[Nomi Prins ta daidaita kuma ta sabunta wannan yanki daga littafinta Duk Ma'aikatan Banki na Shugabanni: Ƙungiyoyin Hidden Abokan Ƙarfafa Ƙarfin Amirka, kwanan nan fita a cikin takarda (Littattafan al'umma).]
Yana faruwa. Kamar yadda aka zata, siyasar dynastic tana ci gaba a yakin neman zabe na 2016. Bayan zagi game da tsawon lokacin Hillary, Jeb Bush (aka Jeb!) a hukumance ya sanar da takararsa na shugaban kasa a makon da ya gabata. A ƙarshe, su biyun za su fafata da ita don Fadar White House, yayin da manyan masu hannu da shuni za su goyi bayan gambit ɗinsu mai tsadar gaske.
Kuma a nan ga alama: kar ku yi wasa akan Jeb don kada ku yi ta cikin gauntlet na Republican na 'yan takara 12 (zuwa yanzu). Bayan haka, da gaske manyan kuɗi suna bayansa. A watan Disambar da ya gabata, ko da yake ya bar ofishin gwamnati tun 2007, ya kama goyon bayan 73% na Wall Street Journal"Shugabannin masu arziki." Ko da yake wasu har yanzu sun yi watsi da ayyana sahihancinsu, ƙidaya abu ɗaya: manyan bindigogi za su faɗo cikin layi. Sun san cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da danginsa, Jeb shine mafi kyawun hanyarsu zuwa Fadar White House kuma ba za su busa hakan ta hanyar haɓaka wasu ƙananan 'yan Republican waɗanda mahaifinsu da ɗan'uwansa ba su kasance shugaban ƙasa ba, ba lokacin Hillary ba, tare da duk alaƙarta. da kuma dynastic iko, zai zama abokin adawar. Wannan ya ce, a yakin Bush-Clinton mai zuwa, ko wanene ya ci nasara, masu banki da masu kudi za su yi nasara.
Batun jinin siyasa da layin dangi a Washington ba sabon abu bane. Akwai lokuta uku a tarihinmu da aka daure shugabanni da jini. Shugabanmu na biyu John Adams da shugaba na takwas John Quincy Adams uba ne. Theodore da Franklin Delano Roosevelt ƙani ne. Sannan, ba shakka, akwai shugabannin mu na 41 da na 43, George HW da George W.
Idan Jeb ya zama shugaban kasa na 45, zai kasance karo na farko da gwamnatoci uku ke raba jini daya kuma “dynastic” za su sami sabuwar ma’ana a Amurka.
Bush Legacy
Gadar siyasa da kudi ta Bush ta fara ne lokacin da Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya zaɓi mahaifin Jeb, George HW, a matsayin mataimakinsa. Reagan kuma shine shugaban farko da ya zabi Shugaba na Wall Street, Donald Regan, a matsayin sakataren Baitulmali. Sai-Shugaba na Merrill Lynch, ya kasance abokin dangin Bush. Kuma magana game da al'adar iyali: sau ɗaya (a cikin 1900, don zama daidai), kakan Jeb, George Herbert Walker, ya kafa GW Walker & Company. Daga ƙarshe ya samo ta - kun yi tsammani! - Merrill Lynch, wanda Bankin Amurka ya cinye a lokacin rikicin kudi na 2008.
Wannan hadewar ta kasance ne, da sauransu, Sakataren Baitulmali na George W. Bush (kuma tsohon shugaban Goldman Sachs da Shugaba), Hank Paulson. Ya taimaka John Thain, tsohon lamba na biyu na Paulson a Goldman Sachs, wanda a lokacin Merrill Lynch's Shugaba, ya fita daga cikin tabo. Yanzu shugaba kuma Shugaba na CIT Group, Thain kuma fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Republican ne wanda Time masu tara manyan tikiti ga John McCain a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na 2008. Yi tsammanin zai kasance a wurin don Jeb. Paulson ya amince da Jeb a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. Haka waɗannan madaukai ke tafiya.
A matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, George HW ya gudanar da wani aiki tare da Donald Regan da aka sadaukar don warware matsalolin Dokar Glass-Steagall na 1933, ta yadda bankunan Wall Street zasu iya zama girma da kuma hadaddun. Da zarar shugaban kasa, Bush ya inganta lalata, yayin da ya sake tabbatar da Alan Greenspan, wanda ya yi haka, a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Tarayya. A cikin 1999, bayan Shugaba Bill Clinton (Hillary!) Ya gama aikin da Bush ya fara ta hanyar sa ido kan soke Glass-Steagall, bankunan sun fara haɗuwa kamar mahaukaci da shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari da rashin ƙarfi waɗanda suka haifar da rikicin kuɗi wanda ya zo ga shugaban kasa George W. A takaice dai, wata karamar duniya ce a saman.
Ma'anar waɗannan duka: babu wani ɗan takarar GOP da ke da irin ikon siyasa da kuɗi na Jeb. Lokaci. Don fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin dangin Bush da Wall Street da za su sanya kuɗaɗe da tarin kuɗi a bayan takararsa, duk da haka, ya zama dole mu koma baya mu ga yadda danginsa suka taimaka mana zuwa wannan lokacin nasa.
Bush yayi nasara
A lokacin da George HW Bush ya zama shugaban kasa a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1989, tattalin arzikin ya tabarbare. Bashin tarayya ya tsaya kan dala tiriliyan 2.8. Rikicin ajiyar kuɗi da lamuni ya ƙaru. Har yanzu, manufofin sa na kuɗi sun kasance daidai da na manyan bankunan banki na lokacin, musamman shugaban Citicorp John Reed, Chase (yanzu JPMorgan Chase) Shugaban Willard Butcher, shugaban JPMorgan Dennis Weatherstone, da Shugaban Bankin Amurka Tom Clausen.
Tare da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da aka yi masa, Bush kuma ya kasance tare da abokansa masu aminci, abokan kasuwanci a Washington, waɗanda ko dai suna da kusanci da Wall Street ko kuma sun zo kai tsaye daga can. A cikin wani shiri da aka riga aka tsara tare da Shugaba Reagan, Bush ya riƙe Nicholas Brady, tsohon shugaban kwamitin bankin saka hannun jari na Wall Street Dillon, Read & Co., a matsayin sakatare na Baitulmali.
Dangantakar su, wacce aka fara kafa ta a filin wasan tennis, ta kara zuwa Wall Street kuma ta sake dawowa. A cikin 1977, bayan Bush ya bar shugabancin CIA, Brady har ma ya ba shi mukamin Dillon, Read & Co. New Jersey a cikin 1980. Jaridu sun yi wa Brady Bush lakabin "abokin sirri."
Sabon shugaban ya nada wani na hannun damansa, Richard Breeden (wanda ya tsara "Blueprint for Reform" na masana'antar banki kamar yadda wani runduna da Bush ke jagoranta) ya jagoranta, a matsayin mataimakinsa kan bincike kan batutuwa kuma daga baya. Shugaban Hukumar Tsaro da Kasuwanci (SEC). Bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1989, Bush ya bayyana shirinsa na ceton bankunan ajiyar kuɗi da lamuni (S&L). Ƙididdiga na farko na ceto ga kamfanoni 223 an sanya su a kan dala biliyan 40. Sai da gwamnatin Bush ta kwashe makonni biyu kafin ta kai wannan adadi zuwa dala biliyan 157. A kan wannan cin zarafi, Brady ya jaddada cewa wannan shawara ba wai ceto ba ne. Maimakon haka, yana wakiltar “cika alkawarin Gwamnatin Tarayya na masu ajiya.”
Bayan 'yan watanni, a karkashin Alan Greenspan's Fed, JPMorgan Securities, reshen bankin zuba jari na JPMorgan Chase, ya zama reshen banki na farko tun bayan Babban Bala'in da ya jagoranci haɗin gwiwar kamfani. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, bankunan kasuwanci za su ba da biliyoyin daloli na bashin kamfanoni a madadin kamfanonin makamashi da na jama'a sakamakon shawarar da Greenspan ta yanke na bude wannan kofa da kuma matsayin Bush gaba daya. Wani ɓangare na shi zai haifar da zamba da kuskure bayan ɗan Bush ya zama shugaban kasa a 2001.
S&L Blowout
Rushewar masana'antar S&L tsakanin 1980 zuwa 1982 ya ba wa waɗannan ƙananan bankuna damar, ko masu haɓaka - mai da hankali kan ɗaukar adibas da samar da jinginar gida - don yin gasa tare da bankunan kasuwanci don masu ajiya da saka hannun jarin wannan kuɗin (da kuɗin aro a kansa) a cikin ƙarin hasashe na gaske. kadarori da kuma takarce bond Securities. Lokacin da waɗannan fare suka yi tsami, masana'antar ta yi ƙarfi. Tsakanin 1986 da 1989, 296 thrifts sun kasa. Ƙarin 747 zai rufe tsakanin 1989 da 1995.
Daga cikin waɗannan, Bankin Silverado ya yi fatara a cikin Disamba 1988, wanda ya jawo wa masu biyan haraji dala biliyan 1.3. Neil Bush, ɗan George HW, yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa a lokacin. An zarge shi da bai wa kansa lamuni daga Silverado, amma ya musanta aikata laifin.
An riga an zarge ɗan George HW na biyu Jeb Bush a cikin kanun labarai a ƙarshen 1988 saboda alakarsa ta gidaje da Miguel Recarey Jr., wani ɗan ƙasar Kuba-Amurke wanda aka tuhume shi da laifin zamba guda ɗaya kuma ana zarginsa da yin sama da fadi. Dala miliyan 100 na zargin zamba da suka shafi Medicare.
A halin da ake ciki, shugaban yana tsara shirinsa na ceto don dakatar da zubar da jini na S&L. A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1989, ya rattaba hannu kan dokar sake fasalin Cibiyar Kudi, Farfadowa, da Doka, wanda ya tabbatar da kyakkyawar fa'ida ga manyan bankunan kasuwanci. Bayan sun taimaka wa S&Ls da kayayyakin gidaje masu guba, yanzu za su iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da lamunin da aka gina a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin ceto, yayin da gwamnati ta ba da tallafin gabaɗayan aikin. A cikin shekaru shida, Kamfanin Resolution Trust da Kamfanin Inshorar Kuɗi da Lamuni na Tarayya sun sayar da kadarorin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 519 a kan wasu ƴan kasuwa 1,043 da suka tashi sama. Bankunan Key Wall Street sun shiga cikin rarraba waɗancan kadarori don haka sun sake samun kuɗi kan lalata kuɗi. Washington ta bar jama'a a kan ƙugiya don asarar dala biliyan 124.
Gwamnatin Bush da martanin Fed ga rikicin S&L (da kuma rikicin bashi na duniya na uku) shine tallafawa tsarin banki tare da kuɗin tarayya da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar, manufar mayar da ribar banki ta zama mai zaman kan ta, da kuma sadar da hasararsu da kasadarsu ta shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Amurka.
Sabon Wasan Banki a Gari: “Sarrafawa”
Matsalar S&L ta haifar da babban rikicin bashi da koma bayan tattalin arziki. Majalisa ta kasance, a lokacin, tana muhawara game da "zamantawa" na masana'antar hada-hadar kudi, wanda a aikace yana nufin wargaza sauran shinge a cikin cibiyoyin da suka raba adibas da lamuni daga ƙirƙirar tsaro da ayyukan ciniki. Wannan kuma yana nufin ƙyale bankunan kasuwanci su faɗaɗa zuwa ayyukan banki na yau da kullun, gami da samar da inshora da sarrafa kuɗi.
Gwamnatin Bush ta taimaka wa ma'aikatan banki ta hanyar ba da shawarar soke mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin Dokar Glass-Steagall. Kudiddigar da ke da alaƙa don wargaza wannan dokar ta ɓacin rai ta sami goyon bayan majalisar wakilai da kwamitocin banki na majalisar dattijai a cikin faɗuwar 1991, kodayake an ci su a majalisar a cikin cikakken ƙuri'a. Duk da haka, rubutun yana kan bango. Abin da shugaban Republican ya fara, Demokraɗiyya zai cika nan ba da jimawa ba.
A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin Bush ta rufe dukkan tushe lokacin da aka zo batun soke Glass-Steagall, wanda zai zama ƙusa a cikin akwatin gawar shekaru da yawa na ƙuntatawar banki. Yayin da ’yan banki na kasuwanci suka yunƙura don shiga harkokin kasuwancin da ba na banki ba, Richard Breeden, shugaban SEC na Bush, ya fara fafatawar da ɗayan ɓangarori na Glass-Steagall - faɗa, wato, haƙƙin bankunan saka hannun jari don mallakar bankunan kasuwanci. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, tun da irin wannan rushewar tsarin hada-hadar kudi yana nufin yuwuwar fadada ikon Breeden: za a dora wa SEC alhakin lura da karuwar yawan kasuwancin da bankunan za su iya shiga.
A halin yanzu, Wendy Gramm, shugaban Hukumar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (CFTC), ya inganta wata manufa da masu banki ke so: kasuwancin da ba a iyakance ba. An fara nada Gramm a matsayin shugaban CFTC a 1988 ta Reagan (wanda ya kira ta "masanin tattalin arzikin da ya fi so") sannan Bush ya sake nada shi. Ta kuduri aniyar matsawa gaba da musaya na kayayyaki da ba a kayyade ba - a wani bangare na mayar da martani ga yin katsalandan daga wani kamfanin ciniki na makamashi na Texas, Enron, wanda sunansa zai yi girma sosai ga Amurkawa a shekaru masu zuwa. Yayin da ake jiran amincewar majalisa, masu banki sun fara aika buƙatun keɓancewar ciniki ga Gramm kuma ta fara ba su.
9/11 Inuwar Enron
A farkon shekara ta 2001, a cikin hasken tattalin arziki na Clinton da kuma sakamakon zaben da Kotun Koli ta tabbatar, Shugaba Bush na biyu ya shiga Fadar White House. Haɗin gwiwar sokewar Glass-Steagall da ɓata makamashi da sassan sadarwa a ƙarƙashin Clinton sun haifar da kashe-kashen haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗakar da kamfanoni da iko a cikin waɗannan masana'antu akan littattafan ƙirƙira. Haƙiƙanin yanayin tattalin arziƙin, duk da haka, ya kasance a ɓoye da kyau, duk da cewa ya yi ƙamari a kan zamba, hauhawar hannun jari, da bashi da banki ya ƙirƙira. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni da na banki har yanzu sun bayyana a cikin ɗaukaka a cikin haɗuwa da yawa. Amma ƙoƙarin da ma'aikatan banki ke yi na tallafa wa waɗannan hada-hadar zai ba da dama ga ɓarna na kamfanoni.
Kamfanin Enron ne na Texas wanda ke da ikon yin ciniki wanda zai fito a matsayin ɗan fosta don zamba na kuɗi a farkon 2000s. Ta yi amfani da kasuwannin da ba a kayyade ba, tare da yin haɗin gwiwa da masu banki don ƙirƙirar ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyi masu launi na teku waɗanda kamfanin ya tara bashi, ya yi watsi da haraji, da ɓoye asara. Haƙiƙanin matsayin littattafan ƙagaggen Enron da na sauran ƴan damfara na kamfanoni duk da haka ya kasance ba a bincika a wani bangare ba saboda wani rikicin ya jawo hankalin duka. Hare-haren 9/11 a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, da ke nesa da inda yawancin abokan cinikin Enron ke da hedkwata (ciki har da Goldman Sachs, inda nake aiki a wannan rana), ya ba masana'antar banki damar samun jinkiri daga bincike. A maimakon haka shugaban ya yi kira ga ma’aikatan banki da su tabbatar da zaman lafiyar kasa ta fuskar ta’addanci.
A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2001, George W. sanannen ya haɗu da manufofin kuɗi da na waje. "Kasuwanni za su buɗe gobe," in ji shi. "Mutane suna komawa bakin aiki kuma za mu nuna wa duniya." Don taimakawa ma'aikatan banki a cikin wannan manufa, shugaban SEC da Bush ya nada Harvey Pitt ya yi watsi da wasu ka'idoji, yana bawa shugabannin kamfanoni damar haɓaka farashin rabonsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin nuna ƙarfin ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka matakan kasuwa.
Wannan ya yi aiki - kusan minti daya. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2001, Enron ya buga asarar dala miliyan 681 cikin rubu'i na uku kuma ya ba da sanarwar dala biliyan 1.2 ga masu hannun jari. Dalilin: wani dala mai ban tsoro na ma'amaloli na yaudara da aka yi tare da bankuna kamar Merrill Lynch. Ma'aikatan banki a yanzu suna da yuwuwar kan ƙugiya na biliyoyin daloli, godiya ga Enron, abokin ciniki wanda ya cika shekaru da yawa tare da tallafin bangaranci.
A cikin wannan hargitsin kuɗi, Bush ya mai da hankali kan ɗaukar fansa na 9/11. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2002, ya rattaba hannu kan dala biliyan 317.2. A cikin jawabinsa na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar, ya yi magana game da "Axis of Evil," na yaki da 'yan ta'adda da kuma karfafa koma bayan tattalin arziki, amma ba na Enron ko hatsarori na Wall Street chicanery ba.
A cikin 2001 da kuma a cikin 2002, duk da haka, fatarar kuɗi na kamfanoni za su sami sabbin bayanai, tare da zamba suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin su. Katafaren kamfanin sadarwa na WorldCom, alal misali, an gano cewa ya kawata dala biliyan 11 na kudaden shiga. Nan ba da jimawa ba zai maye gurbin Enron a matsayin babban zamba na Amurka a wannan lokacin.
Bush Ya Dau Mataki
A ranar 9 ga Yuli, George W. a ƙarshe ya bayyana wani shiri don "katse" laifuffukan kamfanoni a cikin jawabin da aka bayar a tsakiyar gundumar kuɗi ta New York. Da yake shan zarafi a abokansa na Wall Street, ya bukaci masu banki da su ba da bayanan gaskiya ga masu saka hannun jari. Alamomin sun bayyana a fili: ma'aikatan banki ba su da wani abin tsoro daga babban kwamandan su. Wannan Merrill Lynch, alal misali, ya shiga cikin abin kunya na Enron wani abu ne da shugaban kasa zai yi watsi da shi - ba abin mamaki ba ne, tun da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin da dangin Bush ya kai shekaru da yawa.
Makonni uku bayan haka, zai sanya hannu kan Dokar Sarbanes-Oxley, da nufin tabbatar da cewa shugabannin da CFOs za su tabbatar da cewa an gabatar da bayanan da ke cikin takardun su na SEC da gaske. Zai tabbatar da hana haƙori mara amfani ga zamba.
Daga nan sai shugaban ya yi aiki: a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2003, ya kaddamar da mamaye Iraki tare da kaduwa da kaduwa na makamai masu linzami zuwa sararin samaniyar Iraki. Bayan kwanaki biyu, da kuri'ar 215 zuwa 212, majalisar ta amince da kasafin kudinsa na dala tiriliyan 2.2, ciki har da dala biliyan 726 na rage haraji. Jim kadan bayan haka - sigina ga masana'antar banki idan akwai daya - ya nada tsohon shugaban Goldman Sachs Stephen Friedman darektan Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa, irin wannan rawar da wani Goldman Sachs alumnus, tsohon shugaba Robert Rubin, ya buga wa Bill Clinton. .
A karshen 2003, ma'aikatan banki masu godiya sun riga sun tara kudade don yakin neman zaben Bush na 2004. Ƙwararrun 'yan Republican na Wall Street, ciki har da Shugaban Goldman Sachs da Shugaba Henry Paulson, Bear Stearns Shugaba James Cayne, da Goldman Sachs George Herbert Walker IV (dan uwan shugaban kasa na biyu), ya zama Bush "Majagaba" ta hanyar tara akalla $ 100,000 kowanne.
Manyan kamfanonin kudi bakwai sun tara kusan dala miliyan uku a hukumance don yakin neman zaben George W. Merrill Lynch ya fito a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawar kamfani na biyu (bayan Morgan Stanley), yana ba da fiye da $586,254. Sha'awar kamfanin ba abin mamaki ba ne. Donald Regan ya kasance shugabansa kuma bankin zuba jari na Bush-kafa GH Walker and Company, wanda ya dauki ma'aikata na iyali a cikin shekaru da dama, ya shiga cikin Merrill a 1978. Merrill Lynch Shugaba Earnest "Stanley" O'Neal ya karbi fitaccen lakabin. na "Ranger" don tara fiye da $200,000 don yakin sake zaben Bush. Alama ce ta lokutan da O'Neal da Cayne suka karbi bakuncin bush na farko na sake zabar birnin New York a watan Yulin 2003.
Gwamnati ta Goldman Sachs don Goldman Sachs
Ma'aikatan banki sun taimaka wajen ba da ma'auni a cikin yardar Bush. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2004, ya lashe wa'adi na biyu a zaɓe mai tsauri. Ya zuwa yanzu, masu banki daga Goldman Sachs sun cika Washington. Dan Democrat na New Jersey Jon Corzine, tsohon shugaban Goldman Sachs kuma Shugaba, yana cikin Kwamitin Bankin Majalisar Dattawa. Joshua Bolten, tsohon babban darakta ne a ofishin Goldman Sachs da ke Landan, shi ne daraktan ofishin gudanarwa da kasafin kudi. Stephen Friedman, tsohon shugaban Goldman Sachs, yana daya daga cikin manyan mashawartan tattalin arziki na George W. a matsayin darektan majalisar tattalin arzikin kasa. (Daga baya zai zama shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Tarayya ta New York, kawai ya yi murabus a watan Mayun 2009 a cikin rikice-rikice na tuhume-tuhumen da suka shafi tarin hannun jari na Goldman Sachs da ya rike yayin amfani da mukaminsa don taimaka wa kamfanin yayin rikicin kudi.)
A halin yanzu, daga 2002 zuwa 2007, a karkashin agogon George W., manyan bankunan Amurka za su kera kusan kashi 80% na kusan dala tiriliyan 14 na tsare-tsaren ba da lamuni na duniya (MBS), amintattun kadarori, wajibcin bashi, da kuma sauran nau'ikan kaddarorin da aka tattara a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Kuma fakitin lamuni na ƙasa da ƙasa ba da daɗewa ba za su zama ɓangaren haɓaka mafi sauri na kasuwar MBS. A takaice dai, samfuran kuɗi da ke nuna mafi girman girma zai kasance waɗanda ke ɗauke da haɗarin haɗari.
George W. zai kuma zabi Ben Bernanke don maye gurbin Alan Greenspan a matsayin shugaban babban bankin tarayya. Bernanke ya bayyana nan da nan inda amincinsa yake, yana mai cewa, "Fitina na farko shi ne ci gaba da ci gaba da tsare-tsare da dabaru a cikin shekarun Greenspan."
A cikin 2006, shekaru biyu bayan shawo kan SEC don yin amfani da dokoki wanda ya ba da damar da yawa daga cikin "kayayyaki" da aka ƙirƙira don zama marasa ƙarfi da rashin fahimta, shugaban ya zaɓi tsohon Shugaba na Goldman Sachs Henry Paulson ya zama sakataren Baitulmali na uku. Joshua Bolten, wanda a lokacin ya zama shugaban ma’aikatan fadar White House, ya shirya wata muhimmiyar ganawa a fadar White House tsakanin mutanen biyu da suka kulla yarjejeniyar. Kamar yadda Bush ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa. Mahimman Bayanai, "Hank ya kasance mai jinkirin jin daɗin ra'ayin shiga majalisar ministocina. Daga karshe Josh ya rinjayi Hank ya ziyarce ni a Fadar White House. Hank ya haskaka kuzari da amincewa. Hank ya fahimci yadda ake hada-hadar kudi a duniya, kuma sunansa ya ba da umarnin mutunta gida da waje.
Karkashin Bush, Paulson, da Bernanke, bangaren banki zai durkushe tare da durkusar da tattalin arzikin duniya da shi.
Goldman Trumps AIG
Inshora goliath AIG ya tsaya a tsakiyar cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi ta haɗin gwiwa da ke cike da ƙaƙƙarfan kadarorin da ba su da tushe wanda aka lulluɓe tare da abubuwan haɓakawa. Lokacin da hukumomin kididdigar Fitch, S&P, da Moody's suka rage darajar ƙimar kamfanin a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2008, sun ƙaddamar da ƙimar dala biliyan 85 na kiran gefe. Idan AIG ba ta iya samun wannan kuɗin ba, Paulson ya gargaɗi shugaban, kamfanin ba zai gaza kawai ba, amma "sauka manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi da masu saka hannun jari na duniya da shi." A cewar tarihin Bush, Paulson ya rinjaye shi. "Akwai hanya ɗaya kawai don kiyaye kamfanin a raye," ya rubuta. "Dole ne gwamnatin tarayya ta shigo."
Manyan Amurkawan da suka karɓi tallafin AIG, a zahiri, za su kasance kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa na Bush: Goldman Sachs ($ 12.9 biliyan), Merrill Lynch ($ 6.8 biliyan), Bankin Amurka ($ 5.2 biliyan), da Citigroup ($ 2.3 biliyan). Lehman ya fadi, amma Merrill Lynch da AIG sun sami ceto. Ma'aikatan banki tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawance ga dangin Bush (da Fadar White House gabaɗaya) suna buƙatar AIG don tsira. Kuma ya yi. Amma zubar jinin bai kare ba.
A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2008, George W. zai gaya wa Paulson, “Bari mu gano abin da ya dace mu yi kuma mu yi.” Daga baya zai rubuta, "Na yanke shawara cewa gwamnatin Amurka tana shiga gaba daya." Shi kuwa ya nufi. A cikin watannin da ya gabata a ofis, manyan bankunan Big shida (da kuma wasu cibiyoyi da yawa) don haka za a ba da tallafin ta hanyar shirin "dukkan-in" wanda Bernanke, Paulson, da Geithner suka tsara - kuma daga baya Shugaba Barack Obama ya amince da shi.
Rashin da'a na ma'aikatan banki, duk da haka, ya riga ya gurgunta tattalin arziki na gaske. A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, Bankin Amurka, Citigroup, da AIG duk suna buƙatar ƙarin taimako. Kuma a waccan shekarar, Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones zai rasa kusan rabin darajarsa. A tsawon lokacin ceto. $ 19.3 tiriliyan a cikin tallafin da aka bayar don ci gaba (mafi yawa) ma'aikatan banki na Amurka suna tafiya, da kuma kamfanoni masu tallafi na gwamnati kamar Fannie Mae da Freddie Mac.
Yayin da George W. ya koma Texas, tattalin arziki da kasuwanni sun shiga faɗuwa kyauta.
Kudin Jeb
Tsalle shekaru bakwai a gaba kuma, tare da Bush na gaba yana haɓaka kuma kuɗin sake shiga, har yanzu shekarun masu banki ne. Jeb ya riga yana da manyan PAC guda uku - Millennials don Jeb, Dama don Tashi, da Vamos don Jeb 2016 - ƙarƙashin bel ɗin sa. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Rise Policy Solutions, wanda, a matsayinsa na 501 (c) (4) mai zaman kanta, ba a buƙatar ma ya bayyana sunayen masu ba da gudummawar, ba kasa da girman gudunmawar su ba, yana ɗaga gudunmawar da ya fi girma. Babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da za su bi iyakokin gudummawa kuma manyan masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar su galibi suna da tasiri sosai. Bayan haka, a nan ne ainihin kuɗin yake. A cikin 2012 zaben shugaban kasa, Manyan masu ba da gudummawa guda 100 ga manyan PACs da matansu sun wakilci kashi 1% na duk masu ba da gudummawa, amma sun ba da kashi 67% na kuɗin.
Daga cikin su, hamshakin attajirin nan dan jam’iyyar Republican Sheldon Adelson da matarsa, Miriam, sun ba da gudummawar $ 92.8 miliyan zuwa ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, galibi ta hanyar "ƙungiyoyin masu ba da gudummawa na waje" kamar manyan PAC waɗanda ba su da iyakacin gudummawa. hamshakin attajirin nan mai kudi a Texas Harold Simmons da matarsa, Annette, sun ba da dala miliyan 26.9, kuma hamshakin attajirin Texas Robert Perry ya yi tari dala miliyan 23.95. Biliyan Nebraska (kuma wanda ya kafa dillalan rangwamen kuɗi na duniya TD Ameritrade) John Joe Ricketts ya kashe dala miliyan 13.05. Duk da wasu 'yan takarar da ke da ƙarancin alakar gado, duk da haka za su iya ƙarewa a bayan Bush 45. Daular, bayan haka, sun kafa irin haɗin gwiwar da ke jiran lokaci na gaba na damammaki.
"Dukkanin Jeb" shine mantra akan Jeb's official website kuma a cikin ma'anar "duk a ciki," musamman ma game da masu banki na kasa, ya zama wani abu na mantra ga iyalin Bush shekaru da yawa. Tare da kaɗa kansa ga tarihinsa na wa'adi biyu na gwamnan Florida, Jeb ya ce: "Za mu sake ɗaukar umarnin makomarmu a ƙasar nan. Na san za mu iya gyara wannan. Domin na yi.”
Dangane da tarihin dangin Bush, ta hanyar “mu” yana nufin hamshakin attajirin iyali da masu ba da gudummawar miliyonniya da ayarin sojojinta na abokan banki. Ƙaddamar da wannan jerin, ko da yake har yanzu ba a bayyana ba - ba shi minti daya - yana zaune Adelson, wanda ke kusa da George W. A watan Afrilu, an biya tsohon shugaban kasa kudin magana na Clintonian na $ 250,00 don wani muhimmin jawabi a gaban 'yan Republican. Taron hadin gwiwar Yahudawa a wurin shakatawa na Adelson na Las Vegas. Yayin da Adelson ya bayyana damuwarsa game da rashin shawar Jeb akan Isra'ila idan aka kwatanta da ɗan'uwansa, wanda a ƙarshe ba zai iya tabbatar da cikas ba. Jeb yana tabbatar da hakan. Ya kwanan nan ya gaya taron masu hannu da shuni na New York masu hannu da shuni wanda, a lokacin da ya shafi Isra'ila, babban mai ba shi shawara shine ɗan'uwansa. ("Idan kana so ka san wanda nake sauraron shawara, shi ne.")
Mu fito fili. Iyalin Bush duk suna kan Jeb kuma abokan aikin banki na gargajiya ba za su kasance a baya ba. Akwai al'ada, akwai alaƙa, akwai daular da za ta kare. Ba su shirya faɗuwar wannan zaɓe ba ko kuma su bar dangi da shugabanni biyu kawai da sunan sa.
Jama'ar Wall Street sun fara yin gangamin bayan Jeb tun kafin takararsa ta fito a hukumance. Titan mai zaman kansa Henry Kravis ya karbi bakuncin bako 25-bako $100,000-kowane taro a wurin zama na Park Avenue a watan Fabrairu, daya daga cikin abubuwa shida masu kudin shiga iri daya. A watan Maris, Jeb ya yi bikin sa na farko na Goldman Sachs na $5,000-kowane mutum a Ritz Carlton a birnin New York, wanda Dina Powell, shugaban gidauniyar Goldman Sachs da George W. Bush ya nada a matsayin mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin waje. Ƙarin keɓantacce $50,000 a kowace kai Goldman Sachs exec ne suka shirya taron, Jim Donovan, babban mai ba da tallafi kuma mai ba da shawara ga Mitt Romney wanda yanzu haka yake yi wa Jeb.
Sannan akwai jerin masu kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe tare da kitson walat ɗin da har yanzu za su samu bayan Jeb. New York hedge asusu biloniya Paul Singer, wanda bayar da Fiye da duk wani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a zaben na 2014, har yanzu bai taka kara ya karya ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da daidaiton ra'ayinsa na harkokin kudi na kasashen waje da na iyalan Bush, duk da haka, lokaci ne kawai.
Tare da sabbin alkaluman babban PAC da har yanzu za a bayyana, mun san cewa Jeb's Right to Rise super PAC ya yi ikirarin tara dala miliyan 17 daga yankin tri-state (New York, New Jersey, da Connecticut) kadai ya zuwa yanzu. Shugabanta, Mike Murphy, yayi magana ga masu ba da gudummawarta a cikin wani kira makon da ya gabata a matsayin "masu kashe mutane" yana shirin "sabuwa." Ya ba da tabbacin cewa sanarwar da aka fitar a watan Yuli za ta ba abokan hamayya "cutar zuciya." Wadancan kalaman fada ne.
Tabbas, duk dauloli sun ƙare, amma kar a ƙidaya kawancen Bush-Banker zai tashi cikin wani lokaci nan ba da jimawa ba. Al’amura dai na faruwa a kasar nan lokacin da tsaunukan kudi suka fara taruwa. A wannan karon, dangin Bush za su yi kira a kowane guntu. Kuma ku san wannan: Wall Street zai kasance "duk a cikin" don wannan zaben, ma. Jeb (!) da Hillary (!) da alama za su raba wannan bambance-bambance a cikin primaries, sa'an nan kuma duke shi a cikin 2016. Tare da hanya, kowane pretense na haɗuwa da shi tare da ƙananan mutane za a daidaita shi ta hanyar rajistan miliyoyin daloli zuwa wani. Super PAC. Kuɗin da aka jefa a wannan zaɓe zai zama almara. Ba makomar jam’iyyu biyu ba ce, daular biyu ce ke kan gaba.
Nomi Prins shine marubucin littattafai guda shida, mai magana, kuma fitaccen ɗan'uwa a cibiyar manufofin jama'a da ba na jam'iyyar Demos. Littafinta na baya-bayan nan, Duk Ma'aikatan Banki na Shugabanni: Ƙungiyoyin Hidden Abokan Ƙarfafa Ƙarfin Amirka (Littattafan Nation) an fito da su a cikin takarda kuma an daidaita wannan yanki kuma an sabunta shi. Tsohuwar shugaba ce ta Wall Street.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana akan TomDispatch.com, gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar ta Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Daular Amurka, marubucin Ƙarshen Al'adun Nasara, kamar na labari, Kwanakin Ƙarshe na Bugawa. Littafin nasa na baya-bayan nan shine Gwamnatin Shadow: Kulawa, Yaƙe-yaƙe na Sirri, da Tsarin Tsaro na Duniya a cikin Duniya mai ƙarfi guda ɗaya (Littattafan Haymarket).
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi