Kamar "bita" na littafinmu na Gerald Caplan, Siyasar Kisa, Adam Jones ta m harin a kan mu mayar da martani ga Caplan za a iya bayyana a cikin wani muhimmin bangare na Jones ta zurfin sadaukar da wani kafa labari a kan Rwandan kisan gillar da muka yi imani da zama ƙarya-wanda misallocates babban alhakin da cewa har yanzu ci gaba bala'i, amma rinjaye ta hanyar. kyawawan maslahar siyasa da daidaiton hankali.1Caplan ya sadaukar da watakila kashi 5 cikin 95 na "bita" ga littafinmu, da sauran kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na harin da aka kai mana don mu'amala da Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.Amma Jones ya tafi Caplan daya-mafi kyau, yana watsi da littafinmu gaba daya (wanda a lokacin rubuta shi Jones bai bayyana ya karanta ba, duk da tsananin damuwarsa da "kisan kare dangi") yayin da yake mai da hankali kan martaninmu ga Caplan.Sakamakon ya kasance jerin zarge-zargen karya da zagi na zuciya wanda-aƙalla a cikin shari'ar ƙarshe - ba mu taɓa gani a cikin aikin Jones ba.
Akwai ƙarin rashin jituwa tsakanin Jones da mu wanda zai iya bata masa rai ko kuma ya fusata shi: nasa da namu fifiko sun bambanta, tare da Jones-ma-sau da yawa yana dacewa da abubuwan da suka sa gaba. Amurka da sauran gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai, yayin da namu ba ya tabbata.Wani bambanci kuma shine bangaskiyar da ke da alaƙa da Jones cewa ƙasashen yamma sun tsara kuma sun mamaye cibiyoyi kamar kotuna na tsohon {asar Yugoslavia, kuma don Rwanda Bayar da wani abu fiye da adalcin mai nasara wanda a cikinsa ake azabtar da abokan gaba na masu tallafawa kotuna da hukunci (watau 'yan kabilar Sabiya da Hutu), yayin da su da abokansu ke fuskantar hukunci.
Jones, kisan kiyashi, da fifiko
Dangane da abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko, kafuwar Yammacin Turai ta ba da kulawa kaɗan ga "takunkumin lalata jama'a" da aka sanya wa. Iraki da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya ta Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1990-2003), wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan miliyan daya.A cikin littafinsa na 2006. Kisan kare dangi: Gabaɗaya Gabaɗaya, Jones ya ambata sau biyu cewa ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan takunkumin lamari ne na kisan kiyashi, idan aka yi la'akari da girman wahala da asarar rayuka da suka yi, da kuma "sanar da wannan barnar" da masu mulki suka yi - Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare dangi. maza rea ko kuma da niyya ta sane da yin irin wannan asara.Amma Jones ya cancanci wannan hukunci, ya kara da, kamar yana da mahimmanci, cewa "ya yarda da halin da ake ciki na mulkin Iraki" a lokacin lokacin takunkumi, kuma ya jera takunkumin a cikin wani sashe na littafinsa mai suna "Ƙa'idodin Ƙarfafawa." " maimakon bayar da shi a matsayin lamarin da ya cancanci kulawa mai yawa.2]Littafin koyarwa na Jones na 2006 shi ma ya kasa ambaton mamayar da Amurka da Birtaniya suka yi wa Iraki a watan Maris na 2003, ko da yake ya san cewa adadi mai yawa sun mutu kuma an yi gudun hijira a cikin gida ko kuma suka zama 'yan gudun hijira a lokacin da littafinsa ya buga.3]Don littafin karatu da aka ƙera don ilmantar da matasa masu magana da Ingilishi, waɗannan manyan wuraren shiru ne masu ban sha'awa.
A cikin wannan littafi na 2006, Jones ya ba da cikakken shafi fiye da ɗaya zuwa "Amurka a Indochina" (Vietnam, Laos, da Cambodia), ko da yake ya yarda cewa "Wani wuri tsakanin miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar Indochinese ya mutu, mafi yawa a hannun Amurka da kawayenta," kuma sun fuskanci "matsayin yaki na sinadarai wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a tarihi" (musamman da kudancin Vietnam), tare da kiyasin "nakiyoyi miliyan 3.5 da ton 300,000 na dokar da ba a fashe ba" da Amurka ta bari a baya. a lokacin da aka janye shi a shekarar 1975.[4]
A gefe guda, Jones ya ba da cikakken babi ga "Cambodia da Khmer Rouge."Amma, abin mamaki, ko da yake Jones ya lura cewa "bam-bam da Amurka ta yi wa al'ummar da ba su da kariya shi ma shine mafi mahimmancin abin da ya kawo karshen kisan kare dangi Khmer Rouge," kuma ko da yake Jones ma ya kira wannan yakin bam na Amurka "Wataƙila kisan kare dangi a kanta,"5] sai ya yi ƙaulin ɗan asalin ƙasar Kanada Michael Ignatieff, wanda kalmominsa Jones ya yi amfani da su wajen tsara sauran babin: "Wannan ba yana nufin cewa Amirkawa ne ke da alhakin kisan kiyashi a Cambodia ba."6]
Har ma mafi mahimmanci shine gaskiyar cewa Jones ya ba da cikakken babi ga "Bosnia da Kosovo," gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu na rikici waɗanda suka kasance mafi fifiko a cikin "yakin ɗan adam" brigades na kafa Yammacin Turai."Rushewar Yugoslavia a farkon shekarun 1990 ya kawo kisan kiyashi zuwa Turai," wannan babi ya buɗe, yayin da Jones ya sake maimaita duk wata da'awar farfaganda na shekaru ashirin da suka gabata: Daga "[Slobodan] Milosevic yana shuka tsaba don kisan kare dangi a cikin Afrilu 1987, a ziyarar. zuwa lardin Kosovo da Albaniya ke mamaye da shi," inda Milosevic ya ce "Babu wanda ya isa ya doke ku," don haka "yana kiran kiran taron Sabiyawan na zamani" don kokarinsa "domin tabbatar da yankunan da Sabiyawan ke wakilta ga 'Babban Serbian. '," zuwa ga Serb na tatsuniya "sansanin fyade,"[7] har zuwa "aikin kisan kiyashi na karshe da za a yi a yakin Milosevic na Babban Serbia - a Kosovo, lardin Serb inda aka fara yunkurin kishin kasa."8]Mun yi magana da waɗannan da'awar a wasu wurare kuma a nan za mu mayar da hankali ga masu karatu zuwa ga wannan da sauran madadin nazari.9]Amma a kan dismantling na {asar Yugoslavia,, Littafin koyarwa na Jones na 2006 shine ingantaccen tsarin layin jam'iyya mai ƙalubale, kuma baya karkata daga kafa tarihin tarihi.
Babin Jones akan Bosnia da Kosovo kuma ya tashi a gaban da'awarsa na cewa "ya amince da tsarin da ba ya daukaka kisan kare dangi akan wasu, sai dai gwargwadon yadda ma'auni da ƙarfi ke ba da kulawa ta musamman"[10]An auna ta "ma'auni da tsanani," yakin basasa a Bosnia - Herzegovina da Kosovo ba su kasance a cikin rukuni ɗaya ba kamar yadda Amurka ta kai hari kan Vietnam, kashe-kashen da aka yi a Indonesia (a tsakiyar 1960s, lokacin da bayan juyin mulkin Sukarno) , kashi biyu nakisan kiyashi na Iraki (zamanin takunkumi da kuma yakin zalunci-mamaya), ko kuma ci gaba da mamaye Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.Bugu da ƙari, maganinsa na lambobi a Bosnia yaudara ce.Jones ya tabbatar da cewa "kashi huɗu na mutane miliyan sun mutu a Bosnia da Herzegovina" a cikin shekaru har zuwa yarjejeniyar Dayton a ƙarshen 1995.11]Amma a lokacin da Jones ya rubuta wannan, binciken bincike guda biyu masu mahimmanci ya nuna cewa jimillar mutuwar da suka shafi yaki a kowane bangare, sojoji da fararen hula, sun kai kusan 100,000.12]Daga cikin wadannan mutuwar, wasu 40,233 yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa ba sojoji ba ne (fararen hula 39,199, da 'yan sanda 1,035).[13]Don haka Jones ya murkushe bayanan da za su nuna da'awar farko na mutuwar mutane 250,000 cewa hauhawar farfagandar yakin.
Mafi mahimmanci, kuma babu shakka yana ba da gudummawa ga gazawar Jones don ambaton wannan bita na ƙasa mai ban mamaki a cikin lambobi, shine gaskiyar cewa waɗannan lambobi kaɗan ne game da shari'o'in da Jones bai bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 2006 ba, amma hakan bai dace da abokantaka ba. bayyana irin rawar da Turawan Yamma suka kafa a kisan kiyashi. Bisa Table 1 a cikin littafinmu Siyasar Kisa,[14] za mu iya kiyasin rabon "ma'auni" na dangi na mutuwar musulmi a Bosnia (1992-1995) zuwa mutuwar wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da Jones bai bayyana ba a cikin littafinsa na 2006: Ana zaton mutuwar musulmin Bosnia = 1, sannan mutuwar Iraqi a lokacin takunkumi. zamanin = 24, mutuwar Iraqi a lokacin yakin Amurka da Birtaniya = 30, da mutuwar a DRC = 164.15]Adadin mace-mace a Vietnam da Indonesiya zai haifar da irin wannan matakan da kuma ke haifar da mutuwar ɗan adam a Bosnia.Za mu iya tunawa da maganar Jones game da Kosovo a matsayin Milosevic na "aikin kisan gillar karshe" - shari'ar da aka kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu a cikin Kosovo Albaniya (har zuwa Yuni 1999) ya zama 4,000 (ko 0.1, akan sikelin da muke amfani da shi a nan) .A bayyane yake, to, babin Jones akan "Bosnia da Kosovo" ba bisa la'akari da "ma'auni da tsanani," amma a kan siyasa la'akari, a fili da kuma sauki.
Jones, Rwanda, da kuma DRC
Harin Jones akan maganin mu Rwanda kudin tafiya bai fi maganinsa ba Bosnia da Kosovo. Mafi mahimmanci, Jones ya guje wa ma'amala da mahimman abubuwan da muka jaddada a cikin littafinmu da kuma martaninmu ga Gerald Caplan.Misali, an yarda da cewa harbo jirgin da ya harbo jirgin da ke dauke da shugaban kasar Rwanda na lokacin Juvenal Habyarimana, da shugaban kasar Burundiya na lokacin Cyprien Ntaryamira, da wasu mutane 10 a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa filin jirgin sama na Kanombe da ke Kigali a yammacin ranar 6 ga Afrilu. 1994 shine "lala'i mai tayar da hankali" a cikin kashe-kashen jama'a da suka biyo baya.Mun yi nuni da cewa binciken kisan da Michael Hourigan ya yi a karkashin inuwar kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa. Rwanda An gano Paul Kagame da RPF da alhakinsa, amma babban mai gabatar da kara na ICTR Louise Arbour ya soke wannan binciken bisa wasu dalilai na zamba, bayan ya yi shawarwari da shi. Amurka jami'ai.16Binciken da alkalin yaki da ta'addanci na Faransa Jean-Louis Bruguière ya yi kuma ya shafi Kagame da RPF, kuma ya ce Kagame ya bukaci "kawar da Habyarimana ta jiki" kamar yadda Kagame da RPF ke da tabbacin cewa za su yi rashin nasara a zaben da za a gudanar a karkashin jam'iyyar. Arusha Accords ya sanya hannu a watan Agusta 1993.17]Mun kuma lura cewa ICTR ta kasa gudanar da wani bincike kan kisan a cikin shekaru 12 tun bayan da babban mai gabatar da kara ya kawo karshen binciken na asali da ke nuni ga Kagame da RPF.Me yasa ICTR za ta yi haka sai dai idan Kagame mai goyon bayan Yamma ya tabbata za a same shi da laifi?Kuma menene waɗannan hujjoji suka yi ga ainihin ra'ayin Jones cewa ƙungiyar Hutu Power Conspirators ne suka shirya kisan gilla, idan a zahiri waɗannan kashe-kashen sun samo asali ne daga shawarar Kagame-RPF na yajin aiki?
Sai kuma yadda dakarun Kagame suka fara aiki cikin sa'a guda da harbe-harbe, kuma a cikin kwanaki 100, sun yi nasarar kwace ikon gwamnati a Rwanda.Karfin Hutu da ake zarginDa alama masu kulla makarkashiyar sun shiga rudani, yayin da sojojin Kagame suka yi aiki da inganci, wanda kuma ke nuna makarkashiyar Kagame da RPF na kwace ikon gwamnati, maimakon makircin Hutu na kawar da tsirarun Tutsi na kasar. Mun kuma jaddada gaskiyar cewa Amurka An kada kuri'ar rage yawan dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na MDD a ciki Rwanda, kuma abin da Kagame ke so ke nan, amma ragowar gwamnatin Hutu sun yi adawa da hakan.Har ila yau, wannan ya yi daidai da ra'ayin cewa Kagame's RPF yana yin babban kisa, kuma ba sa son wani ya tsoma baki tare da shi.Me zai sa Kagame da nasa Amurka Abokan adawa suna adawa da "shisshin dan Adam" a ciki Rwanda, sai dai idan abubuwan da suka faru sun yi aiki don tabbatar da manufar RPF na kwace kasar Ruwanda?Jones ba wai kawai ya kasa magance waɗannan tambayoyi masu mahimmanci ba.Ba ya ko renon su.
Jones ya yi iƙirarin cewa Kagame da RPF ba su haɗa kai da Tutsi na Rwanda ba, RPF da ke mamaya da ake zargin ba su da wata alaƙa da, kuma a fili ba su da tausayi ga al'ummar Tutsi na farar hula. Rwanda."Jones ya kasa ambata dogon tarihi na rarrabuwar kawuna da yaki tsakanin Tutsi da Hutu, da kuma samar da dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu bayan da RPF ta mamaye Rwanda a watan Oktoban 1990, kisan gillar da Tutsi ta shirya wa shugaban Hutu Melchior Ndadaye na makwabta. Burundi a cikin Oktoba 1993, da kuma zubar da jini mai yawa da ya biyo baya.Ya kasa ambaton sanarwar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi a watan Satumba na 1994 wanda muka kawo cewa "[RPF] da Tutsi na farar hula (suna kashe) fararen hula 10,000 ko fiye da Hutu a kowane wata, tare da [RPF] ke da kashi 95% na kashe-kashen," da kuma cewa takardar "ta yi hasashen cewa manufar kisan wani gangami ne na kawar da kabilanci da nufin kawar da wasu yankuna a kudancin Ruwanda domin zama 'yan Tutsi."18]
Jones ya yarda da ƙarshe ɗaya da Christian Davenport da Allan Stam suka zana daga aikinsu Rwanda 1994: cewa "mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe sun kasance Hutus" (a nan yana ambaton Jones), amma ya kai hari kan "babban rashin fahimta" wanda ya yi zargin cewa yana nuna aikin su, da kuma "Herman da Peterson's mendaciously amfani da shi.""Me ya sa a duniya da Hutu za su kasance suna kashe sauran Hutu a kan irin wannan ma'auni," in ji Jones, "kuma a cikin irin wannan tsari na tsari?… zubar da jini, tare da tura wadanda Tutsi suka shafa zuwa gefe?"
Abubuwan da Jones ya yi ba su da masaniya, har ma abin dariya ne, kuma suna ba da cikakken bayanin duka biyun Davenport da kuma aikin Stam da kuma yadda muke amfani da shi.Ka lura, alal misali, yadda Jones kawai ya yi watsi da cikakkiyar amsar tambayar da ya bayar game da dalilin da ya sa Hutu da yawa suka mutu—mai ƙarfi amma mai rauni a siyasance na Tutsi RPF, Paul Kagame, da sanin cewa bai tsaya wata dama ta samun wani abu ba. a zaben kasa da aka yi kira ga yarjejeniyar Arusha, ya ba da umarnin kashe shugaban Hutu na Ruwanda (tare da shugaban Hutu na Burundi), kuma a cikin wannan aiki guda daya ya haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa cikin hanzari.Domin kuwa jam'iyyar Tutsi ta RPF ta Kagame mai tsari da tsari mai kyau da kayan aiki ta kaddamar da shirinta na kwace ikon kasar Rwanda a yammacin ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1994, kuma ta yi watsi da shi - tare da goyon bayan Amurka a komitin sulhu - karfafa dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. da hakan zai taimaka wajen dakile kashe-kashen da ake yi, da cewa dakarun RPF sun samu nasarar mamaye kasar cikin gaggawa, suka fatattaki Sojojin Ruwanda, da kuma ci gaba da kashe dubban Hutu a kowane wata, tun a shekarar 1995.Ba a buƙatar "barbakin jinin Hutu-on-Hutu" don mutuwar Hutu a irin wannan ma'auni mai yawa.
RwandaKidayar da aka yi a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1991 ta ba da rahoton raguwar ƙabilun ƙasar a matsayin 91.1% Hutu, 8.4% Tutsi, 0.4% Twa, da 0.1% wasu.Kamar yadda ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991 ta ƙaddara RwandaJimlar yawan jama'a ya zama 7,099,844, waɗannan kaso na nufin haka Rwanda'Yan tsiraru 'yan kabilar Tutsi sun kai 596,387, idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan 'yan kabilar Hutu na 6,467,958.(Dubi Table 1 a cikin Ratayenmu, a ƙasa.)
Davenport da Stam suna jayayya da kyau cewa idan akwai kusan Tutsi 600,000 a Ruwanda a 1991, kamar yadda aka gano ƙidayar 1991, kuma idan, "bisa ga ƙungiyar tsira Ibuka, game da 300,000 Tutsi sun tsira daga kisan 1994," to "daga cikin 800,000 zuwa miliyan 1 da aka yi imanin an kashe su a lokacin, fiye da rabin 'yan Hutu ne,"19] kuma ba zai iya zama in ba haka ba-kuma ba haka ba, kamar yadda Jones ya fada a cikin littafinsa na 2006, "Ttsi mai yawa."20]Tabbas, duka Jones's da kuma ƙa'idar ƙirar ƙira cewa mafi yawan ko "mafi yawa" mafi yawan yiwuwar mutuwar miliyan ɗaya Rwanda a lokacin Tutsi za su bukaci adadin mutuwar Tutsi da ya wuce adadin Tutsin da ke raye a farkon.Babu shakka ba a bar Tutsi a ciki ba Rwanda don taimakawa Kagame ya mulki kasar da kuma lashe kashi 95 na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben 2003!
Hakanan mahimmanci, Jones ya bata sunan Davenport da Stam's core gano, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Oktoba 2009 Miller-McCune labarin cewa"Ba duk kasar Ruwanda ta fada cikin tashin hankali a lokaci guda ba" a shekarar 1994, amma "tashin hankalin ya yadu daga wannan yanki zuwa wani, kuma da alama akwai takamaiman jerin abubuwan da za a iya yadawa."Kamar yadda suka bayyana dabaru bayan jerin tashin hankalin siyasar Rwanda:
Kashe-kashen da ake yi a yankin da FAR [Sojoji na Ruwanda] ke iko da shi ya yi kama da zafafa yayin da RPF [Rwandan Patriotic Front] ta shiga cikin ƙasar kuma ta sami ƙarin yankuna. Lokacin da RPF ta ci gaba, kashe-kashen da suka yi yawa ya karu. Lokacin da RPF ya tsaya, manyan kashe-kashen sun ragu sosai.Bayanan da aka bayyana a taswirorin mu sun yi daidai da iƙirarin FAR na cewa da ta dakatar da yawancin kashe-kashen da RPF ta dakatar da mamaye ta. Wannan matakin ya ci karo da ikirarin gwamnatin Kagame na cewa RPF ta ci gaba da mamayewa domin kawo karshen kashe-kashen.21]
A cikin littafinmu Siyasar Kisa, Mun nuna cewa "Ayyukan Davenport da Stam sun nuna gamsuwa cewa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo inda kisan ya fi girma yana da alaƙa da spikes a cikin ayyukan RPF (watau tare da RPF 'surges', a cikin kalmomin su), a matsayin jerin ci gaban RPF, musamman a cikin watan Afrilu 1994, ya haifar da tsarin kashe-kashe;22] a wani wuri kuma muna bayyana hakan A duk lokacin da kuma duk inda RPF ya ci gaba, 'yan Rwanda da yawa sun mutu, kuma a duk lokacin da kuma duk inda RPF ta dakatar da ci gabanta, 'yan Rwanda kaɗan ne suka mutu.23]A cikin littafinmu, haka ma, mun rubuta cewa "Davenport da Stam suna jin kunya daga tabbatar da darasi mafi mahimmanci na aikinsu" (wanda muka taƙaita kawai), kuma "sun saba da tambayar masu aikata laifuka, tare da shaidarsu mai yiwuwa. alhakin RPF ya ci karo da ikirarin alhakin farko na FAR."24]Mun yi wannan suka a shafuffuka na 58 da 59, kuma a ƙarshen bayani na 129 (shafi na 132-133); duk wanda yake so ya koyi game da yadda muke amfani da mahimmancin Davenport da Stam, idan wani lokacin yana jinkiri har ma da sabani, aiki,[25] ya kamata ya juya can maimakon Jones.
wannan Tsarin wankan jini na RPF daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli 1994 bai kare ba lokacin da RPF ta kwace ikon mulkin kasar Rwanda a watan Yuli, amma ya ci gaba a cikin sauran 1994 har zuwa 1995 (tuna da binciken da aka yi a watan Satumba na 1994 sanarwar ma'aikatar harkokin waje), kuma daga baya. An fadada shi zuwa manyan yankuna na makwabciyarta Zaire (yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo).Jones yayi kuskure sosai wannan na biyun, mafi girman lokaci na kisan gillar da RPF ke yi a duk faɗin. Afirka ta Tsakiya.Ya kara da cewa lokacin da RPF ta fadada wuraren kashe-kashe zuwa Zaire, wannan saboda 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu miliyan biyu sun fitar da "kisan kare dangi" daga waje Rwanda to Zaire, "samar da sabon shigar da tsarin RPF a ciki Rwanda kaddamar da hare-hare a yankin da su kansu suka yi sanadin mutuwar dubban fararen hula, tare da masu tsatsauran ra'ayi kisan kare dangi"[26]
Amma kamar rahoton 2002 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kwamitin ƙwararru kan almubazzaranci da albarkatun ƙasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da sauran nau'o'in arzikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. bayyana a fili, duk da cewa "Shugabannin kasar Rwanda sun yi nasarar shawo kan kasashen duniya cewa sojojinsu a gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango suna kare kasar daga kungiyoyin da ke adawa da juna a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, wadanda a cewarsu, suke kai hare-hare a kansu. "Kwamitin yana da shaidu da yawa akan akasin haka" - "manufa ta gaskiya na dogon lokaci shine, a yi amfani da kalmar da Ofishin Jakadancin Kongo na Ruwandan Patriotic Army ke aiki da shi, don 'tsaro dukiya'."27]A taƙaice, da zarar RPF ta mallaki ƙasar Ruwanda, nan take ta juya babbar na'urarta na kashe-kashe Zairealbarkatun kasa.Wataƙila an yi hakan ne a fake na korar Hutu."kisan kare dangi"amma sace-sacen Zaire - DRC yayi aiki sosai ga RPF wanda a ƙarshen 1990s ya kasance. "haɓaka tattalin arziƙin yaƙi mai cin gashin kansa wanda ya ta'allaka kan cin ma'adinai," a cikin kalmomin Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,28] tare da kwashe albarkatu don haka ba wai kawai yana ba da kuɗi ga zaluncin RPF ba, amma yana haifar da rarar kuɗi na shekara-shekara a Kigali kuma.Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi René Lemarchand ya taƙaita wannan tsarin na jini da kuɗi: “Yana da wuya a guje wa yanke shawarar cewa ta hanyar rufe ido ga ribar da ake samu daga wawure dukiyar al’umma. CongoDukiyar, al'ummomin duniya… suna ƙarfafa kasuwancin mulkin mallaka a cikin mafi kyawun al'adar mulkin mallaka na Turai."29]Tabbas, abin da yake gaskiya game da "al'umman duniya," gaskiya ne na masana ilimi.
Rahoton kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2002 ya kawo karshen sashinsa kan Rwanda tare da kimantawa na "Rikicin Makami da sakamakonsa" da "Tamowa da mace-mace." Ya gargadi"fiye da miliyan 3.5 sun mutu… daga farkon yakin [Agusta 1998] har zuwa Satumba 2002," kuma ya kara da cewa "Wadannan mutuwar sakamakon mamayar (gabashin DRC) ne kai tsaye. Rwanda da kuma Uganda"[30]Tabbas, an ba da rahoton adadin wadanda suka mutu a cikin shekaru takwas tun daga 2002.31]
Bayanan kula René Lemarchand ya yi amfani da kalmar “fassara daidai da kisan kiyashi a siyasance” don yin ishara da abin da muke kira daidaitaccen tsarin “Kisan Kisan Ruwanda,” wanda galibin masana tarihi ke karewa ko da a gaban manya-manyan hujjoji da suka nuna akasin haka.Daga cikin abubuwan da suka dace da wannan "daidaitaccen fassarar siyasa" ya ragu ko kuma yana dannewa shine babban mahimmancin mamayewar ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1990 da RPF ta yi wa Ruwanda a karkashin tallafin Amurka da Uganda, yakin zalunci (ba yakin basasa ba) makasudin kai tsaye na wanda shi ne korar gwamnatin Habyarimana – Hutu mafi rinjaye da kuma kwace ikon kasa ta wannan wakili na kasashen waje; alhakin da RPF ke da shi na kisan Habyarimana, "al'amari mai tayar da hankali" na zubar da jini na Afrilu-Yuli 1994, da kuma shaida (waɗanda ƴan tsirarun malamai ne suka yarda su bincika) cewa a gaskiya shi ne ayyuka na RPF daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba wanda ya haifar da kisan gilla, tare da burin RPF na dogon lokaci na zurfafawa da fadada tasirinta (da Amurka) a Afirka ta Tsakiya.A cikin duniyar gaske, "Kisan Kisan Ruwanda" (watau mutuwar kila 'yan Rwanda miliyan daya daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli, 1994) ya faru a cikin wannan mahallin tarihi-kamar yadda suke da mafi girman zubar da jini da sojojin Kagame da na Museveni na kasa, wakilai, "zamanan cibiyoyin sadarwa" da masu haɗin gwiwa suka kaddamar da DRC tun 1994 a ƙoƙarin kama albarkatunta, tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba tare da katsewa ba har zuwa yau.
Babu shakka cewa gargaɗin Lemarchand ya ba da wata ma'ana mai mahimmanci game da tarihin tarihi mai girma a Ruwanda - babban tsoro ya mamaye zauren "Nazarin Kisan Kisan Kisan"Barnar da aka samu a cikin wadannan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na tsakiyar Afirka ta tsakiya na rikice-rikice sun sami sauƙi sosai ta hanyar nasarar siyasa na "madaidaicin fassarar," da kuma watsi da irin "bita" da "ƙin yarda" wanda zai kira zalunci da goyon bayan yammacin Turai da kuma birgima. kisan kare dangi na Paul Kagame da Yoweri Museveni da sunayensu da suka dace.
-- RATAYE —-
Table 1. Yawan al'ummar Ruwanda tun daga 1991, rushewar manyan kabilunsa biyu [1]
Yanada
Hutu
Tutsi
Jimlar [2]
Butare
618,172 (82.0%)
130,419 (17.3%)
753,868
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.