma game da Anarchists na Catalonia, haƙƙin mallaka akan anarchism ya ƙare da dadewa, kuma kowa yana da 'yancin yin tallan nasa.
Ƙungiyar Antifascist ta asali wani ƙoƙari ne na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mussolini da Hitler suka jagoranta.
Tun da Fascism ya bunƙasa, kuma Antifa bai taɓa zama abokin gaba mai tsanani ba, masu ba da uzuri suna bunƙasa akan iƙirarin "daurewa a cikin toho": "Idan da kawai" Antifascists sun buge ƙungiyoyin fasikanci da wuri, da na ƙarshe ya kasance a cikin toho. Tun da hankali da muhawara sun kasa dakatar da haɓakar farkisanci, suna jayayya, dole ne mu yi amfani da tashin hankali a titi - wanda, ta hanyar, ya kasa kasa sosai.
Wannan gaba ɗaya tarihi ne. Fascist ya ɗaukaka tashin hankali, kuma tashin hankali shine wurin gwaji da aka fi so. Dukansu 'yan gurguzu da na Fascist suna yaƙi a tituna kuma yanayin tashin hankali ya taimaka wa farkisanci bunƙasa a matsayin katangar yaƙi da Bolshevism, suna samun goyon baya mai mahimmanci na manyan 'yan jari-hujja da masu fafutuka a ƙasashensu, wanda ya kawo su kan mulki.
Tun da fasikanci na tarihi ya daina wanzuwa, Bray's Antifa sun faɗaɗa ra'ayinsu na "fascism" don haɗawa da duk wani abu da ya saba wa tsarin siyasar Identity na yanzu: daga "sarkin sarki" (ɗabi'ar fascist na farko don sanya shi a hankali) zuwa "transphobia" (yanke yanke shawara. matsalar bayan fascist).
Mayakan Antifa da aka rufe da fuskar su da alama sun fi ƙarfin Batman fiye da na Marx ko ma Bakunin.
Storm Troopers na Neoliberal War Party
Tun da Mark Bray yana ba da takaddun shaida na Turai don Antifa na Amurka na yanzu, ya dace a kiyaye abin da Antifa ya kai a Turai a yau.
A Turai, halin yana ɗaukar nau'i biyu. Masu fafutuka na Black Bloc a kai a kai suna mamaye zanga-zangar hagu daban-daban don farfasa tagogi da kuma fada da 'yan sanda. Wadannan abubuwan baje kolin kwayoyin testosterone suna da kananan ma'anar siyasa, ban da tsokanar jama'a don karfafa 'yan sanda. Ana zarginsu da kutsen da 'yan sanda ke yi musu.
Misali, a ranar 23 ga watan Satumban da ya gabata, wasu dozin da yawa sanye da bakaken kaya sanye da tufafi, suna tarwatsa fosta tare da jifa da duwatsu, sun yi yunkurin kutsawa dandalin da mai fafutuka Jean-Luc Mélenchon zai yi jawabi ga taron jama'a. La France Faɗakarwa, a yau babbar jam'iyyar adawa a Faransa. Saƙon da ba a faɗi ba ya zama kamar babu wanda ya isa gare su. Lokaci-lokaci, a zahiri suna hange gashin fata bazuwar don duka. Wannan ya tabbatar da shaidar su a matsayin "anti-fascist".
Suna amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan don ɗaukaka kansu ’yancin yin ɓatanci ga wasu a cikin wani nau'in bincike na son kai.
A matsayin babban misali, a ƙarshen 2010, wata budurwa mai suna Ornella Guyet ta bayyana a birnin Paris don neman aikin jarida a wasu lokuta na hagu da kuma shafukan yanar gizo. Ta "yi kokarin kutsawa ko'ina", a cewar tsohon darektan Duniyar diflomasiyya, Maurice Lemoine, wanda "koyaushe yana rashin amincewa da ita" lokacin da ya dauke ta a matsayin mai horarwa.
Viktor Dedaj, wanda ke kula da daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke hannun hagu a Faransa, Le Grand Soir, yana cikin waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin taimaka mata, sai kawai suka fuskanci wani abin mamaki mara dadi bayan 'yan watanni. Ornella ya zama mai binciken da aka nada da kansa wanda aka keɓe don yin Allah wadai da "conspirationism, rudani, anti-Semitism and red-brown" akan Intanet. Wannan ya ɗauki nau'i na kai hari ga mutanen da ta ɗauka cewa suna da laifin waɗannan zunubai. Abin da ke da mahimmanci shi ne cewa duk abubuwan da ta ke hari suna adawa da yaƙe-yaƙe na Amurka da NATO a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Lallai, lokacin yakin ’yan ta’addan nata ya zo daidai da yakin “canjin mulki” da ya ruguza kasar Libya ya raba kasar Syria. Hare-haren sun ware manyan masu sukar wadannan yake-yaken.
Viktor Dedaj na cikin jerin gwanonta. Haka shi ma Michel Colllon, kusa da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Belgian, marubuci, mai fafutuka kuma manajan binciken binciken rukunin harsuna biyu. Haka shi ma François Ruffin, mai shirya fina-finai, editan mujallar hagu Fakir aka zaba kwanan nan a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a cikin jerin jam’iyyar Mélenchon. La France Faɗakarwa. Da sauransu. Jerin yana da tsawo.
Mutanen da aka yi niyya sun bambanta, amma duk suna da abu guda ɗaya: adawa da yaƙe-yaƙe masu tayar da hankali. Menene ƙari, har zuwa yadda zan iya faɗa, kusan duk wanda ke adawa da waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe yana cikin jerin ta.
Babban fasaha shine laifi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Mafi girma a cikin jerin zunubai masu mutuwa shine zargi na Tarayyar Turai, wanda ke da alaƙa da "ƙananan ƙasa" wanda ke da alaƙa da "fascism" wanda ke da alaƙa da "anti-Semitism", yana nuna alamar kisan kiyashi. Wannan ya zo daidai da manufofin hukuma na EU da gwamnatocin EU, amma Antifa yana amfani da harshe mai tsauri.
A tsakiyar watan Yuni 2011, jam'iyyar adawa da EU Ƙungiyar Populaire Républicaine François Asselineau ya jagoranta shi ne abin batanci a shafukan intanet na Antifa wanda "Marie-Anne Boutoleau" (wani sunan Ornella Guyet) ya sanyawa hannu. Tsoron tashin hankali, masu su sun soke wuraren taron UPR da aka shirya a Lyon. UPR ta yi ɗan bincike kaɗan, inda ta gano cewa Ornella Guyet yana cikin jerin masu magana a cikin Maris 2009 Seminar on International Media shirya a Paris ta Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Sadarwar Duniya da Makarantar Watsa Labarai da Harkokin Jama'a a Jami'ar George Washington. Ƙungiya mai ban mamaki ga irin wannan ƙwararrun 'yan Salibiyya da "ja-launin ruwan kasa".
Idan wani yana da shakku, “ja-kasa-kasa” kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don shafa wa duk wanda ke da ra’ayin hagu gabaɗaya – wato “ja” – tare da launin fasikanci “launin ruwan kasa”. Ana iya yin wannan batanci ta hanyar samun ra'ayi iri ɗaya da wanda ke hannun dama, yin magana a kan dandamali ɗaya tare da wani na dama, ana buga shi tare da wani na hannun dama, ana gani a wata zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙi wanda kuma wani na dama ya halarta. , da sauransu. Wannan yana da amfani musamman ga Jam'iyyar War, tun daga kwanakin nan, yawancin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fi adawa da yaki fiye da masu hagu da suka saya a cikin "yakin ɗan adam" mantra.
Gwamnati ba ta buƙatar murkushe taron yaƙi da yaƙi. Antifa yayi aikin.
Dan wasan barkwanci na Franco-Afrika Dieudonné M'Bala M'Bala, wanda aka yiwa kyama ga kyamar Yahudawa tun 2002 saboda zanen talabijin dinsa da ya yi wa wani dan Isra'ila zama dan Isra'ila a matsayin wani bangare na "Axis of Good" na George W. Bush, ba kawai manufa ba ne, amma yana aiki a matsayin Kungiyar masu laifi ga duk wanda ya kare hakkinsa na fadin albarkacin bakinsa - irin su farfesa dan kasar Belgium Jean Bricmont, wanda kusan ba a saka shi cikin jerin sunayen ba a Faransa saboda kokarin shigar da wata kalma da ke goyon bayan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo na TV. An dakatar da Dieudonné daga kafofin watsa labarai, an gurfanar da shi da kuma ci tarar sau da yawa, har ma an yanke masa hukuncin dauri a Belgium, amma yana ci gaba da jin daɗin cikakken gidan magoya bayansa masu kishi a wasan kwaikwayonsa na mutum ɗaya, inda babban saƙon siyasa shine adawa da yaki.
Duk da haka, zarge-zargen yin laushi a kan Dieudonné na iya yin tasiri sosai ga mutane a cikin matsayi mafi mahimmanci, tun da kawai alamar "anti-Semitism" na iya zama mai kisan kai a Faransa. An soke gayyata, an ƙi wallafe-wallafe, ba a amsa saƙon ba.
A cikin Afrilu 2016, Ornella Guyet ya fita daga gani, a cikin manyan zato game da ƙungiyoyin ta na musamman.
Halin halin wannan labarin yana da sauki. Masu neman sauyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da suka naɗa da kansu na iya zama 'yan sandan tunani mafi fa'ida ga ƙungiyar yaƙi ta neoliberal.
Ba ina ba da shawarar cewa duka, ko mafi yawa, Antifa wakilai ne na kafa ba. Amma ana iya yin amfani da su, a shigar da su ko kuma a kwaikwayi su daidai domin shafaffu ne da kan su kuma yawanci ko kaɗan ba su canza ba.
Yin Shiru da Muhawara ta Mahimmanci
Wanda yake da gaskiya shine Mark Bray, marubucin Intifa Handbook. Ya bayyana a sarari inda Mark Bray ya fito lokacin da ya rubuta (shafi na 36-7) cewa: “… Maganin karshe na Hitler ya kashe Yahudawa miliyan shida a cikin dakunan gas, tare da harbe-harbe, ta hanyar yunwar rashin jinya a sansanonin da ba su da kyau. ghettoes, tare da duka, ta hanyar aiki da su har zuwa mutuwa, da kuma ta hanyar yanke kauna. An kashe kusan biyu daga cikin uku Yahudawa a nahiyar, ciki har da wasu dangi na.
Wannan tarihin sirri ya bayyana dalilin da yasa Mark Bray yake jin sha'awar "fascism". Wannan yana da cikakkiyar fahimta a cikin wanda ya damu da tsoro cewa "zai iya sake faruwa".
Duk da haka, har ma mafi yawan damuwa na motsin rai ba lallai ba ne su ba da gudummawa ga shawara mai kyau. Halin tashin hankali ga tsoro yana iya zama kamar yana da ƙarfi da tasiri yayin da a zahiri suke da rauni ta ɗabi'a kuma a zahiri ba su da tasiri.
Muna cikin wani lokaci na babban rudanin siyasa. Lakabi kowace bayyanar “kuskuren siyasa” a matsayin farkisanci yana hana fayyace muhawara kan batutuwan da suke da matukar bukatar fayyace su da fayyace su.
An biya ƙarancin masu fasikanci ta hanyar bayyana sukar ƙaura a matsayin farkisanci. Wannan ganewa, dangane da ƙin yarda da iyakokin ƙasa, yana samun yawancin ƙarfin tunaninsa sama da duka daga tsoron kakanni da ke cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na ware su daga al'ummomin da suka sami kansu a ciki.
Batun shige da fice na da bangarori daban-daban a wurare daban-daban. Ba haka yake ba a kasashen Turai kamar na Amurka. Akwai bambanci na asali tsakanin baƙi da ƙaura. Baƙi mutane ne da suka cancanci kulawa. Shige da fice manufa ce da ke bukatar a tantance. Kamata ya yi a tattauna manufofin ba tare da an zarge su da tsananta wa mutane ba. Bayan haka, a al'adance shugabannin kungiyoyin kwadago suna adawa da shige da fice na jama'a, ba don nuna wariyar launin fata ba, amma saboda yana iya zama dabarar jari hujja da gangan don rage albashi.
A haƙiƙanin ƙaura, ƙaura abu ne mai sarƙaƙiya, tare da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da sasantawa. Amma don daidaita batun yana rasa damar yin sulhu. Ta hanyar yin shige da fice na jama'a gwajin litmus na ko ɗaya ɗan farkisanci ne ko a'a, tsoratarwa Antifa yana hana tattaunawa mai ma'ana. Ba tare da tattaunawa ba, ba tare da shirye-shiryen sauraron dukkan ra'ayoyi ba, batun zai raba kawai jama'a zuwa sansani biyu, na gaba da adawa. Kuma wa zai yi nasara irin wannan arangama?
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan* ya nuna cewa yawan shige-da-fice na karuwa a duk ƙasashen Turai. An nuna irin sarkakiya da wannan batu ke da shi ta yadda a mafi yawan kasashen Turai, yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa ya zama wajibi su yi maraba da ‘yan gudun hijira, amma ba su amince da ci gaba da shige da fice ba. Hujjar hukuma cewa shige da fice abu ne mai kyau kashi 40% ne kawai aka yarda da shi, idan aka kwatanta da 60% na duk Turawa waɗanda suka yi imani da cewa "shigi yana da kyau ga ƙasarmu". Hagu wanda babban dalilinsa shine buɗe iyakokin zai zama rashin farin jini.
Rikicin Yara
Tunanin cewa hanyar da za a rufe mutum ita ce a buga masa naushi a baki kamar Amurkawa ne kamar fina-finan Hollywood. Har ila yau, wani hali ne na yakin gungun da ke mamaye wasu sassan Los Angeles. Haɗa tare da wasu "kamar mu" don yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin "su" don sarrafa turf halayyar samari ne a cikin yanayi mara tabbas. Neman dalili na iya haɗawa da baiwa irin wannan halayya da manufa ta siyasa: ko dai farkisanci ko mai adawa da mulkin fascist. Ga matasan da ba su da hankali, wannan madadin shiga Sojojin ruwa na Amurka.
Antifa na Amurka yayi kama da bikin tsakiyar aji tsakanin Siyasa Identity da yaƙin ƙungiyoyi. Mark Bray (shafi na 175) ya nakalto majiyarsa ta DC Antifa da ke nuni da cewa manufar masu son zama masu fasikanci shine su goyi bayan "yaro mafi karfi a cikin toshe" kuma zai ja da baya idan ya ji tsoro. Ƙungiyarmu ta fi ƙungiyar ku ƙarfi.
Wannan kuma ita ce mahangar mulkin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, wanda ya saba furtawa game da zaɓaɓɓun abokan gābansa: “Duk abin da suka fahimta ƙarfi ne.” Ko da yake Antifa suna da'awar cewa su 'yan juyin-juya hali ne, tunaninsu daidai yake da yanayin tashin hankali wanda ke mamaye Amurka.
A wani bangaren kuma, Antifa ya bi tsarin siyasar Identity na yanzu wanda ke damun 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin abin da ya kamata ya zama babban gidanta, ilimi. Ana ɗaukar kalmomi da haɗari sosai don haka dole ne a kafa "wuri masu aminci" don kare mutane daga gare su. Wannan mummunan rauni ga rauni daga kalmomi yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da haƙuri na ainihin tashin hankali na zahiri.
Wild Goose Chase
A cikin Amurka, mafi munin abu game da Antifa shine ƙoƙarin jagorantar Ba'amurke da ba a so ya bar cikin daji, bin diddigin "fascists" na tunanin maimakon haɗuwa a fili don aiwatar da ingantaccen shiri mai dacewa. {Asar Amirka na da fiye da rabonta na mutane masu ban mamaki, na cin zarafi ba tare da izini ba, na ra'ayi na hauka, da bin diddigin waɗannan jita-jita, ko su kadai ko a cikin rukuni, babbar damuwa ce. Mutanen da ke da haɗari da gaske a cikin Amurka suna cikin aminci a cikin Wall Street, a Washington Think Tanks, a cikin rukunin zartarwa na masana'antar soji, ba tare da ambaton ofisoshin edita na wasu kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun ba a halin yanzu suna ɗaukar halin kirki ga "anti". -fascists" kawai saboda suna da amfani wajen mai da hankali kan maverick Trump maimakon kansu.
Antifa Amurka, ta hanyar ma'anar "juriya ga farkisanci" a matsayin juriya ga abubuwan da suka ɓace - Confederacy, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma wannan al'amari Donald Trump - a zahiri yana shagaltuwa daga juriya ga tsarin mulkin neoliberal, wanda kuma ya saba wa Confederacy da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da fararen fata. Tuni dai ya yi nasarar kama Trump ta hanyar kamfen dinsa na cin mutunci. Wannan kafuwar mulkin, wanda a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasashen waje da gabatar da hanyoyin 'yan sanda, ya yi nasarar amfani da sanannen "juriya ga Trump" don sa shi ya fi muni fiye da yadda ya kasance.
Yadda ake amfani da kalmar “fascist” cikin sauƙi yana shiga hanyar ganewa da ma'anar ainihin makiyin ɗan adam a yau. A cikin hargitsi na zamani, mafi girma kuma mafi haɗari a cikin duniya duk sun fito ne daga tushe ɗaya, wanda ke da wuyar suna, amma wanda zamu iya ba da alamar sauƙaƙa na wucin gadi na Globalized Imperialism. Wannan ya zama wani aiki mai yawa don sake fasalin duniya don biyan bukatun jari-hujja na kudi, masana'antar masana'antu na soja, rashin akidar Amurka da kuma megalomania na shugabannin ƙananan "Yamma" masu iko, musamman Isra'ila. Ana iya kiransa kawai "imperialism", sai dai yana da yawa kuma ya fi ɓarna fiye da mulkin mallaka na tarihi na ƙarnin da suka gabata. Har ila yau, ya fi ɓarna. Kuma tun da yake ba shi da takamaiman lakabi kamar "fascism", yana da wuya a la'anta cikin sauƙi.
Tsayawa kan hana wani nau'i na zalunci da ya taso sama da shekaru 80 da suka gabata, a cikin yanayi daban-daban, ya hana amincewa da babban zalunci na yau. Fada yakin da ya gabata yana kai ga shan kashi.
Donald Trump baƙo ne wanda ba za a bar shi a ciki ba. Zaben Donald Trump ya kasance sama da duka babban alama ce ta lalacewar tsarin siyasar Amurka, wanda kuɗi, masu fafutuka, rukunin soja-masana'antu da kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni ke mulki gaba ɗaya. Karyar da suke yi tana lalata tushen dimokuradiyya. Antifa ta ci gaba da kai farmaki kan makamin da har yanzu ke hannun mutane: ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taro.
Diana Johnstone ita ce marubuciyar gabatarwar tarihin mahaifinta, Daga MAD zuwa hauka: Ciki Tsarin Yakin Nukiliya na Pentagon, na Paul H. Johnstone (Clarity Press). Ana iya samun ta a [email kariya]
Notes.
* «Où va la democratie?», une enquête de la Fondation pour l’innovation politique sous la direction de Dominique Reynié, (Plon, Paris, 2017).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
4 comments
Wannan labarin babban abin takaici ne. Antifa-Bashing a cikin shekarun haɓakar farkisanci.
Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 sun mutu a Iraki. Fiye da 400 sun mutu a Siriya. Daruruwan dubban mutane ne suka mutu a Libya. Kuma a yanzu miliyoyin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda manufofin saɓani na cinikin abinci a tsarin jari-hujja. Ba a ma maganar mata, maza da yara da ke mutuwa a Yemen, da aka yanka ta tsakiyar karyar abin da ake kira "Yaki da Ta'addanci", Saudi Arabia.
Auschwitz bai ƙare ba; An canza shi daga Fordism zuwa Daidai lokacin Isar da Lokaci: shirin kisan gilla. Wannan lokacin, ba kawai Gleichschaltung na kafofin watsa labaru ba - wanda a yanzu yana yiwuwa a fasaha da kuma aiwatar da "kafofin yada labarai". Hakanan ya fi abin da George Orwell ya gani a cikin annabcinsa na 1984, wanda da alama gwamnatocin Yamma suna amfani da shi azaman tsarin ci gaban cikin gida.
a fili yake yadda ake kiran wannan da sunansa: Fascism.
Volker Birk (ko bot ɗin banza ne?): Shin za ku iya ganin cewa Johnstone yana cewa dabarun da Antifa ke amfani da su za su amfana da maƙiyan Antifa? Ina ba da shawarar karantawa game da tashin Josef Goebbels. Goebbels zai yi farin cikin ganin Antifa a kan titunan Berlin a 1927.
Rike waɗannan kyandir ɗin kuma ku ci gaba da rera kumbaya.
Paul D: Shawarar cewa dabarun yaƙi da fascist ko dai hooliganism ne ko kuma firgicin kyandir yana da kunkuntar sosai. Abin sha'awa shine, akwai sharhin 'yan tawayen da suka yi yaƙi da Nazi tsawon shekaru, sannan suka canza ra'ayinsu ta fuskar gogewa. Tsofaffin mayaƙan titina na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus ke jagoranta na Fighting League Against Fascism a cikin Disamba na 1931 "sun yarda" a cikin Disamba na XNUMX "mummunan cutarwa" hanyarsu ta zuwa yanzu, wanda ya umurci mutum ya "buga masu fasikanci inda kuka hadu da su." Da suke lura da rashin amfanin irin wannan furuci, sai suka yi tambaya cikin rarrabuwar kawuna: “Shin mu irin wawa ne ‘masu dabaru’” da za mu ƙyale shugabannin Nazi su ba da umurni ga mayaka masu aiki da yawa. Tabbas, lura da kwanan watan, watakila sun kasance a ƙarshen rana kuma gajeriyar dala. Duk da haka, nasu ya yi nisa da mugun nufi na farko da Jamusawa suka bi a wancan lokacin.